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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH urinary system review > Flashcards

HLTH urinary system review Flashcards

1
Q

transport/tubular maximum

A

is the limit on reabsorption in the kidneys and for glucose it is 310mg/min

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2
Q

where does the renal artery pass through?

A

the renal pelvis

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3
Q

obstruction in the kidneys

A

can be dangerous because no anastomoses exist begin vessels in the kidneys, therefore obstruction may cause necrosis and infarction may occur

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4
Q

3 mechanisms that control vasoconstriction in the renal vessels

A

local autoregulation, SNS, and RAAS

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5
Q

causes of incontinence

A

diabetes, pregnancy, childbirth, enlarged prostate, weak pelvic floor muscles, UTIs, diseases like parkinson’s and MS, injuries to the spinal cord, and severe constipation

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6
Q

enuresis

A

means involuntary urination by children after ages 4-5 when bladder control is expected

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7
Q

stress incontinence

A

occurs when abdominal pressure on the bladder causes incontinence due to coughing, laughing, lifting, or in women who have had a child

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8
Q

overflow incontinence

A

occurs often in the elderly or those with a spinal cord injury and is due to an incompetent bladder sphincter

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9
Q

retention

A

is an inability to empty the bladder and may be accompanied by overflow incontinence; can be due to a spinal cord injury that blocks the micturition reflex or following anesthesia

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10
Q

normal urine characteristics

A

clear, straw-coloured, and mild odor; pH ranges from 4.5 to 8

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11
Q

cloudy urine meaning

A

can indicate large amounts of protein, blood cells, or bacteria

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12
Q

dark colour urine meaning

A

hematuria (blood in the urine), very concentrated, or excessive bilirubin content

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13
Q

unpleasant odor of urine meaning

A

can indicate an infection

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14
Q

what does blood in the urine mean?

A

small amounts indicate infection, inflammation, or tumors; large amounts indicate blood cells can indicate a hemorrhage in the tubules or inadequate filtration

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15
Q

what does protein in the urine mean?

A

filtration is inadequate, causing albumin and other proteins to have leaked through the glomerulus

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16
Q

urinary casts in the urine meaning

A

these are microscopic molds of the tubules and can indicate inflammation of the tubules

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17
Q

elevated serum urea meaning

A

failure to excrete nitrogenous wastes and the GFR was decreased

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18
Q

what can anemia mean in regards to kidney function?

A

decreased erythropoietin secretion or bone marrow depression due to accumulated wastes

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19
Q

antistreptolysin O serum levels

A

are used to diagnose poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

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20
Q

renin serum levels meaning

A

can indicate hypertension

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21
Q

what are diuretics prescribed for?

A

hypertension, edema, pulmonary edema, liver disease, CHF, and renal disease

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22
Q

most common type of diuretic

A

those that inhibit NaCl reabsorption, ex. hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide

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23
Q

side effects of diuretics

A

loss of electrolytes, often potassium, which may cause muscle weakness or arrhythmias; also common is frequency in the morning, orthostatic hypotension, and dry mouth

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24
Q

example of a potassium sparing diuretic

A

spironolactone

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25
Q

dialysis

A

is providing an artificial kidney that functions to sustain life, often after acute renal failure; 2 types

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26
Q

diet and dialysis

A

is very restricted, particularly protein, electrolytes, and fluid

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27
Q

2 types of dialysis

A

hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

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28
Q

hemodialysis

A

is provided in a hospital or from home and is taking blood from an artery and filtering it through a machine where the exchange of wastes, fluid, and electrolytes takes place, and returning it back through a vein

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29
Q

membrane name in hemodialysis

A

dialysate and this is impermeable to proteins and large molecules as the glomerulus is

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30
Q

what medication is given to patients on hemodialysis?

A

heparin to prevent clotting

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31
Q

how often does a patient require hemodialysis

A

3 times a week for about 3-4 hours

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32
Q

risks associated with hemodialysis

A

infection (HIV or hep C and B), blood clots, and damage to the shunt (causes new sites to be taken)

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33
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

can be done in a dialysis unit or at home and the peritoneal membrane is used as the filter of wastes through inserting a catheter here, then the dialysate is drained into a container

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34
Q

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

A

refers to dialysis done at home during the night

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35
Q

hemodialysis vs peritoneal dialysis

A

peritoneal takes longer but the electrolyte changes are less noticeable for the patient

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36
Q

risks during peritoneal dialysis

A

infection to the peritoneal cavity, causing peritonitis

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37
Q

cortical radiate vessel textbook name

A

interlobular

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38
Q

2 infections of the lower urinary tract

A

cystitis or urethritis

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39
Q

infection of the upper urinary tract

A

pyelonephritis

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40
Q

what are most urinary tract infections?

A

ascending, meaning then make their way up the continuous mucosa of the urinary tract

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41
Q

most common UTI infective agent

A

E coli

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42
Q

risk of UTIs in men

A

older men who have prostatic hypertrophy causing stasis of urine

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43
Q

risk of UTIs in the elderly

A

incomplete emptying, reduced fluids, immobility, and impaired blood supply to the bladder

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44
Q

risk factors for UTIs

A

retention of urine, obstruction of urine, incomplete emptying, scar tissue, pregnancy, catheters, and renal calculi

45
Q

how does the bladder appear during cystitis and urethritis?

A

red, swollen, ulcerated, and bladder capacity is reduced

46
Q

causes of cystitis

A

is most often bacterial but can also be due to radiation, drugs, or irritating products like feminine hygiene or a catheter

47
Q

causes of urethritis

A

often is an STI but can also be from a catheter or chemicals

48
Q

two types of urethritis

A

gonococcal urethritis and nongonococcal urethritis

49
Q

gonococcal urethritis

A

is from neisseria gonorrhea and is transmitted sexuallay

50
Q

nongonococcal urethritis

A

is from anything other than neisseria gonorrhea and often is chlamydia trachomatis

51
Q

signs of cystitis and urethritis

A

pain in the lower abdomen, dysuria, urgency, frequency, nocturia, fever, nausea, reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, and cloudy urine with microscopic hematuria

52
Q

pyelonephritis

A

is an infection of the kidneys and the ureter, including the renal pelvis and medulla; purulent exudate and necrosis may be seen, and the kidney is inflamed, possibly obstructing the flow of blood

53
Q

risk of recurrent pyelonephritis

A

scar tissue may form and obstruct the flow of blood

54
Q

signs of pyelonephritis

A

more marked systemic signs, dysuria, dull aching pain in the lower back, and urinary casts are present in urinalysis

55
Q

role of cranberry juice and UTIs

A

is a prophylactic measure and inhibits the E coli bacterium from adhering to the bladder mucosa

56
Q

poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

follows strep throat by an infection from a group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus; this develops due to antibody-antigen complexes lodging in the glomeruli and initiating a new inflammatory response in both kidneys

57
Q

antibodies present in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

IgG and C3 (complement)

58
Q

complications of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

obstruction of filtrate forming, causing high levels of serum waste, acute renal failure, and hypertension due to renin secretion

59
Q

signs of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

dark and cloudy urine, facial and abdomen edema that spreads, back pain, high BP, urine output decreases, and systemic inflammation signs

60
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

is often secondary to renal diseases and systemic disorders and is due to an abnormality in the glomerulus, causing increased permeability, resulting in hypoalbuminemia and hypovolemic shock (sometimes high BP); this leads to aldosterone secretion and hyperlipidemia

61
Q

minimal change disease

A

is a primary nephrotic syndrome occurring in children aged 2-6

62
Q

signs of nephrotic syndrome

A

frothy urine and massive edema that impairs respiratory function, eating, and general activity

63
Q

common obstructions of the urinary system

A

tumors (benign prostatic hypertrophy is common in men), inflammation, scar tissue, stenosis, congenital defects, and renal calculi

64
Q

renal calculi

A

can develop anywhere in the urinary tract and form when there is high amounts of insoluble salts and insufficient fluid intake causes concentrated urine

65
Q

staghorn calculus

A

is a very large stone that forms in the renal pelvis and calculi and appears in the shape of a deer

66
Q

nidus

A

is a large mass that continues to build up and forms the kidney stone; can be a calcium stone, uric acid stone, and these may also include cell debris and insoluble salts

67
Q

renal calculi and infection

A

create high risk for infection due to obstructing urine and causing stasis of urine

68
Q

hydronephrosis and renal calculi

A

renal calculi when in the ureters or kidney can cause this by causing dilation of calyces and atrophy or renal tissue

69
Q

calcium stones

A

are phosphate, oxalate, or carbonate and form due to hypercalcemia, which may be due to a parathyroid tumor, vegetarian diets (high in oxalate), inadequate fluid intake, or alkaline urine

70
Q

uric acid stones

A

are common due to gout, cancer chemo, or acidic urine

71
Q

signs of renal calculi

A

small ones are asymptomatic but large ones will cause back/flank pain, renal colic (severe spasms from the back to the groin), nausea, pale skin, moist skin, and rapid pulse

72
Q

hydronephrosis

A

occurs as a secondary problem often following a tumor, renal calculi, scar tissue, or prostatic enlargement; occurs when there is an obstruction causing backup pressure and dilation of the ureters and kidney, and may cause flank/back pain

73
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

is a malignant tumor (adenocarcinoma) arising from the tubule epithelium, often in the cortex; it tends to metastasize before it is diagnosed

74
Q

common metastasis spots for renal cell carcinoma

A

lungs, liver, bone, or CNS

75
Q

signs of renal cell carcinoma

A

painless hematuria, back/flank pain, a mass, weight loss, anemia, and possibly paraneoplastic syndrome or cushing syndrome

76
Q

bladder cancer

A

is a malignant tumor often arising from the transitional epithelium, and often penetrates through the wall to metastasize

77
Q

common metastasis spots for bladder cancer

A

pelvic lymph nodes, liver, and bone

78
Q

signs of bladder cancer

A

hematuria, dysuria, and frequency

79
Q

risk factors for developing bladder cancer

A

working with chemicals like dyes, aluminum, or rubber, as well as cigarette smoking

80
Q

nephrosclerosis

A

involves vascular changes similar to atherosclerosis in the kidneys (thickening and hardening of walls) that reduces blood flow to the kidneys; this leads to ischemia, atrophy, and increased secretion of renin

81
Q

causes of nephrosclerosis

A

diabetes, essential hypertension, or another disorder

82
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

is a congenital disorder causing a defective valve in the bladder

83
Q

agenesis

A

is a congenital disorder where one kidney never develops

84
Q

hypoplasia

A

is a congenital disorder and is failure of the kidney to develop to normal size, usually unilateral

85
Q

ectopic kidney

A

is a congenital disorder occurring when a kidney and its ureter out of position, common in the abdominal or pelvic cavity

86
Q

fusion of the kidneys

A

is a congenital disorder when the 2 kidneys fuse to form a single, horseshoe shaped kidney where function remains normal

87
Q

adult polycystic kidney gene

A

is an autosomal dominant gene located on chromosome 16

88
Q

polycystic disease

A

is transferred as an autosomal recessive gene and manifests at birth, often causing a stillborn or death as an infant

89
Q

adult polycystic kidney

A

is a genetic condition that often doesn’t manifest until about age 40 with chronic renal failure; occurs when multiple cysts develop on both kidneys and grow throughout the years, causing the kidneys first to enlarge, then compressing kidney tissue; may occur on liver as well

90
Q

wilms tumor another name

A

nephroblastoma

91
Q

wilms tumor

A

common in children and is due to defects in tumor suppressing genes on chromosome 11; usually is a unilateral mass that manifests as a mass on the abdomen and high BP

92
Q

where does wilms tumor often spread to?

A

the lungs

93
Q

characteristics of renal failure

A

inflammation and necrosis can cause back pressure and obstruction, leading to decreased GFR and no or little urine output

94
Q

causes of acute renal failure

A

glomerulonephritis, severe and prolonged shock (burns and sepsis), nephrotoxins, and obstructions

95
Q

how may burns cause acute renal failure?

A

damaged RBCs break down into the circulation and can cause obstruction in the tubules; hemoglobin is also toxic to tubules, causing further inflammation (myoglobin has a similar effect)

96
Q

nephrotoxins

A

are those that cause tubule necrosis and obstruction and some are penicillin, sulfa drugs, phenacetin, NSAIDS, acetaminophen and aspirin

97
Q

blood levels during acute renal failure

A

high levels of urea, creatinine, potassium, and metabolic acidosis

98
Q

sign of recovery from acute renal failure

A

increased urine output

99
Q

chronic renal failure

A

is the gradual, irreversible (due to scar tissue) destruction of the kidneys that occurs over a long period of time due to decreased nephrons; 3 stages are decreased reserve, renal insufficiency, and end stage renal failure

100
Q

causes of chronic renal failure

A

bilateral pyelonephritis, polycystic disease, nephrotoxins, or systemic disorders like hypertension or diabetes

101
Q

decreased reserve stage

A

GFR is decreased, serum nitrogenous wastes are high, and kidneys continue to adapt to the increase their capacity; no clinical signs

102
Q

renal insufficiency stage

A

about 75% of nephrons are lost at this point and GFR is decreased to about 20%; nitrogenous wastes in the blood rise, BP rises, urine is less concentrated (large volumes of urine), and pH changes by the kidneys are impaired

103
Q

end-stage renal failure

A

GFR is negligible (>90% of nephrons are lost), very high levels of waste in the blood, and marked oliguria (low urine output) or anuria develop

104
Q

treatment for chronic renal failure

A

dialysis or a kidney transplant

105
Q

early signs of chronic renal failure

A

polyuria, general signs like anemia, fatigue, nausea, etc., bone marrow depression, and high BP

106
Q

late signs of chronic renal failure

A

oliguria or anuria, dry, itching, pigmented skin, decreased lipido, amenorrhea, encephalopathy, CHF, arrhythmias, failure to activate vitamin D, urine breath, and common infections

107
Q

3 As of chronic renal failure

A

acidosis, azotemia, and anemia

108
Q

azotemia

A

refers to high levels of uric acid or other nitrogenous wastes in the blood

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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