Chapter 3: Immunologic Diseases and Conditions: Etiology

Question 1

What is the etiology of Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 1

caused by HIV; attacks helper T-cells; spread by blood or semen

Question 2

What is the etiology of Common Variable immunodeficiency (Acquired Hypogammaglobulinemia)

Answer 2

Idiopathic; thought to be genetic defect of B-Cell differentiaton, which produces immunoglobulins

Question 3

What is the etiology of Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency

Answer 3

inadequate levels of IgA; autosomal dominant; progress to CVID

Question 4

What is the etiology of X-linked Agammaglobulinemia

Answer 4

Congenital-only males; due to defect in Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK); leads to increased infection; all 5 immunoglobulin absent

Question 5

What is the etiology of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Answer 5

Two: X-linked and autosomal recessive; defect stem cell differentiation into B and T cells; bad lymphatic development

Question 6

What is the etiology of DiGeorge’s Anomaly (Thymic Hypoplasia or Aplasia)

Answer 6

abnormal third and fourth pharyngeal pouches; thymus underdevelpment or absent; microdeletion of part of chromosome 22

Question 7

What is the etiology of Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

Answer 7

T-cell deficit specific to Candida albicans; susceptible to infection

Question 8

What is the etiology of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

Answer 8

X-linked- only males; genetic mutation hematopoietic cells; thymus shrinks; platelets short life

Question 9

What is the etiology of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 9

B-cell antibodies dont recognize RBCs, causes agglutination; idiopathic; two types, warm (IgG) cold (IgM)

Question 10

What is the etiology of Pernicous Anemia

Answer 10

associated with other autoimmune diseases; antiparietal cells toxic to parietal cells; antiintrinisic factor antibodies restrict B12 absorption (deformed and defiency of RBCs);

Question 11

What is the etiology of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura

Answer 11

antibodies reduce platelets life; after viral infection (rubella or mumps); spleen destroying platelets

Question 12

What is the etiology of Immune Neutropenia

Answer 12

greater production of antineutrophil antibodies; no neutrophils; associated with infection or other diseases; immune neutropenia (Maternal IgG)

Question 13

What is the etiology of Goodpasture’s Syndrome

Answer 13

antibodies cause tissue damage in glomerular and alveolar basement membranes, leads to inflammation and hemorrhage; progresses to end-stage renal failure

Question 14

What is the etiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Answer 14

idiopathic immune disorder; genetic, enviornmental, or hormonal predispositions; precipitated by stress, immunization, pregnancy, UV light

Question 15

What is the etiology of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)

Answer 15

idiopathic autoimmune; more often in women between 30 and 50

Question 16

What is the etiology of Sjogren’s Syndrome

Answer 16

idiopathic; genetic disposition; most patients female; found more in families with other autoimmunities

Question 17

What is the etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 17

idiopathic autoimmunity; genetic disposition; viral infection may trigger disease process

Question 18

What is the etiology of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 18

idiopathic autoimmunity; heredity may play role, especially with spondylitis

Question 19

What is the etiology of Ankylosing Spondylitis

Answer 19

idiopathic; association with genetic predispositions; may arise after exposure to infecious agents

Question 20

What is the etiology of Polymyositis

Answer 20

idiopathic autoimmunity; WBCs spontaneously invade and injure muscles

Question 21

What is the etiology of Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 21

idiopathic; genetic disposition; virus may trigger immune system to attack myelin; occurs mostly in North, whites, women between 20 and 40

Question 22

What is the etiology of Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 22

idiopathic autoimmune faulty transmission of nerve impulses; autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors; most patients have bad thymus; more women between 20 and 40

Question 23

What is the etiology of Small Vessel Vasculitis

Answer 23

idiopathic; exposure to chemicals, proteins, drugs, foods, and infections are probable factors

Question 24

What is the etiology of Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitis

Answer 24

idiopathic autoimmunity; some forms clearly related to amphetamine usage, and Hep. B & C