HLTH module 4 questions Flashcards
A 32-year-old man presents to the ER with a fever, malaise, weight loss, and night sweats. On examination, you identify hepatosplenomegaly and palpable lymph nodes in the axillary and supraclavicular regions. A chest X-ray reveals enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and a biopsy of the axillary nodes reveals Reed-Sternberg cells. The most likely diagnosis in this patient is:
hodgkin’s lymphoma
In your hematology rotation, you see a patient with a clotting disorder. She is 14 years old and has had multiple episodes of bruising and bleeding in her joints following minor traumas. More recently, she has had excessive bleeding with her periods (menorrhagia). After you learn more about her past history, you are able to rule out Hemophilia A, based on:
gender
A 7-year-old male patient presents to your office with his mother. She is concerned that he is pale and more tired than usual. She reports that he is a picky eater and drinks a lot of cow’s milk. He will eat meat and potatoes but refuses almost all types of vegetables. Vital signs reveal a blood pressure of 87/55 mm Hg and a heart rate of 105 beats/min. On examination, you notice significant pallor, and palmar creases in his hands. As part of your workup, you get a complete blood count. Which one of the following findings on the CBC could help explain this patient’s condition?
microcytic anemia
You are describing basic pharmacokinetics to a student and explain that the bioavailability of a drug is determined by many factors, including the route of administration. You tell this student that the lowest drug availability is provided by a particular route of administration. Which one of the following routes of administration is it?
oral
As you prepare for your final exams, you review the varying duration of action of medications based on their application. You remember that the following administration method leads to the longest duration of action:
transdermal patch
A patient of yours presents to your office one week after getting a prescription for an antibiotic, following a diagnosis of pneumonia. He complains that his cough has gotten worse and his fever has persisted. You ask him about the medication, and he tells you he has cut down from taking it three times to just once a day, as it makes him nauseated. The most likely reason for this patient’s persisting symptoms is:
poor compliance
You have prescribed a medication that helps prevent the reuptake of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic space, thus increasing the stimulation of the distal neuron. You consider this type of drug:
agonist
Multiple opportunistic infections develop with acute leukemia primarily because:
many circulating leukocytes are immature
You are asked to see a 10-year-old patient in the ER, who is continuing to bleed from his nose after falling during a basketball game at school. You take a thorough history and perform a physical examination and are concerned that the child may have a coagulopathy. In particular, you are concerned about von Willebrand disease. This disease is a problem with which one of the following?
An abnormality in the clotting pathway
Predisposing factors to leukemia commonly include:
exposure to radiation
A patient of yours has terminal cancer and is receiving oral morphine for palliation of bone pain. Over a period of weeks, you have had to increase the dose of the morphine to get the same level of pain relief. Having to increase the dose is due to which one of the following characteristics of pharmacology?
tolerance
What are the common early signs of aplastic anemia?
Excessive bleeding and recurrent infections
Petechiae and purpura are common signs of:
increased bleeding
The spleen has a number of important functions, which include:
Hematopoiesis, destruction of old erythrocytes, blood reservoir.
A patient presents with an adverse drug reaction that is unusual and cannot be explained based on its pharmacodynamics. The dose, frequency, and patient characteristics are all appropriate. You classify this reaction as which one of the following?
Idiosyncratic
What is the cause of sickle cell anemia?
a defective gene inherited from both parents
Dry mouth and drowsiness after the administration of an antihistamine is considered to be:
side effect
Which of the following substances acts as an anticoagulant?
heparin
While on your ICU rotation, the team you are working with is called to the bedside of a 46-year-old man with overwhelming sepsis. He is on many medications to control the infection and his blood pressure, but the most recent concern is that he has begun to bleed excessively. All his clotting tests are abnormal. The most likely diagnosis for this man’s condition is:
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
You are asked to see a 10-year-old patient in the ER, who presents with a purpuric rash on his lower extremities and part of his abdomen. After you do a careful history and physical examination, you order blood work. The blood work suggests he may have idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, a condition characterized by:
Decreased number of platelets
What term is used to describe a deficit of all types of blood cells?
Pancytopenia
A general term for the inflammation or infection of the lymph nodes is:
Lymphadenopathy
What is the reaction called when two drugs interact to produce a result much greater than the sum of individual effects?
Synergism
You are giving a talk on anemia to a high school class. After you describe the basic types, you give them case-based quizzes to test their understanding of the information presented. The first case you describe is one that includes a pancytopenia, in which all blood cell lines are abnormally low. The type of anemia this represents is
Aplastic anemia
A 75-year-old male patient presents to your office, with his daughter. She insisted that he come in, as he has had a series of falls over the past six months. He has also complained of generalized weakness, malaise, light-headedness, and tingling in his extremities. His daughter is concerned about his memory, as he has been more forgetful than usual. Vital signs reveal a blood pressure of 97/56 mm Hg and a heart rate of 105 beats/min. On examination, you notice a thick, beefy tongue, general pallor, and decreased vibratory sensation in his lower extremities. As part of your workup, you get a complete blood count. Which one of the following findings on the CBC could help explain his condition?
Megaloblastic anemia
You are describing basic pharmacokinetics to a student and explain that the bioavailability of a drug is determined by many factors, including the route of administration. You tell him that the highest drug availability is provided by a certain route of administration. Of the following, which one is it?
intravenous
During your neonatology rotation, you assess a newborn who has birth defects attributed to the medication his mother was taking during critical portions of the pregnancy. You would classify this condition as which one of the following?
Teratogenic
A 65-year-old man presents, with his wife, to your office. She has encouraged him to come in because of his fatigue and unplanned weight loss. On physical examination, you identify painless lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Blood work reveals lymphocytosis. You arrange for a bone marrow biopsy, which shows an increased number of lymphocytes. The most likely diagnosis for this patient is:
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
A patient of yours presents to your office one week after getting a prescription for an antibiotic, following a diagnosis of pneumonia. He complains that his cough has gotten worse and his fever has persisted. You ask him about the medication, and he tells you he has cut down from taking it three times to just once a day, as it makes him nauseated. You realize that the frequency of a medication is an important part of maintaining adequate blood levels. This is based on and determined by which one of the following?
the drug half life
As you prepare for your final exams, you review the varying duration of action of medications based on their application. You remember that the following administration method leads to the shortest duration of action:
intravenous
After they are metabolized, most drugs are excreted through the:
kidneys
The atypical cell that serves as a marker for diagnosing Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the:
Reed-Sternberg cell.
You have prescribed a medication that blocks the receptor cells on distal neurons, thus decreasing their stimulation. You consider this type of drug to be:
Antagonist
Individuals with type O blood are considered to be universal donors because their blood:
lacks A and B antigens
You have just diagnosed one of your patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. After the initial shock, she has many questions about her blood work. She wants to start with the basics and to know what the hematocrit measures. You tell her it represents:
the proportion of cells in the blood
Vitamin K is required by the liver to synthesize:
prothrombin
