Chapter 1: Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment Flashcards
the internal stability of the body is
homeostasis
objective findings; like fever
signs
subjective findings; like nausea
symptoms
collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a disorder or condition is termed
syndrome
development of disease occurs in stages, described as
pathogenesis
refers to an abrupt onset of more or less severe symptoms that run a brief course
acute
a disease develops slowly, or is intermittent, and lasts longer than six months
chronic
make a person or group more vulnerable to disease
predisposition facts (risk factors)
what are five predisposing factors
age, gender, lifestyle, environment, and heredity
what is an example of age as a risk factor
complications during pregnancy and maladies associated with aging
what is an example of gender as a risk factor
women-MS, osteoporosis; men- gout, Parkinson’s
what is an example of lifestyle as a risk factor
occupation habits, smoking, drinking, risk sexual behavior, etc.
what is an example of environment as a risk factor
air and water pollution.
what is an example of heredity as a risk factor
inheritance, family history
is a blood test marker used to detect inflammatory disorders, among other pathologies
C-reactive protein (CRP)
what are the 4 processes of inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
pertaining to the process of engulfing a cell.
phagocytic
a pus-containing fluid release
exudate
signs of local infection are
redness, swelling, heat, pain, fever, pus, enlarged lymph glands, and red streaks
signs of widespread infection are
fever, headache, body aches, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, and delirium
how do pathogens cause disease
invasion and local destruction of living tissue
intoxication or production of substances that are poisonous to the body
origination within the body
endogenous
originating outside the body
exogenous
4 pathogenic agents can include
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
asymptomatic persons or animals that harbor in their bodies pathogens that can be transferred to others
carriers
what are the three defense systems against infection
natural mechanical and chemical barriers, such as skin, cilia, body pH
the inflammatory response
the immune response
new, virulent antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
superbugs
MRSA
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
pair of genetic information arrange in 23 pairs
chromosomes
X and Y chromosomes are known as
sex chromosomes (23rd pair)
first 22 chromosome pair are known as
homologous chromosomes; autosomes
genetic code is referred to as
genotype
is an ordered arrangement of photographs of a full chromosome set
karyotype
the basic unit of hereditary , are small stretches of DNA
genes
what are the 4 characteristics or genetic diseases
abnormality in, or a mutation of, the genetic code in a single gene
several abnormal genes (polygenic disease)
abnormal presence or absence of an entire chromosome
alteration in the structure of chromosomes
changes in the genetic code are called
mutations
agents known to disrupt normal sequence of DNA units
mutagens
what are the three main modes of inheritance
autosomal dominent
autosomal recessive
X-linked (sex-linked) recessive
gene in question is located on an autosome and the mutant phenotype is seen even if a normal gene is present on the other chromosome in the pair
autosomal dominent
the gene is located on an autosome but is insufficient to produce the mutant phenotype in the presence of the normal gene on the paired chromosome
autosomal recessive
gene is located only on the X chromosome. males are more commonly affected by the diseases than females
X-linked (sex-linked) recessive
who only have one copy of a recessive gene and appear outwardly normal are known as
carriers
tumors are also called
neoplasms
what are the two characteristics of tumors
benign
malignant
what are the general types of cancer
carcinoma sarcoma lymphoma leukemia melanoma
cancer of the epithelial cells
carcinoma
cancer of the supportive tissues of the body (bone and muscle)
sarcoma
cancer arising from the lymph nodes and tissues of the immune system
lymphoma
cancer of blood cells precursors
leukemia
cancer of the melanin-producing cells of the body
melanoma
develop slowly and can arise from any tissue. remain encapsulated and do not infiltrate surrounding tissue
benign tumors
bening tumor cells are well differentiated–they resemble the tissue of origin
FREEBEE
variable in appearance and disorderly (anaplastic) with irreversible changes in structure. invade surrounding tissue
malignant tumors
poorly differentiated and do not resemble the tissue of origin
FREEBEE
makes the neoplasm more difficult to eradicate from the body. spreading of the cells
metastasis (metastases)
What is the mode of growth for benign tumors
slow growth; encapsulated; adhere to each other
what is the mode of growth for malignant tumors
rapid growth; surrounding tissue by infiltration
what do the cells of benign tumors look like under microscopic examination
tissue of origin; well differentiated; appear normal
what do the cells of malignant tumors look like under microscopic examination
do not resemble tissue of origin; vary in size and shape; abnormal appearance
How do benign tumors spread
remain localized
how do malignant tumors spread
metastasis; carried by blood and lymphatics to other locations; secondary tumors
what is the pathogenesis of benign tumors
relate to location with obstruction and compression to tissue or organs
what is the pathogenesis of malignant tumors
cachexia; pain; fatal if not controlled.
reflects tumor size and the extent of tumor spreading
staging
tumor cells secrete substances that can be used to identify them
tumor markers
how does TNM staging assess tumors
three areas:
the size or extent of tumor (T)
extent of regional lymph node involvement by tumor (N)
number of distant metastases (M)
grade of tumor that have a greater number of mitoses and are associated with poorer survival
high-grade tumors
is performed to relieve troublesome symptoms such as an obstruction
palliative surgery
involves the use of medicines to destroy cancer cells
chemotherapy
involves the use of monoclonal antibodies that are designed to target certain products of cancer cells that are not found in normal cells
immunotherapy
describes a unique concept of care developed to help patients and their families deal with life-threatening illnesses. terminally ill patients
hospice
growth of new blood vessels
angiogenesis
are tumor suppressor genes are proposed targets for therapy
oncogenes
immune disorders may generate
hypersensitivity
autoimmune diseases
immunodeficiency disorders
is hypersensitivity of the body to a substance (allergen) ordinarily considered harmless
allergy, allergic disease
a substance that causes the allergic response
antigen
severe manifestations of allergic responses
anaphylaxis
large group of disorders marked by an inappropriate or excessive response of the body’s defense system that allows the immune system to become self-destructive
autoimmune diseases
result from a depressed or absent immune response
immunodeficiency disorders
determine the priorities of care
triage
gradual deterioration of the functions of the immune system
immunosenescence
what are the stages of anxiety
shock, denial, anger, withdrawal, and depression
first step of diagnosis involves
obtaining medical history: risk factors, allergies, etc.
second step of diagnosis is
perform physical examination: inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion
third step of diagnosis is
obtain lab tests if needed
or go straight to comparison with normal findings
fourth step of diagnosis is
integrate and interpret results
fifth step of diagnosis is
formulate diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, prevent.
Last step in diagnosis is
provide patient teaching
what are parts of the healing process
love, humor, hope, and enthusiasm
what are parts of the illness process
hostility, anger, fear, grief, rage, shame, and greed
what are the five points of a human being from the holistic approach
spiritual, emotional, physical, social, and cognitive.
recognition of the cultural diversity of patients
holistic medicine
experimental intervention of adding, repairing, or blocking the expression of specific genes to treat a disease
gene therapy
ex vivo
outside the body
in vivo
inside the body
cells to modified are removed from the body, modified, and returned to the patient
ex vivo
treat patient with gene delivery vehicle that will target the desired cells for the gene modification
in vivo
study stem cells to investigate their potential to repair damaged tissue in a filed called
regenerative medicine
is an unspecialized cell that has the potential to give rise to cells specialized for any tissue in the body
stem cell
can only give rise to other specialized cells
specialized cells
subjective, individualized, and perceived only by the individual experiencing it
pain
how is musculoskeletal pain described
dull and aching
how is nerve pain described
burning
how is abdominal-visceral pain described
cramping
how is head pain described
throbbing
specialized nerve endings that detect the stimulation of pain
nociceptors
what three types of stimulus do pain receptors respond to
temperature extremes; mechanical damage; dissolved chemicals
what is referred pain?
neurons from specific organs travel a parallel pathway along the spinal cord to the brain
area on the skin that a nerve innervates
dermatome
usually generated by nerve damage or cancer, is debilitating and can cause depression; type of pain
chronic intractable pain
comes and goes, usually has a brief duration, and often is not significant; type of pain
transient
described as being located on the body surface; type of pain
superficial pain
refers to pain that is usually correlated with muscles, joints, or tendons; type of pain
deep pain
attributed to internal organs; type of pain
visceral pain
how is acute pain treated
narcotics or opioid-related drugs
how is chronic pain treated
acetaminophen, antiprostaglandins, steroids, anti-inflammatory agents.
the brain’s own natural opioids
endorphins
hospital-acquired infections are called
nosocomial infections
diseases or conditions that are a result of medial procedures or treatment
iatrogenic disorders
most widely accepted form of alternative medicine
osteopathy
two main fears of those with life-threatening illness
being in pain and becoming a burden to others
