Chapter 5: Diseases and Disorders of the Eye and Ear: Etiology

Question 1

What is the etiology of Presbyopia

Answer 1

refractive errors; genetic link?

Question 2

What is the etiology of Nystagmus

Answer 2

brain tumors; cerebrovascular lesions; congenital; nervous system

Question 3

What is the etiology of Strabismus

Answer 3

may be associated with amblyopia; disease elsewhere in body

Question 4

What is the etiology of Hordeolum (Stye)

Answer 4

staphylococcal infection; secondary to blepharitis

Question 5

What is the etiology of Chalazion

Answer 5

blockage of fluid originating from one of the meibomina glands, which lubricates the eyelid

Question 6

What is the etiology of Keratitis

Answer 6

infection resulting from HSV; URI with coldsores; bacteria and fungi; contact lens wearers increase risk

Question 7

What is the etiology of Blepharitis

Answer 7

ulcerative form-staphylococcus infection; allergies or exposure to smoke, dust, or chemicals

Question 8

What is the etiology of Entropion

Answer 8

aging; soft tissue of lower eyelids loses elasticity, cuaisng the eyelids to turn inward

Question 9

What is the etiology of Ectropion

Answer 9

aging; decreased elasticity in lower eyelid; scar on eyelid or cheek that contracts and pulls eyelid doward

Question 10

What is the etiology of Blepharoptosis

Answer 10

weakness of third cranial nerve or weakness of the muscle that raises the eyelid

Question 11

What is the etiology of Conjunctivitis

Answer 11

infection, viral or bacterial; irritation from allergies or chemicals;

Question 12

What is the etiology of Corneal Abrasion or Ulcer

Answer 12

foreign bodies being trapped between the cornea and eyelid; fingernail, contact lenses poor care;

Question 13

What is the etiology of Episcleritis/Scleritis

Answer 13

episcleritis- not associated with other conditon; slceritis- autoimmune disorder association

Question 14

What is the etiology of Cataract

Answer 14

opacification of the lens caused by the aging process and condition is present in about 50% of persons over age 75; congenital; trauma

Question 15

What is the etiology of Glaucoma

Answer 15

increased intraocular pressure

Question 16

What Is the etiology of Chronic Open-Angle Glaucoma

Answer 16

block at the level trabecular meshwork impairs aqueous humor reabsorption

Question 17

What is the etiology of Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Answer 17

mouth or opening of the draining system is narrow and and can close entirely, causing increased intraocular pressure

Question 18

What is the etiology of Macular Degeneration

Answer 18

age, genetic factors, prolonged exposure to bright lights; abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina

Question 19

What is the etiology Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer 19

about 8 to 10 years after diabetes mellitus

Question 20

What is the etiology of Retinal Detachment

Answer 20

some caused by diabetic retinopathy; nearsighted; ocular trauma

Question 21

What is the etiology of Uveitis

Answer 21

associated with autoimmune disorders; juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; other conditions

Question 22

What is the etiology of Exophthalmos

Answer 22

enlarged extraocular muscles, edema; hyperthyroidism

Question 23

What is the etiology of Cancer of the Eye

Answer 23

retinoblastoma-chromosome 13

Question 24

What is the etiology of Impacted Cerumen

Answer 24

dryness and scaling of the skin; excessive hair in ear canal

Question 25

What is the etiology of Infective Otitis Externa

Answer 25

accumulation of cerumen mixed with water; dermatologic conditions; trauma to ear canal

Question 26

What is the etiology of Swimmer’s Ear

Answer 26

accumulation of cerumen mixed with water, as during swimming, as a a culture medium for bacteria and fungi

Question 27

What is the etiology of Otitis Media

Answer 27

virus from URI that has spread through Eustachian tube; chronic sinus infection

Question 28

What is the etiology of Otosclerosis

Answer 28

idiopathic; genetic factors; more in women than men

Question 29

What is the etiology of Meniere’s Disease

Answer 29

unknown; involve destruction of the tiny hair cells inside the cochlea; increase in endolymph?

Question 30

What is the etiology of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Answer 30

balance and equlibrium disorders; vestibular system disruption;

Question 31

What is the etiology of Labyrinthitis

Answer 31

result of a virus; bacterial infection spread from middle ear; meningitis

Question 32

What is the etiology of Ruptured Tympanic Membrane (Ruptured Eardrum)

Answer 32

insertion of sharp objection into the ear canal; nearby explosion; middle ear infection; blow to the ear

Question 33

What is the etiology of Cholesteatoma

Answer 33

infancy; chronic ear infection; eustachian tube fails to open or is blocked resulting in pocket in the eardrum to form

Question 34

What is the etiology of Mastoiditis

Answer 34

neglected acute otitis media; streptococcus; associated with cholesteatoma

Question 35

What is the etiology of Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Answer 35

failure or damage to the cochlea or the auditory nerve (vestibulocochlear cranial nerve VIII)

Question 36

What is the etiology of Cancer of the Ear

Answer 36

acoustic neuromas, facial neuromas, and glomus tumors; arise from nerve they are assoicated with or glomus bodies