Chapter 1: Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment Flashcards
1
Q
the internal stability of the body is
A
homeostasis
2
Q
objective findings; like fever
A
signs
3
Q
subjective findings; like nausea
A
symptoms
4
Q
collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a disorder or condition is termed
A
syndrome
5
Q
development of disease occurs in stages, described as
A
pathogenesis
6
Q
refers to an abrupt onset of more or less severe symptoms that run a brief course
A
acute
7
Q
a disease develops slowly, or is intermittent, and lasts longer than six months
A
chronic
8
Q
make a person or group more vulnerable to disease
A
predisposition facts (risk factors)
9
Q
what are five predisposing factors
A
age, gender, lifestyle, environment, and heredity
10
Q
what is an example of age as a risk factor
A
complications during pregnancy and maladies associated with aging
11
Q
what is an example of gender as a risk factor
A
women-MS, osteoporosis; men- gout, Parkinson’s
12
Q
what is an example of lifestyle as a risk factor
A
occupation habits, smoking, drinking, risk sexual behavior, etc.
13
Q
what is an example of environment as a risk factor
A
air and water pollution.
14
Q
what is an example of heredity as a risk factor
A
inheritance, family history
15
Q
is a blood test marker used to detect inflammatory disorders, among other pathologies
A
C-reactive protein (CRP)
16
Q
what are the 4 processes of inflammation
A
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
17
Q
pertaining to the process of engulfing a cell.
A
phagocytic
18
Q
a pus-containing fluid release
A
exudate
19
Q
signs of local infection are
A
redness, swelling, heat, pain, fever, pus, enlarged lymph glands, and red streaks
20
Q
signs of widespread infection are
A
fever, headache, body aches, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, and delirium
21
Q
how do pathogens cause disease
A
invasion and local destruction of living tissue
intoxication or production of substances that are poisonous to the body
22
Q
origination within the body
A
endogenous
23
Q
originating outside the body
A
exogenous
24
Q
4 pathogenic agents can include
A
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
25
asymptomatic persons or animals that harbor in their bodies pathogens that can be transferred to others
carriers
26
what are the three defense systems against infection
natural mechanical and chemical barriers, such as skin, cilia, body pH
the inflammatory response
the immune response
27
new, virulent antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
superbugs
28
MRSA
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
29
pair of genetic information arrange in 23 pairs
chromosomes
30
X and Y chromosomes are known as
sex chromosomes (23rd pair)
31
first 22 chromosome pair are known as
homologous chromosomes; autosomes
32
genetic code is referred to as
genotype
33
is an ordered arrangement of photographs of a full chromosome set
karyotype
34
the basic unit of hereditary , are small stretches of DNA
genes
35
what are the 4 characteristics or genetic diseases
abnormality in, or a mutation of, the genetic code in a single gene
several abnormal genes (polygenic disease)
abnormal presence or absence of an entire chromosome
alteration in the structure of chromosomes
36
changes in the genetic code are called
mutations
37
agents known to disrupt normal sequence of DNA units
mutagens
38
what are the three main modes of inheritance
autosomal dominent
autosomal recessive
X-linked (sex-linked) recessive
39
gene in question is located on an autosome and the mutant phenotype is seen even if a normal gene is present on the other chromosome in the pair
autosomal dominent
40
the gene is located on an autosome but is insufficient to produce the mutant phenotype in the presence of the normal gene on the paired chromosome
autosomal recessive
41
gene is located only on the X chromosome. males are more commonly affected by the diseases than females
X-linked (sex-linked) recessive
42
who only have one copy of a recessive gene and appear outwardly normal are known as
carriers
43
tumors are also called
neoplasms
44
what are the two characteristics of tumors
benign
| malignant
45
what are the general types of cancer
```
carcinoma
sarcoma
lymphoma
leukemia
melanoma
```
46
cancer of the epithelial cells
carcinoma
47
cancer of the supportive tissues of the body (bone and muscle)
sarcoma
48
cancer arising from the lymph nodes and tissues of the immune system
lymphoma
49
cancer of blood cells precursors
leukemia
50
cancer of the melanin-producing cells of the body
melanoma
51
develop slowly and can arise from any tissue. remain encapsulated and do not infiltrate surrounding tissue
benign tumors
52
***bening tumor cells are well differentiated--they resemble the tissue of origin***
FREEBEE
53
variable in appearance and disorderly (anaplastic) with irreversible changes in structure. invade surrounding tissue
malignant tumors
54
***poorly differentiated and do not resemble the tissue of origin***
FREEBEE
55
makes the neoplasm more difficult to eradicate from the body. spreading of the cells
metastasis (metastases)
56
What is the mode of growth for benign tumors
slow growth; encapsulated; adhere to each other
57
what is the mode of growth for malignant tumors
rapid growth; surrounding tissue by infiltration
58
what do the cells of benign tumors look like under microscopic examination
tissue of origin; well differentiated; appear normal
59
what do the cells of malignant tumors look like under microscopic examination
do not resemble tissue of origin; vary in size and shape; abnormal appearance
60
How do benign tumors spread
remain localized
61
how do malignant tumors spread
metastasis; carried by blood and lymphatics to other locations; secondary tumors
62
what is the pathogenesis of benign tumors
relate to location with obstruction and compression to tissue or organs
63
what is the pathogenesis of malignant tumors
cachexia; pain; fatal if not controlled.
64
reflects tumor size and the extent of tumor spreading
staging
65
tumor cells secrete substances that can be used to identify them
tumor markers
66
how does TNM staging assess tumors
three areas:
the size or extent of tumor (T)
extent of regional lymph node involvement by tumor (N)
number of distant metastases (M)
67
grade of tumor that have a greater number of mitoses and are associated with poorer survival
high-grade tumors
68
is performed to relieve troublesome symptoms such as an obstruction
palliative surgery
69
involves the use of medicines to destroy cancer cells
chemotherapy
70
involves the use of monoclonal antibodies that are designed to target certain products of cancer cells that are not found in normal cells
immunotherapy
71
describes a unique concept of care developed to help patients and their families deal with life-threatening illnesses. terminally ill patients
hospice
72
growth of new blood vessels
angiogenesis
73
are tumor suppressor genes are proposed targets for therapy
oncogenes
74
immune disorders may generate
hypersensitivity
autoimmune diseases
immunodeficiency disorders
75
is hypersensitivity of the body to a substance (allergen) ordinarily considered harmless
allergy, allergic disease
76
a substance that causes the allergic response
antigen
77
severe manifestations of allergic responses
anaphylaxis
78
large group of disorders marked by an inappropriate or excessive response of the body's defense system that allows the immune system to become self-destructive
autoimmune diseases
79
result from a depressed or absent immune response
immunodeficiency disorders
80
determine the priorities of care
triage
81
gradual deterioration of the functions of the immune system
immunosenescence
82
what are the stages of anxiety
shock, denial, anger, withdrawal, and depression
83
first step of diagnosis involves
obtaining medical history: risk factors, allergies, etc.
84
second step of diagnosis is
perform physical examination: inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion
85
third step of diagnosis is
obtain lab tests if needed
| or go straight to comparison with normal findings
86
fourth step of diagnosis is
integrate and interpret results
87
fifth step of diagnosis is
formulate diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, prevent.
88
Last step in diagnosis is
provide patient teaching
89
what are parts of the healing process
love, humor, hope, and enthusiasm
90
what are parts of the illness process
hostility, anger, fear, grief, rage, shame, and greed
91
what are the five points of a human being from the holistic approach
spiritual, emotional, physical, social, and cognitive.
92
recognition of the cultural diversity of patients
holistic medicine
93
experimental intervention of adding, repairing, or blocking the expression of specific genes to treat a disease
gene therapy
94
ex vivo
outside the body
95
in vivo
inside the body
96
cells to modified are removed from the body, modified, and returned to the patient
ex vivo
97
treat patient with gene delivery vehicle that will target the desired cells for the gene modification
in vivo
98
study stem cells to investigate their potential to repair damaged tissue in a filed called
regenerative medicine
99
is an unspecialized cell that has the potential to give rise to cells specialized for any tissue in the body
stem cell
100
can only give rise to other specialized cells
specialized cells
101
subjective, individualized, and perceived only by the individual experiencing it
pain
102
how is musculoskeletal pain described
dull and aching
103
how is nerve pain described
burning
104
how is abdominal-visceral pain described
cramping
105
how is head pain described
throbbing
106
specialized nerve endings that detect the stimulation of pain
nociceptors
107
what three types of stimulus do pain receptors respond to
temperature extremes; mechanical damage; dissolved chemicals
108
what is referred pain?
neurons from specific organs travel a parallel pathway along the spinal cord to the brain
109
area on the skin that a nerve innervates
dermatome
110
usually generated by nerve damage or cancer, is debilitating and can cause depression; type of pain
chronic intractable pain
111
comes and goes, usually has a brief duration, and often is not significant; type of pain
transient
112
described as being located on the body surface; type of pain
superficial pain
113
refers to pain that is usually correlated with muscles, joints, or tendons; type of pain
deep pain
114
attributed to internal organs; type of pain
visceral pain
115
how is acute pain treated
narcotics or opioid-related drugs
116
how is chronic pain treated
acetaminophen, antiprostaglandins, steroids, anti-inflammatory agents.
117
the brain's own natural opioids
endorphins
118
hospital-acquired infections are called
nosocomial infections
119
diseases or conditions that are a result of medial procedures or treatment
iatrogenic disorders
120
most widely accepted form of alternative medicine
osteopathy
121
two main fears of those with life-threatening illness
being in pain and becoming a burden to others
