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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: skin disorders > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: skin disorders Flashcards

1
Q

skin lesion causes

A

systemic disorders such as liver disease, systemic infections like chickenpox, allergies to food or drugs, or exposure to toxics

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2
Q

what are lesions classified on?

A

their physical appearance (colour, elevation, texture), type of exudate, and the presence of pain or itching

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3
Q

types of lesions

A

macule, papule, nodule, pustule, vesicle, plaque, crust, lichenification, keloid, fissure, ulcer, erosion, or comedone

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4
Q

macule

A

small, flat, circumscribed lesion of a different colour than the normal skin

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5
Q

papule

A

small, firm, elevated lesion

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6
Q

nodule

A

palpable, elevated lesion that varies in size

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7
Q

vesicle

A

elevated, thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid (blister)

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8
Q

pustule

A

elevated, erythematous lesion, usually containing purulent exudate

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9
Q

crust

A

dry, rough surface or dried exudate or blood

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10
Q

lichenification

A

thick, dry, rough surface (leathlike)

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11
Q

keloid

A

raised, irregular and increasing mass of collagen resulting from excessive scar tissue formation

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12
Q

fissure

A

small, deep, liner crack or tear in skin

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13
Q

ulcer

A

cavity with loss of tissue from the epidermis and dermis, often weeping or bleeding

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14
Q

erosion

A

shallow, moist cavity in epidermis

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15
Q

comedone

A

mass of sebum, keratin, and debris blocking the opening of a hair follicle; blackheads and whiteheads

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16
Q

what is pruritus associated with?

A

allergic reactions, chemical irritation, insect bites, or infections by parasites

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17
Q

example of a parasite that causes itching

A

scabies mites

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18
Q

why does pruritus occur?

A

it is not totally understood but histamine release causes this as well as mild stimulation of pain receptors by irritants

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19
Q

why may secondary infections occur with itching?

A

because microbes from under the nails may enter into the skin via stratching

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20
Q

testing for bacterial infections

A

includes culture and staining of specimens for identification

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21
Q

testing for fungal or parasitic infections

A

includes microscopic examination, sample culturing, direct observation, and other procedures such as UV light or Wood’s lamb

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22
Q

testing for malignant changes in tissue

A

may be done by biopsy

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23
Q

testing for allergy or abnormal immune responses

A

can be done via blood tests or scratch tests

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24
Q

testing for drug reactions

A

uses specific antibody-antigen testing

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25
Q

treatment for pruritus

A

antihistamines or glucocorticoids, avoiding allergies, and soaks or compresses

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26
Q

how may precancerous lesions by removed?

A

surgery, laser therapy, electrodessication, or cryosurgery

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27
Q

electrodessication

A

removing precancerous lesions via heat

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28
Q

cryosurgery

A

removing precancerous lesions via freezing by liquid nitrogen

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29
Q

how do topical agents reduce itching?

A

some hae a local anesthetic to reduce itching and burning sensations

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30
Q

what do burns cause?

A

an acute inflammatory reaction

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31
Q

contact dermatitis

A

may be caused by exposure to an allergen or by direct chemical or mechanical irritation of the skin

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32
Q

allergy dermatitis

A

may result from exposure to any of multiple substances, including metals, cosmetics, soaps, chemicals, and plants

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33
Q

where does poison ivy cause lesions?

A

on the ankles and hands

34
Q

how does an allergy develop?

A

sensitization occurs on the first exposure and then on subsequent exposures, manifestations such as a pruritic rash develop

35
Q

signs of allergic dermatitis

A

pruritic area, erythematous (reddened) area, edematous (swollen) area, and area often covered with small vesicles

36
Q

direct chemical irritation signs

A

edematous (swollen) area, erythematous (reddened) area, and pruritic or painful area

37
Q

treatment for allergic and contact dermatitis

A

removal or the irritant and reduction of the inflammation with a topical glucocorticoid

38
Q

hives other name

A

urticaria

39
Q

what does urticaria usually result from?

A

a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, commonly caused by shellfish or certain fruits or drugs

40
Q

signs of urticaria

A

histamine release causes eruption of hard, raised, erythematous lesions on the skin, highly pruritic lesions, and if in the airway, can obstruct breathing

41
Q

treatment for urticaria

A

over-the-counter antihistamines usually work; if inflammation of the airway occurs, corticosteroids can be used, and in severe cases omalizumab can be used for those > 12

42
Q

another name for eczema

A

atopic dermatitis

43
Q

atopic meaning

A

refers to an inherited tendency towards allergic reactions

44
Q

family history of atopic dermatitis

A

common in those with allergic rhinitis or hay fever and asthma

45
Q

what is atopic dermatitis

A

is chronic inflammation that results from a response to allergens

46
Q

what are serum levels for those with atopic dermatitis?

A

high eosinophil count and increased IgE levles

47
Q

potential complications associated with atopic dermatitis

A

secondary infections due to itching and disseminated viral infections such as herpes

48
Q

what may aggravate atopic dermatitis?

A

soaps, certain fabrics, changes in temperature, and humidity

49
Q

signs of atopic dermatitis in infants

A

pructic lesions that are red, moist, vesicular and covered with crusts, often on the face, neck, extensor surfaces of arms and legs, and buttocks

50
Q

atopic dermatitis signs in adults

A

dry and scaling skin, thick and leathery patches called lichenification, skin folds are moist and red, and pruritus is common

51
Q

treatment of atopic dermatitis

A

eliminating aggravating agents, topical glucocorticoids, antihistamines, adequately moisturizing the skin, and trying a hypoallergenic diet

52
Q

psoriasis

A

is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects 1-3% of the population is is genetic

53
Q

psoriatic arthritis

A

usually begins with psoriasis and progresses to the joints

54
Q

when does psoriasis usually begin?

A

in the teen years

55
Q

what is psoriasis a result of?

A

abnormal activation of T cells and an associated increase in cytokines in affected tissue; this then leads to a proliferation of keratinocytes that cause the symptons

56
Q

what does psoriasis appear as?

A

lesions that begin as small, red, paule; these then enlarge and a sliverly plaque forms, while the base remains erythematous because of inflammation and vasodilation

57
Q

where are psoriasis lesions common?

A

the face, scalp, elbows, and knees; nails are also affected, being thickened, pitted, or ridged

58
Q

signs of psoriasis

A

red patches of skin covered with silvery scales, small, scaling spots, dry, cracked skin that may bleed, itchicing, burning, soreness, thickened, pitted or ridged nails, and swollen, painful or stiff joints

59
Q

what is the goal of psoriasis treatment?

A

to stop skin cells from growing too quickly and removing scales

60
Q

treatment for psoriasis

A

topical therapy, light therapy, and oral medications or injections

61
Q

topical therapy for psoriasis

A

corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs (ex. calcitriol), retinoids, calcineurin inhibitors, salicylic acid shampoo, and coal tar

62
Q

what are calcineurin inhibitors?

A

they reduce inflammation and plaque buildup

63
Q

coal tar

A

reduces scaling, itching, and inflammation

64
Q

light therapy for psoriasis

A

sunlight, UV B broadband and narrowband, excimer laser, and psoralen plus UV A

65
Q

oral medications or injections for psoriasis

A

steroids, retinoids, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and biologics

66
Q

pemphigus

A

is an autoimmune disorder that occurs when autoantibodies disrupt the cohesion between the epidermal cells, causing blisters to form

67
Q

two forms of pemphigus

A

pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

68
Q

what form of pemphigus is more common?

A

pemphigus vulgaris

69
Q

what occurs in pemphigus vulgaris?

A

the epidermis separates above the basal layer, forming blisters that become large, rupture, and leave large areas of skin covered with crust

70
Q

signs of pemphigus vulgaris

A

blisters in the mouth that spread to the skin, blisters are painful but not itchy, and breathing difficulties can occur due to swollen mouth and throat

71
Q

pemphigus foliaceus

A

similar to vulgaris but there are no mouth blisters nor are the blisters painful

72
Q

treatment for pemphigus

A

systemic glucocorticoids such as prednisone and other immunosuppressants

73
Q

scleroderma

A

may occur as a skin disorder or may affect the viscera

74
Q

cause of scleroderma

A

not known but increased collagen deposits are observed in all cases

75
Q

how does scleroderma develop?

A

collagen deposition in the arterioles and capillaries reduces blood flow to the skin or internal organs, causing inflammation and fibrosis to develop in the skin

76
Q

signs of scleroderma

A

hard, shiny, tight immoveable areas of the skin, short and narrow fingertips, and facial expression is lost as the skin tightens

77
Q

raynaud phenomenon

A

may be present in scleroderma, causing atrophy and ulcers in the fingers

78
Q

what may occur along with scleroderma?

A

microcirculation of other organs, causing renal failure, intestinal obstruction, or respiratory failure

79
Q

treatment for scleroderma

A

varies but can be anti inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive therapies, or antifibrotic agents

80
Q

dupuytren’s contracture

A

is a slow developing hand deformity that involves the development of knots of tissue under the skin on the palms of the hands; this eventually pulls the fingers into a bent position

81
Q

how does dupuytren’s contracture develop?

A

begins as thickening of the skin of the palm that progresses to a lumb that then extends into cords of tissues that pull on the fingers

82
Q

treatment for dupuytren’s contracture

A

stretching, steroid and/or enzyme injections, radiation treatment, and in some cases surgery

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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