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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: the ear > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: the ear Flashcards

1
Q

external ear

A

consists of the pinna (auricle) and the external auditory meatus or canal

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2
Q

where does the external ear canal pass through?

A

the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane

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3
Q

middle ear

A

consists of the tympanic cavity and the ossicles

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4
Q

what is the stapes in contact with?

A

the oval window

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5
Q

what does the middle ear open into?

A

the auditory or eustachian tube and this connects to the nasopharynx

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6
Q

function of the auditory tube

A

to equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external ear canal

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7
Q

what lines the middle ear cavity?

A

a continuous mucus membrane

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8
Q

why is spread of infection so easy to the ear?

A

because of the continuous mucus membrane that connects the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx

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9
Q

name for the inner ear

A

the labyrinth

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10
Q

two parts of the inner ear

A

the cochlea and the semicircular canals

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11
Q

what connects the cochlea and semicircular canals?

A

a vestibule

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12
Q

cochlea

A

spiral fluid filled structures that surrounds the organ of corti

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13
Q

where in the brain is sound processed?

A

the temporal lobe

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14
Q

what determines the loudness of sound?

A

the height of a wave

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15
Q

what determines the pitch of sound?

A

the frequency

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16
Q

semicircular canals

A

found in the inner ear and sense balance and equilibrium in 3 axes

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17
Q

what senses balance and equilibrium in the semicircular canals?

A

the crista ampullaris

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18
Q

vertigo

A

is a sense of rotation of self or the environment and is caused by vestibular damage

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19
Q

2 types of hearing loss

A

conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness

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20
Q

conduction deafness

A

occurs when sound is blocked in the external ear or the middle ear

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21
Q

examples of causes of conduction deafness

A

wax or a foreign object in the external ear canal or scar tissue or adhesions near the tympanic membrane

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22
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

develops with damage to the organ or corti or the auditory nerve

23
Q

what can sensorineural deafness result from?

A

infection, sudden loud sounds, prolonged exposure to loud noise, head trauma, or other neurological disorders

24
Q

common infections causing sensorineural impairment

A

rubella, influenza, and herpes

25
Q

drugs and hearing loss

A

some can cause temporary or permanent damage and include antibiotics like streptomycin, analgesics like aspirin, or the diuretic furosemide

26
Q

early signs of drug toxicity causing hearing damage?

A

tinnitus

27
Q

what can tinnitus be addressed with?

A

noise suppression therapy and medications like lipo-favonoids

28
Q

presbycusis

A

is a sensorineural loss that occurs in elderly people owing to a reduced number of hair cells in the cochlea

29
Q

treatment for deaf newborns

A

regular therapy with a speech-language pathologist, lip-reading, sign-language, or assistive devices for communication

30
Q

cochlear implants

A

can be successful for sensorineural loss in young deaf children and adults; this works by bypassing structures in the ear to stimulate the auditory nerve directly when this is still functioning; is usually effective when used in young age

31
Q

otitis media

A

is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity which is caused by exudate building up and causing pressure on the tympanic membrane

32
Q

what can occur with otitis media?

A

the fluid cannot drain into the nasopharynx, and therefore the increased pressure can cause the rupture of the tympanic membrane, which may lead to scar tissue and conductive hearing loss

33
Q

why is otitis media more common in children?

A

because their auditory canal is shorter and wider and forms more of a right angle with the nasopharynx, thereby facilitating drainage of respiratory secretions into the auditory tube

34
Q

common causative agents of otitis media

A

haemophilus influenzae, pneumococci, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and staphylococci; viral infections may also lead to this when complicated by a secondary bacterial infection

35
Q

signs of otitis media

A

earache, red and bulging tympanic membrane, mild hearing loss, fever, nausea, and rupture may cause purulent discharge from the external ear canal

36
Q

treatment for otitis media

A

antibiotic treatment is controversial, so ibuprofen or acetaminophen can be used; other options are decongestants, drainage tubes, or chewing gum; surgery may be used if the ossicles adhere to the membrane

37
Q

cholesteatoma

A

is a cyst like mass that may develop with chronic otitis media and the accompanying ruptured membrane that is formed by epithelial cells; this may erode the ossicle and impair hearing

38
Q

otitis externa

A

aka swimmers ear and is an infection of the external auditory canal and pinna

39
Q

causes of otitis externa

A

usually is bacterial and may be caused by swimming, cleaning the ear, or earphones or earplugs

40
Q

signs of otitis externa

A

pain, purulent discharge, and a hearing deficit

41
Q

difference between otitis externa and media

A

externa will have pinna pain

42
Q

otosclerosis

A

involves an imbalance in bone formation and resorption and can cause excess body in the middle ear cavity, causing the stapex to become fixed to the oval window and blocking sound into the cochlea

43
Q

development of otosclerosis

A

is genetic and common in young females

44
Q

treatment for otosclerosis

A

surgical removal of the stapes and replacement by a prosthesis

45
Q

meniere syndrome

A

is an inner ear disorder that affects one ear via excessive endolymph developing, stretching the membranes and interfering with the function of hair cells

46
Q

meniere syndrome attack

A

occurs when rupture of the labyrinth membrane allows perilymph to mix with endolymph, increasing the volume

47
Q

signs of a meniere syndrome attack

A

severe vertigo, tinnitus, unilateral hearing loss, nausea, sweating, inability to focus, nystagmus, and a feeling of pressure in the ear

48
Q

what do repeated occurrences of meniere syndrome cause?

A

permanent damage to the hair cells, with permanent loss of hearing and vertigo

49
Q

causes of a meniere syndrome attack

A

stress, changes in barometric pressure, high sodium diet, and smoking, alcohol, or caffeine

50
Q

tests for meniere syndrome

A

balance tests, electronystagmography, fluid test, electocochleogprahy tests, and MRI

51
Q

electronystagmography

A

evaluates balance by assessing eye movement

52
Q

fluid test

A

checks for abnormal buildup in the inner ear

53
Q

electrocochleography test

A

responds to sounds

54
Q

treatment for meniere syndrome attacks

A

dimenhydrinate, diazepam, or antihistamines

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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