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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: potential complications of pregnancy and embryonic development > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: potential complications of pregnancy and embryonic development Flashcards

1
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

occurs when the zygote is implanted outside the uterus

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2
Q

why is the prevalence of ectopic pregnancies increasing?

A

due to an increase in pelvic inflammatory disease that may scar the tube and restrict movement of the zygote to the uterus

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3
Q

possible complications of an ectopic pregnancy

A

spontaneous abortion, rupture of the tube (causing hemorrhage or peritonitis)

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4
Q

pregnancy induced hypertension

A

refers to a state of high BP (> 140/90 mm Hg) that develops after 20 weeks of gestation and returns to normal after delivery

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5
Q

potential complications of pregnancy-induced hypertension

A

damaged blood vessels in the kidneys and retina, stroke, or heart failure

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6
Q

what are serious conditions of hypertension in pregnancy (2)?

A

preeclampsia and eclampsia

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7
Q

signs of preeclampsia and eclampsia

A

kidney dysfunction, weight gain, and edema in the face, hands, feets, and legs

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8
Q

complication for preeclampsia

A

HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets)

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9
Q

what help HELLP progress to?

A

coagulation disorders such as disseminated intravascular coagulation

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10
Q

relationship between preeclampsia and eclampsia

A

preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia

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11
Q

eclampsia

A

when the BP is extremely high and generalized (grand mal) seizures or coma develops

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12
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus

A

is diabetes mellitus that can develop in women during pregnancy due to increased glucose intolerance

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13
Q

risks to the fetus of gestational diabetes mellitus

A

if blood glucose is higher during the first trimester, the newborn can be larger in size and experience problems regulating their own blood glucose

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14
Q

treatment for women with gestational diabetes mellitus

A

dietary management and sometimes insulin

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15
Q

placenta previa

A

occurs when the placenta is implanted in the lower uterus or over the cervical os (passageway between uterus and cervix)

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16
Q

complications of placenta previa

A

the uterus expands and contracts near the end of pregnancy, causing the placenta to tear and for bleeding to occur (bright red and painless)

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17
Q

abruptio placentae

A

refers to premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, resulting in bleeding that may or may not be evident vagianlly

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18
Q

signs of abruptio placentae

A

dark red bleeding and abdominal pain

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19
Q

thromboembolisms

A

aka blood clots; these are common after childbirth and usually develop in the veins of the legs or pelvis

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20
Q

how to prevent thromboembolism after birth?

A

walking and being up

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21
Q

phlebothrombosis

A

thrombus forming spontaneously usually due to stasis of blood or increased coagulability

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22
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

occurs when the clot forms over an inflamed area in the vein wall

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23
Q

pulmonary embolus

A

occurs when a piece of the thrombus breaks away and will flow will venous blood to the right side of the heart, then lungs and obstruct blood flow in the lungs

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24
Q

treatment for thromboembolism

A

do not massage and antiembolic stockings or bed rest

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25
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

is a secondary complication of events such as abruptio placentae and preeclampsia and occurs when an increased activation of the clotting mechanism occurs

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26
Q

what can disseminated intravascular coagulation lead to?

A

hemorrhage during early stages or formation of multiple thrombi, leading to tissue or organ damage in later stages

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27
Q

where does bleeding occur during disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

from the uterus, injection sites, from the nose or mouth, or from under the skin

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28
Q

what is hemolytic disease of the newborn called?

A

erythroblastosis fetalis

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29
Q

possible complications of hemolytic disease in second pregnancy

A

severe anemia, high serum bilirubin (resulting in jaundice), neurological damage, and heart failure

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30
Q

treatment for the fetus in hemolytic disease

A

early birth of intrauterine transfusion

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31
Q

treatment for hemolytic disease after birth

A

transfusion and phototherapy for jaundice (exposure to fluorescent or blue light)

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32
Q

indirect coombs test

A

is routine screening of maternal blood for Rh antibodies

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33
Q

puerperal infection

A

is childbed fever in mothers and is an infection of the reproductive tract at any time during the 6 weeks after birth; can be endogenous or exogenous

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34
Q

common organisms causing puerperal infection

A

group B hemolytic streptococcus, E coli, S aureus, mycoplasma, and chlamydia trachomatis

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35
Q

endometritis

A

is inflammation of the uterine lining and is common is mothers due to the separation of the placenta which leaves raw tissue vulnerable

36
Q

signs of endometritis

A

fever, vomiting, lower abdominal pain, and foul-smelling discharge

37
Q

endometritis spread

A

can spread to cause pelvic cellulitis or peritonitis

38
Q

peritonitis signs

A

severe pain, high fever, tachycardia, and abdominal distention

39
Q

potential complications of endometritis

A

infertility due to scar tissue resulting from infection in the tubes or ovaries

40
Q

risks of adolescent pregnancy

A

small pelvis causing labor problems, anemia, smoking, drugs, alcohol, and lack of prenatal care

41
Q

babies born to adolescent mothers

A

are often smaller

42
Q

what does the inner mass of the zygote become?

A

the fetus

43
Q

what does the outer mass of the zygote become?

A

the placenta and amnion

44
Q

period of fetus development from 3-8 weeks

A

is the embryonic stage

45
Q

organogenesis

A

occurs during the embryonic stage and includes cells divides, moeing, and differentiating to form the basic elements of the organs and external structures

46
Q

when are all organs formed in fetus development?

A

by the end of 8 weeks

47
Q

when does the fetal heart start beating?

A

4 weeks

48
Q

tetraogen

A

any substance or situation that causes a developmental abnormality

49
Q

common teratogens

A

drugs, viruses, smoking, alcohol, and radiation

50
Q

viruses that cause damage to fetuses

A

rubella or erythema infectiosum

51
Q

what can erythema infectiosum cause?

A

severe anemia in the fetus and possibly death

52
Q

smoking damage to fetus

A

can result in a child that is low in birthweight and irritable, and a risk of placenta previa

53
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

impairs a child’s neurological and intellectual development, as well as causing unique physical characteristics

54
Q

folic acid beneifts

A

can reduce the chances of neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly

55
Q

when is the term fetus used?

A

at 8 weeks

56
Q

when do teratogens have the greatest damage?

A

before 8 weeks because organs aren’t formed yet

57
Q

functional impairment

A

refers to fetus damage of the CNS due to teratogens and can occur at any time

58
Q

last trimester

A

the fetus gains weight and organs such as the lungs mature

59
Q

name for identical twins

A

monozygotic; this occurs when the developing embryo divides to form two separate, genetically identical embryos

60
Q

name for fraternal twins

A

dizygotic; this occurs when two ova and fertilized by two different sperm

61
Q

what is the diagnosis of pregnancy based on?

A

the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the plasma or urine

62
Q

what is hCG secreted by?

A

the chorionic villi which is part of the outermost extraembryonic membrane

63
Q

positive signs of pregnancy

A

includes a fetal heartbeat, ultrasound visualization, and fetal movement

64
Q

how is the fetal heartbeat detected?

A

auscultation via a stethoscope

65
Q

gestation

A

refers to the length of time since the first day of the last menstrual period and equals 40 weeks; this is 2 weeks longer that the age of the child

66
Q

gravidity

A

refers to the number of pregnancies; ex. primigravida is a woman who is pregnant for the first time

67
Q

parity

A

refers to the number of pregnancies in which the fetus has reached viability (apprx. 22 weeks)

68
Q

amniocentesis

A

is the withdrawal of a small amount of amniotic fluid including some sloughed cells after 14 weeks

69
Q

villus sampling

A

can be useful in chromosomal examination

70
Q

what hormones does the placenta create?

A

estrogen and progesterone, causing these levels to rise during pregnancy as they are important for development of the uterus, maintenance of pregnancy, and preparation of the breasts for lactation

71
Q

thyroid during pregnancy

A

the thyroid gland goes through hyperplasia as the production of thyroxine increases to support the mothers metabolism

72
Q

how does the uterus change during pregnancy?

A

it increases in size due to estrogen, increases in fibrous tissue, and the number of vessels increases

73
Q

what does the uterus put pressure on?

A

the bladder, the rectum, and the diaphragm (leads to shortness of breath)

74
Q

goodell sign

A

refers to the changes in the cervix and vagina and that the tissues soften

75
Q

chadwick signs

A

refers to the changes in the cervix and vagina in which the mucosal lining becomes a deeper purple colour

76
Q

changes in the reproductive structures during pregnancy

A

uterus grows and becomes more vascular and fibrous, cervix and vagina soften and become purple, cervical mucus thickens, vaginal secretions increase, breasts grow, and bluish veins on the breast become more prominent

77
Q

where does extra weight come from during pregnancy

A

the baby, the placenta, the amniotic fluid, breast tissue, blood supply, stored fat for delivery, and a larger uterus; total gain is about 25-30 pounds

78
Q

digestive system changes during pregnancy

A

nausea and vomiting increase (this can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances), heartburn may develop, bloating, abdominal discomfort, constipation, and hemorrhoids

79
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum

A

is severe, uncontrollable vomiting

80
Q

role of progesterone in digestion for pregnant women

A

it relaxes the smooth muscle in the GI tract, but decreases mobility

81
Q

hemorrhoids

A

are dilated veins in the anal canal; can be painful, bleed, or become infected

82
Q

musculoskeletal changes in pregnant women

A

the pelvic joint relaxes (widens the hips) and weight can cause lordosis leading to backache

83
Q

cardiovascular changes during pregnancy

A

BV increases to supply to fetus (leads to edema), vascular resistance decreases as smooth muscle relaxes, HR increases slightly during the last trimester, and varicose veins develop

84
Q

iron and pregnancy

A

is important as the fetus requires iron from hte mother

85
Q

why do varicose veins develop in pregnant women?

A

because the restriction of blood flow in the veins to the heart is decreased due to the pressure of the uterus; common in women who stand a lot

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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