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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: vascular disorders > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: vascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

hypertension

A

high BP; 1/3 adults have this; higher in men, but higher in women when they are in menopause; higher amongst african americans

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2
Q

prehypertension

A

blood pressure in the high normal range and these individuals are not on medication

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3
Q

why is hypertension called the silent killer?

A

because it is mild and insidious in its onset, and often not diagnosed until complications arise

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4
Q

3 categories of hypertension

A

primary or essential, secondary, and malignant or resistant

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5
Q

secondary hypertension

A

results from renal disease (ex. nephrosclerosis), endocrine disease (hyperaldosteronism), or pheochromocytoma

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6
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

a benign tumor in the adrenal medulla or SNS chain of ganglia

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7
Q

malignant or resistant hypertension

A

extremely high BP and is a hypertensive emergency; results in organ damage and CNS; diastolic pressure is very high

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8
Q

essential hypertension baseline value

A

anything over 140/90 mm HG

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9
Q

why is diastolic pressure important for hypertension

A

it indicates the degree of peripheral resistance and the increased workload of the left ventricle

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10
Q

what is essential hypertension caused by?

A

an increase in arteriolar vasoconstriction which can cause a major increase in peripheral resistance

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11
Q

how does vasoconstriction affect the kidneys?

A

it causes decreased blood flow through the kidneys, leading to increase in the RAAS system, thus increasing blood pressure even more

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12
Q

what happens to arterial walls over time with hypertension?

A

it causes them to become hard and thick, narrowing the lumen; tearing may occur, forming an aneurysm; atheroma formation may also occur; this all causes tissue ischemia and necrosis

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13
Q

most frequently impacted areas of hypertension

A

the kidneys, the brain, and the retina

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14
Q

result of poorly treated hypertension

A

chronic renal failure, shroke, loss of vision, or CHF

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15
Q

causes of hypertension

A

genetic factors, age, gener, stress, high sodium intake, high alcohol intake, and obesity

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16
Q

early signs of hypertension

A

fatigue, malaise, morning headache, and consistently elevated BP

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17
Q

lifestyle changes for hypertension

A

decreasing salt and alcohol, losing weight, managing stress, and increasing exercise

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18
Q

drugs for hypertension

A

mild diuretics such as thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, alpha blockers, calcium blockers, and beta blockers

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19
Q

side effects of hypertension medication

A

nausea, erectile dysfunction, dizziness, fainting, and generalised weakness

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20
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

general term for all types of arterial changes when elasticity is lost and the walls become thick and hard, causing the lumen to be obstructed

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21
Q

result of arteriosclerosis

A

can cause ischemia and necrosis in tissues such as the kidneys, brain, or heart

22
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

refers to any abnormality in the arteries or veins outside of the heart

23
Q

atherosclerosis

A

obstruction of vessels due to the presence of atheromas

24
Q

atheromas

A

plaques that consist of lipids, cells, fibrin, and cell debris, often with attached thrombi which form inside the walls of large arteries

25
Q

where are atheromas primarily found?

A

large arteries, the coronary arteries, and the carotid arteries

26
Q

lipoproteins

A

lipids that are transported in various combination with proteins

27
Q

what lipids are found in serum lipid

A

cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipids, and high-density lipids

28
Q

low-density lipoproteins

A

have a high lipid content and transport cholesterol from the liver to cells; it can bind to membrane receptors and enter cells; the bad lipid and this contributes to atheroma formation

29
Q

high-density lipoprotein

A

the good lipoprotein; it has a low lipid content and transports cholesterol away from the peripheral cells to the liver where it is excreted

30
Q

how does atheroma formation occur

A

an injury in the endothelial causes inflammation (leads to elevated C-reactive proteins, monocytes, macrophages, and lipids that accumulate in the intima or smooth muscle layer); plaque forms due to cell replication of smooth muscle, and inflammation persists; platelets adhere to the surface, forming a thrombus, and platelets also release prostaglandins, causing more inflammation and vasospasm; promotes thrombus formation

31
Q

how do atheromas damage artery walls?

A

they weaken them, decrease their elasticity, may calcify, may lead to aneurysms, and create hemorrhages

32
Q

what are atheromas common causes of?

A

MIs, strokes, renal damage, and peripheral vascular disease

33
Q

signs of atheromas

A

increased fatigue and weakness, intermittent claudication, sensory impairment, peripheral pulses distal to the occlusion, and pallor and cyanosis of the feet and legs

34
Q

intermittent claudication

A

leg pain associated with exercise as a result of muscle ischemia which is a result of atheromas

35
Q

tests for atheromas

A

blood flow can be assessed by doppler studies (ultrasounds) and arteriography; plethysmography measures the size of limbs and BV

36
Q

treatment for atheromas

A

reduction of cholesterol, platelet inhibitors, cessation of smoking, exercise, dependent leg position, calcium blockers, surgery, or amputation

37
Q

surgery for atheromas

A

can be bypass grafts, angioplasty that removes plaque, or endarterectomy which is removal of the intima and obstructive materials

38
Q

aneurysm

A

a localized dilation and weakening of an arterial wall

39
Q

most common locations for aneurysms

A

the abdominal wall or thoracic aorta

40
Q

shapes of aneurysm

A

saccular, fusiform, or dissceting

41
Q

saccular aneurysm

A

a bulging wall on one side

42
Q

fusiform aneurysm

A

a circumferential dilation along a section of an artery

43
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

develops where there is a tear in the intima, allowing for blood to flow along the length of the vessel between the layers

44
Q

what does an aneurysm develop from?

A

a defect in the medial layer often from turbulent blood flow

45
Q

results of an aneurysm

A

hypertension, thrombus formation, and hemorrhages if they rupture

46
Q

common causes of an aneurysm

A

atherosclerosis, trauma, syphilis and other infections, hypertension, and congenital defects

47
Q

signs and symptoms of an silent aneurysm

A

often are asymptomatic until they rupture, but can be detected by abnormal sounds or pressure on nerves

48
Q

signs and symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm

A

bleeding, hemorrhage, serve pain, shock, loss of pulses, and organ dysfunction

49
Q

tests for aneurysm

A

radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography scans, or MRI

50
Q

treatment for an aneurysm

A

surgery that uses synthetic graft as a replacement to prevent rupture

Anatomy and Phyisology (72 decks)

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