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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: other hormonal disorders > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: other hormonal disorders Flashcards

1
Q

most common cause of pituitary disorders

A

benign adenomas

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2
Q

two groups of manifestations of pituitary disorders

A

the effect of the mass as it enlarges and causes pressure in the skull and the effect of the tumor on hormone secretion

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3
Q

effects of the mass as it enlarges and causes pressure in the skull

A

aka increased intracranial pressure; signs of this include headaches, seizures, visual defects and drowsiness

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4
Q

the effect of the tumor on hormone secretion

A

depends on which specific cells are involved and their location, causing the hormone to secrete excessive amounts or a deficit

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5
Q

what may develop along with tumors in the pituitary gland?

A

hemorrhage or infarction, causing even more intracranial pressure and part of the pituitary can be destroyed

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6
Q

pituitary apoplexy

A

when part of the pituitary is destroyed by a tumor

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7
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

diminution or cessation of pituitary function resulting in loss of gonadal function and the degrading of thyroidal and adrenal function

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8
Q

treatment for pituitary tumors

A

surgery or radiation to remove the tumor, followed by hormone replacement therapy

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9
Q

what besides tumors can damage the pituitary?

A

vascular thrombosis and infarction associated with obstetric delivery; this can cause hypopituitarism

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10
Q

what do hypothalamic disorders include?

A

tumors or infection

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11
Q

dwarfism

A

is caused by a number of factors such as a deficit in growth hormone; intelligence and body proportions are normal, but there is a delay in skeletal maturation and puperty

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12
Q

gigantism

A

results from excess GH before puberty and fusion of the epiphyses

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13
Q

acromegaly

A

refers to the effects of excess GH in the adult, usually by an adenoma; this causes the bones to become broader and heavier, and the soft tissues grow, resulting in enlarged hands and feet, a thicker skull, and changes in the facial features

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14
Q

what are the results of acromegaly?

A

thickening and growth of the bones may compress nerves and cause carpal tunnel or arthritis; the effectiveness of insulin decreasing and diabetes may develop; and hypertension and cardiovascular disease may develop as well

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15
Q

where does diabetes insipidus originate from?

A

a deficit in the neurohypophysis

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16
Q

another name for ADH

A

vasopressin

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17
Q

signs of diabetes insipidus

A

polyuria (large volumes of dilute urine), and thirst that causes severe dehydration

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18
Q

treatment for diabetes insipidus

A

replacement therapy for ADH

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19
Q

inappropriate ADH syndrome

A

is an excess of ADH, which causes retention of fluid; can be temporary via stress or secreted by an ectopic source like a bronchogenic carcinoma

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20
Q

signs of inappropriate ADH syndrome

A

severe hyponatremia, which causes mental confusion and irritability

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21
Q

treatment for inappropriate ADH syndrome

A

diuretics and sodium supplements

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22
Q

two thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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23
Q

what are thyroid hormones released in response to?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary secretion of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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24
Q

what do disorders of the thyroid gland result from?

A

pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction

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25
Q

goiter

A

refers to an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is often visible on the anterior neck

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26
Q

what are goiters caused by?

A

various hypothyroid and hyperthyroid conditions

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27
Q

what are the risks of a goiter?

A

it can compress the esophagus and interfere with swallowing and can cause pressure on the trachea

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28
Q

endemic goiter

A

is a hypothyroid conditions that occurs in regions where there are low iodine levels in the soil and food ex. mountains or great lakes

29
Q

role of iodine for thyroid

A

iodine is normally ‘trapped’ by the thyroid gland and used to synthesize triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

30
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

31
Q

T4

32
Q

what does an iodine deficiency cause?

A

low thyroid hormone production and a compensatory increase in TSH from the pituitary; this results in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland

33
Q

treatment for endemic goiter

A

iodized salt

34
Q

goitrogens

A

are foods that contain elements that block synthesis of T3 and T4, but increase TSH secretion

35
Q

what does TSH cause when iodine is deficent?

A

hyperplasia of the gland and promote goiter formation

36
Q

examples of goitrogens

A

cabbage, turnips, and other related vegetables; lithium and fluoride may also be goitrogenic

37
Q

toxic goiter

A

is a hyperthyroid conditions resulting from excess activity of the gland which may be caused by TSH

38
Q

treatment for goiters

A

medications such as levothyroxine (Levothroid, Synthroid), surgery to remove or partially remove the the thyroid, radioactive iodine, and hormone replacement therpay

39
Q

example of hyperthyroidism disorder

A

graves disease

40
Q

risk population for graves disease

A

women over 30 and is related to an autoimmune factor

41
Q

signs of graves disease

A

hypermetabolism, toxic goiter, and exophthalmos

42
Q

exophthalamous

A

symptom of graves disease and is protruding, staring eyes and decreased blinking movements

43
Q

why do exophthalmos form?

A

increased tissue mass in the orbit pushing the eyeball forward and increase SNS

44
Q

what may occur is exophthalmos is untreated?

A

visual impairment due to optic nerve damage and corneal ulceration

45
Q

thyrotoxic crisis

A

is an acute situation with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, usually by infection or surgery; can be dangerous due to hyperthermia, tachycardia, and heart failure

46
Q

treatment for graves disease

A

radioactive iodine, surgical removal of the thyroid gland, and the use of antithyroid drugs

47
Q

how is mild hypothyroidism treated?

A

replacement doses of thyroid hormone

48
Q

hashimoto thyroiditis

A

is a severe hypothyroidism disorder that results from a destructure autoimmune disorder

49
Q

functions of the thyroid gland

A

metabolism, growth and development, and homeostasis

50
Q

myxedema

A

is severe hypothyroidism in adults that results in non pitting edema manifesting as facial puffiness and a thick tongue

51
Q

myxedema coma

A

refers to acute hypothyroidism resulting in hypotension, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and loss of consciousness

52
Q

cretinism

A

is untreated congenital hypothyroidism and may be related to iodine deficiency during pregnancy; causes a nonfunctional or absent thyroid gland that can result in severe impairment of growth and development, ex. difficulty feeding or delayed tooth eruption

53
Q

tests for thyroid disorders

A

tests blood levels of T3 and T4, as well as TSH and the uptake of radioactive iodine

54
Q

general symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

low metabolic rate, pale, cool skin, edema, cold intolerance, bradycardia, enlarged heart, decreased appetite, and lethargic

55
Q

general symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

high metabolic rate, flushed and warm skin, heat intolerance, exophthalmos in graves disease, tachycardia, increased BP, restless, nervous, tremor, and increased appetite

56
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

is a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and sometimes other substances

57
Q

what does pheochromocytoma cause?

A

hypertension, manifesting itself through headache, heart palpitations, sweating, and anxiety

58
Q

cushing syndrome

A

is caused by an excess of glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone or cortisol)

59
Q

what may cause cushing syndrome

A

adrenal adenoma, pituitary adenoma, an ectopic carcinoma that causes paraneoplastic syndrome, or large amounts of glucocorticoids for inflammation

60
Q

what are glucocorticoids essential for?

A

the stress response

61
Q

typical changes associated with cushing syndrome

A

changes in appearance, fragile skin with red streaks, increased hair growth, catabolic effects such as osteoporosis, insulin resistance, edema, suppression of the immune system, stimulation of RBC production, and emotional lability

62
Q

how might one’s appearance change with cushing syndrome

A

a moon face (round and puffy), heavy trunk with fat at the back of the neck, and wasting of muscle

63
Q

concerns of those with cushing’s syndrome

A

risks of infection and a decreased stress response, therefore, doses of medication may have to be increased before and during a stressful event

64
Q

addison disease

A

refers to a deficiency of adrenocortical secretions, the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

65
Q

cause of addison disease

A

an autoimmune reaction in which the gland is destroyed by a hemorrhage and infection

66
Q

signs of addison disease

A

decreased blood glucose levels, poor stress response, fatigue, low BP, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, and frequent infections

67
Q

risks of addison disease

A

increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias and failure

68
Q

treatment for addison disease

A

replacement therapy of the necessary hormones

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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