HLTH 2501: other hormonal disorders

Question 1

most common cause of pituitary disorders

Answer 1

benign adenomas

Question 2

two groups of manifestations of pituitary disorders

Answer 2

the effect of the mass as it enlarges and causes pressure in the skull and the effect of the tumor on hormone secretion

Question 3

effects of the mass as it enlarges and causes pressure in the skull

Answer 3

aka increased intracranial pressure; signs of this include headaches, seizures, visual defects and drowsiness

Question 4

the effect of the tumor on hormone secretion

Answer 4

depends on which specific cells are involved and their location, causing the hormone to secrete excessive amounts or a deficit

Question 5

what may develop along with tumors in the pituitary gland?

Answer 5

hemorrhage or infarction, causing even more intracranial pressure and part of the pituitary can be destroyed

Question 6

pituitary apoplexy

Answer 6

when part of the pituitary is destroyed by a tumor

Question 7

panhypopituitarism

Answer 7

diminution or cessation of pituitary function resulting in loss of gonadal function and the degrading of thyroidal and adrenal function

Question 8

treatment for pituitary tumors

Answer 8

surgery or radiation to remove the tumor, followed by hormone replacement therapy

Question 9

what besides tumors can damage the pituitary?

Answer 9

vascular thrombosis and infarction associated with obstetric delivery; this can cause hypopituitarism

Question 10

what do hypothalamic disorders include?

Answer 10

tumors or infection

Question 11

dwarfism

Answer 11

is caused by a number of factors such as a deficit in growth hormone; intelligence and body proportions are normal, but there is a delay in skeletal maturation and puperty

Question 12

gigantism

Answer 12

results from excess GH before puberty and fusion of the epiphyses

Question 13

acromegaly

Answer 13

refers to the effects of excess GH in the adult, usually by an adenoma; this causes the bones to become broader and heavier, and the soft tissues grow, resulting in enlarged hands and feet, a thicker skull, and changes in the facial features

Question 14

what are the results of acromegaly?

Answer 14

thickening and growth of the bones may compress nerves and cause carpal tunnel or arthritis; the effectiveness of insulin decreasing and diabetes may develop; and hypertension and cardiovascular disease may develop as well

Question 15

where does diabetes insipidus originate from?

Answer 15

a deficit in the neurohypophysis

Question 16

another name for ADH

Answer 16

vasopressin

Question 17

signs of diabetes insipidus

Answer 17

polyuria (large volumes of dilute urine), and thirst that causes severe dehydration

Question 18

treatment for diabetes insipidus

Answer 18

replacement therapy for ADH

Question 19

inappropriate ADH syndrome

Answer 19

is an excess of ADH, which causes retention of fluid; can be temporary via stress or secreted by an ectopic source like a bronchogenic carcinoma

Question 20

signs of inappropriate ADH syndrome

Answer 20

severe hyponatremia, which causes mental confusion and irritability

Question 21

treatment for inappropriate ADH syndrome

Answer 21

diuretics and sodium supplements

Question 22

two thyroid hormones

Answer 22

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 23

what are thyroid hormones released in response to?

Answer 23

hypothalamic-pituitary secretion of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Question 24

what do disorders of the thyroid gland result from?

Answer 24

pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction

Question 25

goiter

Answer 25

refers to an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is often visible on the anterior neck

Question 26

what are goiters caused by?

Answer 26

various hypothyroid and hyperthyroid conditions

Question 27

what are the risks of a goiter?

Answer 27

it can compress the esophagus and interfere with swallowing and can cause pressure on the trachea

Question 28

endemic goiter

Answer 28

is a hypothyroid conditions that occurs in regions where there are low iodine levels in the soil and food ex. mountains or great lakes

Question 29

role of iodine for thyroid

Answer 29

iodine is normally 'trapped' by the thyroid gland and used to synthesize triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Question 30

T3

Answer 30

triiodothyronine

Question 31

T4

Answer 31

thyroxine

Question 32

what does an iodine deficiency cause?

Answer 32

low thyroid hormone production and a compensatory increase in TSH from the pituitary; this results in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland

Question 33

treatment for endemic goiter

Answer 33

iodized salt

Question 34

goitrogens

Answer 34

are foods that contain elements that block synthesis of T3 and T4, but increase TSH secretion

Question 35

what does TSH cause when iodine is deficent?

Answer 35

hyperplasia of the gland and promote goiter formation

Question 36

examples of goitrogens

Answer 36

cabbage, turnips, and other related vegetables; lithium and fluoride may also be goitrogenic

Question 37

toxic goiter

Answer 37

is a hyperthyroid conditions resulting from excess activity of the gland which may be caused by TSH

Question 38

treatment for goiters

Answer 38

medications such as levothyroxine (Levothroid, Synthroid), surgery to remove or partially remove the the thyroid, radioactive iodine, and hormone replacement therpay

Question 39

example of hyperthyroidism disorder

Answer 39

graves disease

Question 40

risk population for graves disease

Answer 40

women over 30 and is related to an autoimmune factor

Question 41

signs of graves disease

Answer 41

hypermetabolism, toxic goiter, and exophthalmos

Question 42

exophthalamous

Answer 42

symptom of graves disease and is protruding, staring eyes and decreased blinking movements

Question 43

why do exophthalmos form?

Answer 43

increased tissue mass in the orbit pushing the eyeball forward and increase SNS

Question 44

what may occur is exophthalmos is untreated?

Answer 44

visual impairment due to optic nerve damage and corneal ulceration

Question 45

thyrotoxic crisis

Answer 45

is an acute situation with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, usually by infection or surgery; can be dangerous due to hyperthermia, tachycardia, and heart failure

Question 46

treatment for graves disease

Answer 46

radioactive iodine, surgical removal of the thyroid gland, and the use of antithyroid drugs

Question 47

how is mild hypothyroidism treated?

Answer 47

replacement doses of thyroid hormone

Question 48

hashimoto thyroiditis

Answer 48

is a severe hypothyroidism disorder that results from a destructure autoimmune disorder

Question 49

functions of the thyroid gland

Answer 49

metabolism, growth and development, and homeostasis

Question 50

myxedema

Answer 50

is severe hypothyroidism in adults that results in non pitting edema manifesting as facial puffiness and a thick tongue

Question 51

myxedema coma

Answer 51

refers to acute hypothyroidism resulting in hypotension, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and loss of consciousness

Question 52

cretinism

Answer 52

is untreated congenital hypothyroidism and may be related to iodine deficiency during pregnancy; causes a nonfunctional or absent thyroid gland that can result in severe impairment of growth and development, ex. difficulty feeding or delayed tooth eruption

Question 53

tests for thyroid disorders

Answer 53

tests blood levels of T3 and T4, as well as TSH and the uptake of radioactive iodine

Question 54

general symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 54

low metabolic rate, pale, cool skin, edema, cold intolerance, bradycardia, enlarged heart, decreased appetite, and lethargic

Question 55

general symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 55

high metabolic rate, flushed and warm skin, heat intolerance, exophthalmos in graves disease, tachycardia, increased BP, restless, nervous, tremor, and increased appetite

Question 56

pheochromocytoma

Answer 56

is a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and sometimes other substances

Question 57

what does pheochromocytoma cause?

Answer 57

hypertension, manifesting itself through headache, heart palpitations, sweating, and anxiety

Question 58

cushing syndrome

Answer 58

is caused by an excess of glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone or cortisol)

Question 59

what may cause cushing syndrome

Answer 59

adrenal adenoma, pituitary adenoma, an ectopic carcinoma that causes paraneoplastic syndrome, or large amounts of glucocorticoids for inflammation

Question 60

what are glucocorticoids essential for?

Answer 60

the stress response

Question 61

typical changes associated with cushing syndrome

Answer 61

changes in appearance, fragile skin with red streaks, increased hair growth, catabolic effects such as osteoporosis, insulin resistance, edema, suppression of the immune system, stimulation of RBC production, and emotional lability

Question 62

how might one's appearance change with cushing syndrome

Answer 62

a moon face (round and puffy), heavy trunk with fat at the back of the neck, and wasting of muscle

Question 63

concerns of those with cushing's syndrome

Answer 63

risks of infection and a decreased stress response, therefore, doses of medication may have to be increased before and during a stressful event

Question 64

addison disease

Answer 64

refers to a deficiency of adrenocortical secretions, the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

Question 65

cause of addison disease

Answer 65

an autoimmune reaction in which the gland is destroyed by a hemorrhage and infection

Question 66

signs of addison disease

Answer 66

decreased blood glucose levels, poor stress response, fatigue, low BP, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, and frequent infections

Question 67

risks of addison disease

Answer 67

increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias and failure

Question 68

treatment for addison disease

Answer 68

replacement therapy of the necessary hormones