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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: skin infections > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: skin infections Flashcards

1
Q

what can skin infections be caused by?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other types of microorganisms including parasites

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2
Q

primary bacterial infections

A

are caused by resident flora

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3
Q

secondary bacterial infections

A

develop in wounds or pruritic lesions

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4
Q

what can deeper bacterial infections cause?

A

the formation of a mass of pus in the tissue which is referred to as an abscess

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5
Q

what does pus consist of?

A

living and dead WBCs and bacteria, along with tissue debris and serum

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6
Q

what is acne?

A

a staphylococcal infection

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7
Q

cellulitis

A

is an infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, usually resulting secondary to an injury, a furuncle (boil) or an ulcer

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8
Q

what is the causative organism of cellulitis?

A

S aureus or streptococcus

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9
Q

where does cellulitis typically occur?

A

in the lower trunk and legs

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10
Q

who does cellulitis typically develop in?

A

those with restricted circulation or immunocompromised

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11
Q

signs of cellulitis

A

reddened area, edema, pain, and red streaks running along the lymph vessels

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12
Q

how is cellulitis treated?

A

antibiotics and analgesics for pain

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13
Q

furuncle

A

is a boil that is an infection that begins in a hair follicle and spreads into the surronding dermis

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14
Q

what are furuncles caused by?

A

S aureus

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15
Q

common locations for furuncles

A

face, neck, and back

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16
Q

signs of furuncles

A

firm, red lesion, painful nodule which develops into a abscess, and large amounts of purulent exudate

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17
Q

what can squeezing boils result in?

A

the spread of infection by autoinoculation

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18
Q

autoinculation

A

the transfer of microbes from one site of infection to another site, most likely by fingers

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19
Q

furuncles in the nasal area

A

can lead to thrombi or infection that spreads to the brain

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20
Q

carbuncles

A

are a collection of furuncles that coalesce to form a large, infected mass, which may drain through several sinuses or develop into a single large abscess

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21
Q

treatment for furuncles

A

warm compresses will promote drainage, analgesics for pain, and it can also be cut and drained

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22
Q

impetigo

A

is a bacterial infection common in children and very contagious

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23
Q

what causes impetigo?

A

S aureus but also by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci

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24
Q

signs of impetigo

A

small, red vesicle lesions on the face, yellowish-brown crusty masses formed by rupture of the vesicles, and pruritus which may spread the infection

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25
Q

treatment for impetigo

A

topical antibiotics

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26
Q

acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

‘flesh eating disease’ because the bacteria rapidly invades tissues and causes reduced blood supply to the tissues, as well as the secretion of protease enzymes that destroy tissues

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27
Q

what microorganism causes acute necrotizing fasciitis?

A

gram-positive, group A, beta-hemolytic streptococcus pyogenes (same bacteria responsible for strep throat)

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28
Q

what infection can toxic shock occur in?

A

acute necrotizing fasciitis

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29
Q

signs of acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

infected area appears inflamed and is very painful, infected area grows in size, dermal gangrene is apparent, and systemic toxicity causes fever, tachycardia, hypotension, mental confusion and disorientation, and possible organ failure

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30
Q

what are the signs of acute necrotizing fasciitis similar to?

A

cellulitis

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31
Q

treatment for acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

antimicrobial therapy, fluid replacement, excision of infected tissue, high O2 flow in hyperbaric chambers, and possibly amputation

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32
Q

leprosy microorganism

A

mycobacterium leprae

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33
Q

prevalence of leprosy

A

not as common today but still exists in Africa Asia, the South Pacific and some areas of South America

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34
Q

how is leprosy transmitted?

A

extended contact with a source

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35
Q

why is leprosy hard to study?

A

because the organism cannot easily be grown in a culture media

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36
Q

two types of leprosy

A

paucibacillary and multibacillary

37
Q

paucibacillary leprosy

A

limited disease with fewer, less-widespread lesions

38
Q

multibacillary leprosy

A

disease much more widespread with significant lesions and tissue damage

39
Q

what does leprosy typically affect?

A

the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves

40
Q

signs of leprosy

A

formation of macules (flat skin lesions with no distinct borders) and loss of feeling owing to nerve damage (can be dangerous because the individual is not aware of injuries)

41
Q

diagnosis for leprosy

A

microscopic examination of a skin biopsy

42
Q

treatment for leprosy

A

antibiotics (rifampicin or ofloxacin) and rehabilitation and education

43
Q

bacterial infections

A

leprosy, cellulitis, acute necrotizing fasciitis, impetigo, and furuncles

44
Q

most common cause of cold sores

A

herpes simplex 1

45
Q

where do cold sores develop?

A

on or near the lips

46
Q

herpes simplex

A

primary infection is asymptomatic as the virus remains in a latent stage in the trigeminal nerve sensory ganglion; it is then activated via an infection, sun exposure, or stress and the virus spreads

47
Q

potential complications of herpes simplex

A

it can spread to the eyes causing keratitis or to the fingers, called herpetic whitlow

48
Q

keratitis

A

can be a complication of herpes simplex and if infection and ulceration of the cornea

49
Q

reactivation signs of herpes

A

a preliminary burning or tingling along the nerve and at the site of the lip and the development of a painful vesicle that will rupture and form a crust

50
Q

treatment for herpes simplex

A

includes antiviral medication like Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, and Penciclovir

51
Q

another name for warts

A

verrucae

52
Q

what are verrucae caused by?

A

human papillomaviruses (HPV); plantar warts are types 1-4, genital warts are 6 and 11, and cervical cancer is 16 and 18

53
Q

plantar warts

A

commonly occur on the soles of the feet, but also on the hands and fingers

54
Q

signs of verrucae

A

a papule, which is a solid, raised lesion with distinct margins that have rough surfaces (often white or tan); they are sometimes painful

55
Q

treatment for verrucae

A

laser, freezing with liquid nitrogen, and topical medications that have aminosalicylic acid

56
Q

how are fungal infections diagnosed?

A

from scrapings of the skin processed with potassium hydroxide to accentuate the spores and hyphae which becomes fluorescent in UV light

57
Q

examples of viral infections

A

herpes simplex and warts

58
Q

where are most fungal infections and why?

A

on the superficial skin and because the fungi live off the dead, keratinized cells of the epidermis

59
Q

what may tinea cause?

A

dermatophytosis or ringworm

60
Q

tinea capitis

A

is a fungal infection of the scalp that is common in school-aged children

61
Q

microorganisms causing tinea capitis

A

microsporum canis (transmitted by dogs and cats) or trichophyton tonsurans (transmitted by humans)

62
Q

signs of tinea capitis

A

a circular bald patch as hair is broken off above the scalp and erythema or scaling

63
Q

treatment for tinea capitis

A

oral antifungal agents such as griseofulvin

64
Q

tinea corporis

A

is a fungal infection on the non-hairy body parts

65
Q

signs of tinea corporis

A

round, erythematous rings of vesicles or papules with clear centres (ringworm) and pruritus or a burning sensation

66
Q

treatment for tinea corporis

A

topical antifungal agents such as tolnaftate or ketoconazole

67
Q

tinea pedis

A

aka athletes foot which is a fungal infection on the feet, particularly the toes

68
Q

causative microorganism for tinea pedis

A

trichophyton mentagrophytes or trichophyton rubrum

69
Q

where is tinea pedis often found?

A

swimming pools and gyms

70
Q

signs of tinea pedia

A

skin between the toes becomes inflamed and macerated, painful and pruritic fissures appear, and feet may have a foul odor

71
Q

treatment for tinea pedia

A

topical tolnaftate

72
Q

tinea unguium another name

A

onychomycosis

73
Q

tinea unguium

A

is an infection of the nails, particularly the toenails; infection begins at the tipis or one or two nails, with the nail turning white then brown; the nail can then thicken and crack, and the infection spreads

74
Q

what is scabies the result of?

A

a mite called sarcoptes scabiei

75
Q

how does scabies develop?

A

the female mite burrows into the epidermis saying eggs in the stratum corneum; the larvae then migrate to the skin surface and then burrow into the skin in surface of nutrients; as the larvae mature, this cycle is repeated

76
Q

signs of scabies

A

burrows appear on the skin as tiny, light brown lines, small vesicles are often apparent, erthem, and inflammation and pruritus occur

77
Q

common areas for scabies

A

the areas between fingers, the wrist, the inner surfaces of elbows and the waistline

78
Q

treatment for scabies

A

topical treatment with lindane

79
Q

another name for lice

A

peciculosis

80
Q

three forms of lice in humans

A

pediculus humanus corporis, pediculus humanus capitis, and pediculus pubis

81
Q

pediculus humanus corporis

A

body lice

82
Q

pediculus humanus capitis

A

head lice

83
Q

pediculus pubis

A

pubic lice

84
Q

what are lice?

A

small, brownish parasites that feed off human blood

85
Q

how do lice develop?

A

female lice lay eggs on hair shafts, cementing the egg firmly to the scalp; the egg or nit appears as small and white and are attached to hairs

86
Q

signs of lice

A

a macule or papule forms and the infected area is highly pruritic

87
Q

what does itching occur in lice infections?

A

the saliva of the lice have excoriations that are pruritic

88
Q

lice treatment

A

topical permethrin , malthoid, or pyrethrin or a fine-toothed comb; clothing and linen should also be washed

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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