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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: expansion disorders > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: expansion disorders Flashcards

1
Q

atelectasis

A

is a collapse of a lung or part of a lung or non aeration; resulting in decreased gas exchange and hypoxia

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2
Q

what happens to the alveoli when they become airless?

A

they shrivel up as the natural elasticity of the tissue dominates

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3
Q

what exchange of gas is impacted more in atelectasis

A

O2; CO2 can diffuse easier

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4
Q

what are complications of atelectasis?

A

necrosis, infection, and permanent lung damage

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5
Q

types of atelectasis mechanisms

A

obstructive, compression, increased surface tension, fibrotic tissue, and postoperative

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6
Q

obstructive atelectasis

A

aka resorption; occurs when total obstruction of the airway because of mucus or tumor leads to diffusion into the tissue of air distal to the obstruction

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7
Q

compression atelectasis

A

results when a mass such as a tumor exerts pressure on a part of the lung and prevents air from entering; this causes the pressure in the pleural cavity to expand, destroying the adhesion

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8
Q

increased surface tension atelectasis

A

occurs in the alveoli with pulmonary edema or respiratory distress syndrome, preventing expansion

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9
Q

fibrotic tissue atelectasis

A

when fibrotic tissue in the lungs or pleura restricts expansion, leading to collapse; aka contraction atelectasis

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10
Q

postoperative atelectasis

A

commonly occurs 24-72 hours after surgery (commonly abdominal) and includes restricted ventilation, slow shallow respirations, and increased secretions

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11
Q

small areas of atelectasis

A

are asymptomatic

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12
Q

large areas of atelectasis

A

cause dyspnea, increased heart and respiratory rates, chest pain, and abnormal or asymmetric chest expansion

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13
Q

treatment for atelectasis after a surgery

A

deep breathing exercises, changing body positions, and forced coughin

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14
Q

treatment for atelectasis caused by external pressure

A

removal or fluid, tissue, or tumor causing the pressure

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15
Q

treatment for atelectasis caused by blockage

A

chest clapping or percussion, postural drainage, and medications to open airways and loosen mucus

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16
Q

pleural effusion

A

is the presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity (more than normal)

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17
Q

pleurisy

A

is a condition in which the pleural membranes are inflamed, swollen, and rough, often in associated with lobar pneumonia; can precede or follow pleural effusion

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18
Q

effects of fluid in the pleural cavity

A

can prevent expansion of the lung and leads to atelectasis

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19
Q

different types of fluid that may be collected in the pleural cavity?

A

exudative effusions, transeduates (hydrothrax), and hemothorax

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20
Q

exudative effusions

A

are a response to inflammation in which increased capillary permeability allows fluid containing proteins and WBCs to leak into the pleural cavity

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21
Q

transudate effusions

A

aka hydrothorax; are watery effusions that result from increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure; often is associated with liver or kidney disease

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22
Q

hemothorax effusion

A

blood in the pleural cavity and is often the result of trauma, cancer, or surgery

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23
Q

signs of pleural effusion

A

dyspnea, chest pain, increased respiratory and heart trates, absence of breath sounds, tracheal deviation, and hypotension

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24
Q

what indicates a massive effusion?

A

tracheal deviation and hypotension; this interferes with both respiratory and cardiovascular function

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25
Q

signs of pleurisy

A

cylic pleuritic pain and a friction rub

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26
Q

treatment for pleural effusion

A

removing the underlying cause, chest drainage tubes, and thoracocentesis (needle aspiration)

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27
Q

name for needle aspiration

A

thoracocentesis

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28
Q

pneumothorax

A

refers to air in the pleural cavity, causing the pleural membranes to separate and for lung expansion to be difficult, leading to atelectasis

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29
Q

hydropneumothorax

A

when more fluid than air is present in the pleural cavity, but both are; can be caused by tumor or trauma

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30
Q

what can diagnose and determine pneumothorax?

A

chest X-rays

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31
Q

3 types of pneumothorax

A

closed, open, and tension

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32
Q

closed pneumothorax

A

occurs when air can enter the pleural cavity through an opening directly from the internal airways; no opening in the chest wall; can be simple or caused by another disease

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33
Q

simple pneumothorax

A

occurs when a tear on the surface of the lung allows air to escape from inside the lung through a bronchus and the visceral pleura, into the pleural cavity

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34
Q

result of a simple pneumothorax

A

as the lung tissue collapses, it seals off the leak

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35
Q

secondary pneumothorax

A

is associated with an underlying respiratory disease resulting from rupture of an emphysematous bleb on the surface of the lung or erosion by a tumor; lets air pass into the pleural cavity

36
Q

open pneumothorax

A

refers to atmospheric air entering the pleural cavity through an opening in the chest wall; can result from trauma or surgery

37
Q

sucking wound

A

is used to describe a large opening in the chest wall, in which the sound of air moving in and out makes a typical sucking sound

38
Q

result of open pneumothorax

A

causes immediate atelectasis on the affected side; the mediastinum also pushes against the unaffected lung, limiting its expansion

39
Q

what is the most serious form of pneumothorax

A

tension pneumothorax

40
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

results from an opening through the chest and parietal pleura, or from a tear in the lung tissue and visceral pleura (closed); as a result a one-way valve effect is created, trapping air in the cavity

41
Q

results of tension pneumothorax

A

atelectasis, mediastinal contents push against the other lung, serve hypoxia, and respiratory distress

42
Q

signs of pneumothorax

A

atelectasis, dyspnea, cough, chest pain, reduced breath sounds over the area, unequal chest expansion, hypoxia (activates a sympathetic response) and hypotension (due to interference with venous return)

43
Q

flail chest

A

results from fractures of the thorax; there is often also some edema and bleeding; atelectasis is not a direct result but may occur is a broken rib punctured the pleura

44
Q

common causes of chest injuries

A

car accidents and falls

45
Q

paradoxical movement from flail chest

A

occurs when chest wall rigidity is lost, causing opposite movement during inspiration and expiration

46
Q

what occurs during inspiration and chest flail

A

the flail or broken section of the ribs moves inward instead of outward and this inward movements prevents expansion; the adjacent lung tissue is compressed, causing air to come out and into the other lung

47
Q

what occurs during expiration and flail chest?

A

the unstable flail section is pushed outward, airflow may be altered and air from the unaffected lung moves across into the affected lung

48
Q

mediastinal flutter

A

occurs when the flail section is large and the mediastinum is pushed to and fro

49
Q

how is cardiac output reduced during flail chest?

A

the pressure changes interfere with venous return to the heart, thus reducing CO and O2 supply to cells

50
Q

IRDS acronym

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome

51
Q

another names for IRDS

A

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease

52
Q

normal fetal lung development

A

during the third trimester, alveolar SA and lung vascularity increase and surfactant in produced

53
Q

IRDS

A

occurs when in utero stress affects the maturation of lung tissue; the result is alveoli are difficult to inflate and inadequate blood is supplied to lung tissue; this further results in diffuse atelectasis and the formation of the hyaline membrane

54
Q

hyaline membrane in IRDS

A

poor lung perfusion and a lack of surfactant lead to increased alveolar capillary permeability, with fluid and protein (fibrin) leaking into the interstitial area and alveoli, forming this membrane

55
Q

result of hyaline membrane is IRDS

A

impairs lung expansion and decrease O2 diffusion; this further results in brain damage due to hypoxia

56
Q

cycle in IRDS

A

a cycle develops because of acidosis and the strenuous muscle activity needed to breathe; this leads to anaerobic metabolism and increased lactic acid; this causes pulmonary vasoconstriction, impairing cell metabolism and reducing the synthesis and secretion of surfactant

57
Q

IRDS causes

A

premature birth, male children, C-section, and those born to diabetic mothers

58
Q

signs of IRDS at birth

A

respiratory difficulty, nasal flaring, subcostal and intercostal retractions, rales, low body temp, and marked chest retractions

59
Q

later signs of IRDS

A

respirations become rapid and shallow, frothy sputum, expiratory grunt, blood pressure falls, cyanosis, peripheral edema, signs of hypoxemia, decreased responsiveness, and irregular respirations with periods of apnea

60
Q

testing for IRDS

A

ABG analysis and chest-X rays

61
Q

treatment for IRDS

A

glucocorticoids given in mothers in premature labor, synthetic surfactant (colfosceril), CPAP ventilation, and nitrous oxide

62
Q

dangers of high concentrations of O2 for IRDS

A

can cause pulmonary damage (bronchodysplasia) and retrolental fibroplasia; this can cause damage to the retina and eye

63
Q

ARDS acronym

A

adult respiratory distress syndrome

64
Q

ARDS other names

A

aka shock lung, wet lung, stiff lung, and postperfusion lung

65
Q

ARDS precipitating causes

A

usually precipitated by sepsis, prolonged shock, burns, aspiration, and smoke inhalation

66
Q

ARDS

A

is a restrictive lung disorder that results from injury to the alveolar wall and leads to an inflammation response (release of mediators, increased permeability, increased fluid and proteins); damage to lung tissue may result from neutrophils releasing proteases and other mediators

67
Q

what cells are damaged in ARDS

A

surfactant producing cells

68
Q

what is the result of ARDS?

A

decreased diffusion of O2, reduced blood flow to the lungs, difficulty expanding the lungs, and diffuse atelectasis; tidal volume and vital capacity are also reduced

69
Q

how does the tissue of the lungs change in ARDS?

A

hyaline membranes form from protein-rich fluid in the alveoli, platelet aggregation and microthrombi form in the pulmonary circulation which causes stiffness, necrosis, and fibrosis

70
Q

potential complications of ARDS

A

CHF and pneumonia

71
Q

cause of ARDS

A

ischemic damage to the lung tissue via inhalation of toxic chemicals or smoke, excessive O2 concentration in inspired air, severe viral infections, toxins gram-negative bacteria, fat emboli, explosions, aspirations of acidic gastric contents or lung cancer

72
Q

early signs of ARDS

A

dyspnea, restlessness, rapid, slow respirations, increased HR, decreased in O2 partial pressure, rales, productive cough, frothy sputum, cyanosis, confusion, and metabolic/respiratory acidosis

73
Q

treatment for ARDS

A

O2 therapy and manual ventilation

74
Q

acute respiratory failure

A

can be the result of many pulmonary disorders and is when O2 partial pressure is less than 50 mm Hg or CO2 partial pressure is greater than 50 mm Hg

75
Q

normal O2 and CO2 partial pressure values

A

O2 is 80-100 mm Hg and CO2 35-45 mm Hg for

76
Q

what system is mainly affected from acute respiratory failure

A

CNS, including the respiratory centre

77
Q

respiratory insufficiency

A

is an interim state when blood gases are abnormal but cell function continues

78
Q

primary problem causing acute respiratory failure

A

vasoconstriction that results from low O2 levels or acidosis

79
Q

respiratory arrest

A

refers to cessation of respiratory activity and is quickly followed by cardiac arrest

80
Q

causes of acute respiratory failure

A

often from acute or chronic disorders (or combinations), including neuromuscular disorders

81
Q

example of a chronic disorders leading to acute respiratory failure

A

emphysema

82
Q

example of a combination of chronic and acute disorders causing acute respiratory failure

A

early stage of emphysema and then is complicated by pneumonia or pneumothorax

83
Q

examples of an acute respiratory disorder causing acute respiratory failure

A

chest trauma, pulmonary embolism, or acute asthma

84
Q

examples of neuromuscular diseases that may cause acute respiratory failure

A

myasthenia gravis, ALS, and muscular dystrophy

85
Q

signs of acute respiratory failure

A

rapid, shallow and labored respirations, hypoxia and hypercapnia, headache, tachycardia, lethargy and confusion

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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