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Anatomy and Phyisology > BIOL 1260: adaptive immunity > Flashcards

BIOL 1260: adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

5 features of adaptive immunity

A

specificity, inducible, clonality, unresponsiveness to self, and memory

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2
Q

specificity meaning

A

each adaptive immune response is targeted against a single molecular shape unique to the infecting pathogen; ex. it will target a unique receptor

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3
Q

inducibile meaning

A

the system is not on all the time but is activated in response to specific pathogens

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4
Q

clonality meaning

A

once a T or B cell is induced, they will divide rapidly, creating many clones

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5
Q

unresponsiveness to self meaning

A

cells of the adaptive immune system do not react to normal healthy cells of the body; autoimmune disorder is a mutation of this

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6
Q

memory meaning

A

once your body has had a particular pathogen, the adaptive system retains that memory, making it easier to fight the infection if it reoccurs in the future

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7
Q

key cells in adaptive response

A

the lymphocytes

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8
Q

where do lymphocytes originate?

A

the red bone marrow of juvenile long bones and adult flat bones

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9
Q

two types of lymphocytes

A

B and T

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10
Q

B cells origin and maturation location

A

arise in red bone marrow and mature in red bone marrow

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11
Q

what are other names for B cell adaptive immunity?

A

humoral response or antibody-mediated response

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12
Q

primary function of B cells

A

are the primary line of defence in the humor (body fluids like the blood or ISF) by producing and secreting antibodies

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13
Q

T cells two subgroups

A

helper T cells (TH) or cytotoxic T cells (TC)

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14
Q

T cells origin and maturation location?

A

origin is red bone marrow and they mature in the thymus

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15
Q

function of T cells

A

to regulate the adaptive immune response (helper T cells) and attack intracellular pathogens like viruses (cytotoxic T cells)

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16
Q

another name for T cells adaptive immunity response?

A

cell-mediated immune response

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17
Q

antigen

A

the pathogen structure that is biochemical shapes that the body recognizes as belonging to a specific foreign invader; antigen in not the pathogen but is the features of the pathogen

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18
Q

epitope

A

the specific 3D part of the antigen that your body responds to

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19
Q

antigen vs epitope

A

antigen is the large structure and epitopes are unique structures that are a part of the antigen

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20
Q

3 properties that make an antigen easy to identify

A

shape, size, and complexity

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21
Q

shape of antigen

A

the more complex the shape, the easier it is to identify that the antigen is not part of the host body; this is because antigens possess epitopes with a unique 3D geometry

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22
Q

size of antigen

A

larger molecules are favoured because they are less likely to avoid detection and may have more epitopes

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23
Q

complexity of antigens

A

the more complex the antigen, the easier it is to identify because it will have more epitopes

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24
Q

examples of antigen features

A

components of bacterial well wall, pili, capsules, flagella, capsomeres, external structures of fungi and protists like glycoproteins, and allergens like pollen grains, dander (skin flakes), or dust particles

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25
Q

3 types of antigens

A

exogenous, endogenous, and autoantigens

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26
Q

exogenous antigens

A

are toxins, secretions, bacterial cell walls, flagella, pili, etc; are the structures found on the outside of the pathogen that can be epitopes

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27
Q

endogenous antigens

A

result from any pathogen that reproduces inside host cells, causing this to be displayed on the membrane of the cell; often associated with viruses and cancer cells

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28
Q

autoantigens

A

antigenic molecules that are derived from normal cell processes, so they present on normal, healthy cells in the host body, causing the immune system to not attack

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29
Q

where are B cells found?

A

the spleen, the blood, and the germinal centres of the lymph nodes

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30
Q

why do B cells have specificity?

A

due to their B-cell receptors (BCR) that allow them to bind to only one specific epitope

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31
Q

what do BCRs belong to?

A

a family of proteins called immunoglobulins

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32
Q

immunoglobulins

A

Y-shaped proteins that help the body fight infection

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33
Q

what binds the BCR together

A

Disulfide linkages

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34
Q

arrangement of B cell receptors

A

Y shape that is 4 protein chains; two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains attached to a Fc stem

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35
Q

what is the Y shaped receptor attached to?

A

an integral membrane protein that helps to anchor the receptor into the cell membrane

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36
Q

what is the antigen binding site?

A

the arm of a heavy chain and a light chain that are unique to the pathogen; this vary between all the different BCRs

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37
Q

how many BCR types are possible?

A

billions to even a trillion

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38
Q

how are there so many BCR possibilities?

A

analogy: you have a closet that has 65 different pairs of pants, 27 different shirts, and 6 different shoes; this can make 10,530 options; multiply this by 2 due to chromosome pairs and combine it with light chain options

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39
Q

what happens when an antigen binds to an antibody?

A

once binding occurs, a downstream effect will occur, causing many copies to be made of the B cell and also the secretion of antibodies that are identical to the BCR

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40
Q

antibodies vs B cells

A

antibodies are the B cells but free swimming in the blood and not connected to the cell

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41
Q

what are active B cells called?

A

plasma cells

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42
Q

another name for antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

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43
Q

plasma cells

A

active B cells that have a lot of rough ER for synthesis of proteins that are antibodies

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44
Q

how does your body recognize your own antibodies?

A

via the Fc stem that is the same for all antibodies

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45
Q

5 tasks of an antibody

A

neutralisation, opsonization, killing by oxidation, agglutination, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

46
Q

neutralisation

A

is when a bunch of antibodies bind to an antigen, preventing them to function; more specifically, they are inhibiting the antigen to binding to anything and also make them large and bulky so they are easy to spot

47
Q

opsonization

A

this stimulates phagocytosis by stem domains being recognized by the host cells, signaling other cells like macrophages; macrophages bind to the stem domain of the antibody

48
Q

killing by oxidation

A

harmful chemicals (O2 and H20 break up into H202 and O3) and harm nearby bacteria; the stem domains can create toxic environments to harm the pathogen

49
Q

agglutination

A

as each antibody has two binding sites, this can create a clumping of antigens by each antibody binding to two pathogens; this attracts phagocytes due to large size; large size also means increased chance of filtration outside of the spleen, making it easier to isolate and be recognized by the immune cells

50
Q

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A

this takes advantage of the Fc stem region through it being attractive to NK cells that bind to this; the BCR will bind to the antigen, and through this chain the NK will release its enzymes

51
Q

do B or T cells have more unique receptors?

A

B cells

52
Q

shape of T cell receptor

A

not Y shaped like B cells, but are two parallel glycoproteins that link together in the membrane

53
Q

difference between TCR and BCR

A

BCRs bind to epitopes and TCRs bind to MHCs

54
Q

what binds to T receptors?

A

MHCs

55
Q

MHCs

A

major histocompatibility complexes

56
Q

how does T cell receptor binding occur?

A

an antigen presenting cell binds to a MHC, and then the MHC will bind to the T cell, activating it

57
Q

immunological synpase

A

is a synapse that occurs when an APC binds to a MHC (that has a antigen or epitope on it) that binds to a T cell, thus activating it

58
Q

2 types of antigen presenting cells

A

professionals or inadvertent antigen cells

59
Q

professional APCs

A

are dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages, including neutrophils; these are those that do phagocytosis and present they digested materials and their membranes, stimulating the immune system

60
Q

inadvertent antigen cells

A

are cells of the body that are infected with an intracellular pathogen and present endogenous antigens on its surface; this is especially common with viruses

61
Q

how does a phagocytic cell present antigens?

A

the residual body (aka epitope) will bind to an MHC II protein on the inside on the phagocyte and this fusion will cause an exocytosis that will presenting this on the membrane; so this is an APC with MHC II bound to the epitopes

62
Q

how do infected cells present antigens?

A

after infection of a pathogen, the host cell will present epitopes of the pathogen via fusing with MHC I

63
Q

MHC II vs MHC I

A

MHC II is associated with professional APCs (phagocytes) and MHC I is associated with inadvertent APCs (those infected with a pathogen)

64
Q

another name for cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8 cells

65
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

attack infected or cancerous cells after binding occurs with the MHC to the CD8 receptor; this will trigger the release of cytotoxic chemicals that will kill the infected cell, thus stopping the spread

66
Q

another name for helper T cells

A

CD4 cells

67
Q

helper T cells

A

will help regulate either cytotoxic T cells or B cells

68
Q

type I helper T cell

A

regulates cytotoxic T cells

69
Q

type II helper T cell

A

helps regulate B cells

70
Q

helper T cells

A

release cytokines (hormones that are signalling molecules) when bound to MHC presenting epitopes

71
Q

why is HIV so harmful

A

because it targets CD4 receptors that are essential for regulating cytotoxic and B cells

72
Q

where does the APC usually travel to?

A

lymph nodes or spleen to find cells to activate

73
Q

what are APCs attractive to?

A

helper T cells

74
Q

how are helper T cells activated?

A

via the immunological synapse between the APC and the helper T cell and the cytokines which are interleukins released from APCs that turn on the cell

75
Q

what happens once a helper T cell is activated?

A

it divides like crazy, is stored away for memory, and starts producing and secreting its own interleukins that activate cytotoxic T cells or B cells

76
Q

two ways plasma cells may be activated

A

by simply a receptor binding to an antigen or by an indirect route of a receptor binding to an antigen, presenting it to form an immunological synapse between a B cell and a helper T cell, in which the helper T cell will secrete interleukins to activate it to a plasma cell

77
Q

how are cytotoxic T cells activated?

A

by endogenous antigens that are attractive to helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells; the cytotoxic T cell will be activated by interleukins secreted by the helper T cells

78
Q

what is clonal deletion?

A

eliminating lymphocytes that target our own healthy cells

79
Q

universal blood donar

A

O-

80
Q

universal blood receiver

A

AB+

81
Q

type A blood

A

has A antigens and anti-B antibodies

82
Q

type B blood

A

has B antigens and anti-A antibodies

83
Q

type AB blood

A

has A and B antigens and neither antibodies

84
Q

O blood type

A

has no antigens and has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

85
Q

Rh+

A

has Rh antigens

86
Q

Rh-

A

has no Rh antigens

87
Q

where are blood antigens located?

A

on the RBC

88
Q

where are blood antibodies located?

A

in blood plasma

89
Q

how are blood types determined?

A

genetic factors

90
Q

what are blood antigens called?

A

agglutinogens

91
Q

what are blood antibodies called?

A

agglutinins

92
Q

Rh antibodies

A

you are not born with these; they will only develop if a Rh- person receives Rh+ blood

93
Q

Rh receivement

A

Rh + can receive from + and -, but - can only receive from -

94
Q

blood type clumping example for type A-

A

anti-serum A will clump, anti-serum B will not, and rh will not clump

95
Q

what is the regulator of the immune system?

A

helper T cells

96
Q

autoimmune disease

A

failure of adaptive cells to undergo apoptosis and target the autoantibodies our healthy cells instead

97
Q

clonal deletion process for T cells

A

occurs in the thymus for T cells; it is a pop-quiz that first asks if the cell will respond to MHC I complexes; if yes, it moves on to round 2 testing it it can recognize MHG-autoantigens

98
Q

clonal deletion process for B cells

A

occurs in the red bone marrow; no step one, just asking if they can recognize MHC-autoantigens

99
Q

agglutination

A

aka clumping

100
Q

what % of people are Rh+

A

85%

101
Q

hemolytic disease of newborns

A

occurs when a Rh+ fetus is in a Rh- mom and can only cause problems after the first pregnancy; after the first pregnancy with an Rh+ baby, the mom will acquire Rh antibodies that can damage the fetus during development

102
Q

how is hemolytic disease of newborns prevented?

A

the mother can receive immunosuppressants

103
Q

major transfusion reaction

A

occurs when the antigen of the donor is met with the antibodies of the recipient, causing an adaptive response to be produced and this goes on until all donor antigens are destroyed

104
Q

example of a transfusion reaction

A

A donor and O recipient

105
Q

minor transfusion reaction

A

occurs when the donor antibodies are attacking the recipient antigens; this does not cause an adaptive response because the antibodies are already provided

106
Q

active meaning

A

refers to stimulating the adaptive response along with a memory component

107
Q

passive meaning

A

no memory response occurs, only the providing of antibodies

108
Q

natural active example

A

getting sick and creating your own antibodies and memory response

109
Q

natural passive example

A

is via the mother supplying antibodies by breast milk; this only provides temporary protection and there is no memory component associated with this

110
Q

artificially active

A

aka vaccines; an inactive form of a virus or bacteria is provided, stimulating an immune response and a memory response

111
Q

passive artificial

A

provides antibodies via antitoxins or gamma globulin serums; ex. snake venom antibodies are provided from someone else

Anatomy and Phyisology (71 decks)

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