Chapter 2: Developmental, Congenital, and Childhood Diseases and Disorders: Terms

Question 1

birth of a low-weight, underdeveloped, and short-gestation infant and is considered the leading cause of death during the neonatal period.

Answer 1

preterm birth or Prematurity

Question 2

what do premie babies have a greater risk for

Answer 2

cerebral palsy, mental retardation, lung disease, and GI problems

Question 3

is similar to adult respiratory distress syndrome in that the patient suffers accuse hypoxemia caused by infiltrates within the alveoli

Answer 3

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)

Question 4

a serious, chronic lung disease, results after an insult to the neonate’s lungs. sequela to IRDS, lung infection, and prematurity

Answer 4

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Question 5

is an abnormal growth of the blood vessels in the retinas of the infant’s eye

Answer 5

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) or retrolental fibroplasia

Question 6

is an acute inflammatory process caused by ischemic necrosis of the mucosal lining of the small intestine, large intestine, or both

Answer 6

necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

Question 7

condition of small stature and related incidence of inter orbital distance, bulging (bossing) forehead, depressed nasal bridge, maligned teeth, and short limbs

Answer 7

Robinow Syndrome

Question 8

a congenital disorder, occurs when a portion of the heart muscle thickens without any apparent cause. sudden cardiac death in young athletes

Answer 8

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 9

is a genetic syndrome where the individual has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, resulting in a congenital form of mild to severe mental retardation that is accompanied by characteristic facial features and distinctive physical abnormalities

Answer 9

Down syndrome (mongolism)

Question 10

the most common crippler of children, is a condition consisting of a group of disorders possibly involving the brain and nervous system functions that deal with movement, learning, hearing, sight, and thinking

Answer 10

Cerebral Palsy

Question 11

is a progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles where muscle fibers are abnormally vulnerable to injury

Answer 11

Muscular Dystrophy

Question 12

is a group of malformations of the spine in which the posterior portion of the bony canal containing the spinal cord (usually in the lumbar region) is completely or partially absent

Answer 12

Spina Bifida

Question 13

the posterior arches of the vertebrae, commonly in the lumbosacral area, fail to fuse, but there is no herniation of meninges or spinal cord

Answer 13

spinal bifida occulta

Question 14

second level of failure of the spinal column to fuse during the developmental stage. meninges protrude through an opening in the spinal column, thus forming a sac that becomes filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 14

Meningocele

Question 15

is a protrusion of a portion of the spinal cord and the meninges through a defect in the spinal column, usually in the lumbar region

Answer 15

Myelomeningocele

Question 16

amount of CSF is increased greatly or its circulation is blocked, resulting in an abnormal enlargement of the head and characteristic pressure changes in the brain

Answer 16

Hydrocephalus

Question 17

most severe from of neural tube defect occurs early in gestation with failure of the cephalic aspect of the neural tube to close

Answer 17

anencephaly

Question 18

aorta and the pulmonary artery are reverse: the aorta originates from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle

Answer 18

Transposition of the Great Arteries

Question 19

obvious, non traumatic deformity of the foot of the newborn in which the anterior half of the foot i adducted and inverted

Answer 19

club foot

Question 20

abnormal development of the hip join that ranges from an unstable joint to dislocation of the femoral head from the acetabulum

Answer 20

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) (congenital hip dysplasia (CHD))

Question 21

is a congenital birth defect consisting of one or more clefts in the upper lip

Answer 21

cleft lip (harelip)

Question 22

birth defect in which there is a hole in the middle of the roof of the mouth (palate)

Answer 22

cleft palate

Question 23

is a failure of one or more or both of the testicles to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum

Answer 23

Cryptorchidism (Undescended testes)

Question 24

is a highly malignant neoplasm of the kidney that affects children younger than 10 years

Answer 24

Wilm’s Tumor (nephroblastoma)

Question 25

stenosis, or narrowing, of the opening of the foreskin in the male that leads to an inability to retract the foreskin

Answer 25

phimosis

Question 26

is a gastric obstruction associated with narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the exit of the stomach

Answer 26

congenital pyloric stenosis

Question 27

a congenital condition, is an impairment of the intestinal motility that causes obstruction of the distal colon

Answer 27

Hirschsprung’s Disease (congenital ganglionic megacolon)

Question 28

an autosomal recessive inherited disorder, is a chronic dysfunction of a gene called the CFTR that affects multiple body systems. most common fatal genetic disease

Answer 28

cystic fibrosis

Question 29

is an inborn error in the metabolism of amino acids that causes brain damage and mental retardation when not corrected. substance located in lots of foods like diet soda.

Answer 29

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 30

is a male hypogonadism, appearing in males after puberty with at least two X chromosomes and one or more Y chromosomes.

Answer 30

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY condition)

Question 31

is a chromosomal disease that occurs in females with a single sex chromosome

Answer 31

Turner’s syndrome (45, X0) (rare case XXX)

Question 32

highly contagious, acute viral infection that is common in children and young adults. itching skin

Answer 32

Chickenpox (Varicella Zoster)

Question 33

acute communicable disease that causes necrosis of the mucous membrane in the respiratory tract

Answer 33

Diphtheria

Question 34

inflammation and swelling of one or both parotid glands

Answer 34

mumps (epidemic parotitis)

Question 35

is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory system. lots and lots of coughing

Answer 35

pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 36

highly contagious viral disease occurring in children who have not been vaccinated

Answer 36

measles (rubeola)

Question 37

highly contagious viral disease, resembles measles clinically, but it has a shorter course and fewer complications

Answer 37

Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)

Question 38

an acute, potentially deadly, systemic infection characterized painful involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles. step on a nail

Answer 38

tetanus

Question 39

sudden and unpredicted death of an infant under the age of 1 year

Answer 39

Sudden Infant Death syndrome

Question 40

an acute, severe inflammation and obstruction of the respiratory tract

Answer 40

Croup

Question 41

inflammation of the epiglottis, the thin, leaf-shaped structure that covers the entrance of the larynx during swallowing

Answer 41

Epiglottitis

Question 42

painful inflammation and infectious process affecting the tonsils

Answer 42

acute tonsillitis

Question 43

is an abnormal enlargement of the lymphoid tissue located in the space above the soft palate of the mouth, causing a partial breathing blockage, especially in children

Answer 43

adenoid hyperplasia

Question 44

chronic reversible obstructive disease caused by increased reactivity of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli

Answer 44

asthma

Question 45

describes an inflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest air passages of the lungs. usually caused by a virus

Answer 45

bronchiolitis

Question 46

intermittent distress in the newborn or during early infancy of unclear etiology

Answer 46

infantile colic

Question 47

roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and tapeworms all can take up residence in the GI tract.

Answer 47

helminth (worm) infestation

Question 48

rapid passage of stool through the intestinal tract with a noticeable change in the frequency, fluid content, appearance, and consistency

Answer 48

diarrhea

Question 49

ejection through the mouth of stomach contents, is a common symptom in infants and children

Answer 49

vomiting

Question 50

is an abnormal reduction the concentration of red blood cells (RBC’s) or in the hemoglobin content of circulating blood.

Answer 50

anemia

Question 51

a cancer of blood-forming tissues, is the most common childhood malignancy. abnormal increase in the number of immature WBCs or undifferentiated blastocytes

Answer 51

leukemia

Question 52

incompatibility of fetal maternal blood, resulting in excessive rates of RBC destruction

Answer 52

Erythroblastosis Fettles (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)

Question 53

environmentally caused blood toxicity resulting from ingestion or inspiration of lead dust or particles

Answer 53

lead poisoning

Question 54

is a combination of brain disease and fatty invasion of the inner organs, especially the liver

Answer 54

Reyes syndrome

Question 55

describes birth defects and other associated problems in infants born to alcoholic mothers who consume alcohol during the gestational period

Answer 55

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 56

considered a contact dermatitis, is evident in the diaper area as an irritation or rash

Answer 56

diaper rash

Question 57

a cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, is the third most common childhood malignancy. arises from primitive sympathetic ganglion cells.

Answer 57

neuroblastoma