Chapter 2: Developmental, Congenital, and Childhood Diseases and Disorders: Overview Flashcards
first two months of gestation is considered
embryonic period
from two months two birth of gestation is considered
fetus period
what occurs at the end of 1 month prenatal development
arms and legs form; heart forms and beats
what occurs at the end of 2 month prenatal development
major brain regions present; ossification begins; blood vessels and cardiovascular developed
what occurs at the end of 3 month prenatal development
facial features present; fetus move; heart beat is detected
what occurs at the end of 4 month prenatal development
facial features formed; hair appears; joints form
what occurs at the end of 5 month prenatal development
mother feels movement; covered with lanugo; skin coated with vernix
what occurs at the end of 6 month prenatal development
skin reddish due to capillaries visible; skin wrinkled
what occurs at the end of 7 month prenatal development
eyes open; scrotum develops and testes descend;
what occurs at the end of 8 month prenatal development
testes fully descend; sense of taste present
what occurs at the end of 9 month prenatal development
skin fades to pink; nails reach tips of fingers and toes or beyond
what occurs at the end of 10 month prenatal development
skin smooth and plump; lanugo hair shed; turns to a head-down position; full term
present at birth but might not be detected until later in infancy or childhood.
congenital anomalies
what causes congenital anomalies?
genetic, non genetic, or both
result of an abnormal gene taking up residence on one of the 22 pairs of nonsex chromosomes
autosomal inherited condition
occurs when only one gene of the pair has the ability to produce symptoms, thus making it power over the normal gene
dominant inheritance
what chance does a parent have of transferring a dominant inheritance gene
50%
abnormal genetic makeup must have genetic errors on both of the genes of the pair
autosomal recessive inheritance
what chance does a parent(s) have of transferring a recessive inheritance gene
25%
fluid sample from the amniotic sac between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy
amniocentesis
be performed by the second month of pregnancy. gynecologist guided by ultrasound, directs and instrument toward the placenta in the womb and obtains a tissue sample
chorionic villus biopsy/sampling (CVB/CVS)
result when the separation process of identical twins fails to complete before the 13th day after fertilization
conjoined twins
conjoined twins occurs more often in female embryos
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cranial union conjoined twins are called
craniopagus
describes those twins who are joined posterior at the sacrum/iliac (butt) region
pygopagus
when the connection proceeds from the breastbone to the waist
omphalopagus
transports oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the fetus
umbilical vein
fifty percent of the blood from the umbilical vein passes into the liver, and the other fifty percent bypasses the liver by the way of
ductus venosus
most of the blood entering the right atrium by the inferior vena cava is shunted directly into the left atrium through
foramen ovale
vessel connects the pulmonary trunk to the descending area of the aortic arch
ductus arteriosus
travels back to the placenta for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste
umbilical arteries
oxygenated blood does not mix with deoxygenated blood and the infant usually maintains a fairly normal pink skin color
acyanotic defects
what are the four cyanotic defects
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Coarctation of the Aorta
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
most common congenital cardiac disorder. abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles
ventricular septal defect
results when the ductus fails to functionally close. shunting the circulation from the lungs and instead directs blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
patent ductus arteriosus
Abnormal opening between the right and left atria. blood generally shunts from left to right in all ASD
atrial septal defect
sign that the atrial blood is not fully oxygenated. blue tinge to the lips, tongue, and nail beds.
Cyanotic defects
five main cardiac causes of central cyanosis are: (Only the first two listed are important)
tetralogy of Fallot transposition of the great arteries truncus arteriosus tricuspid atresia total anomalous pulmonary venous return
what four conditions does tetralogy of Fallot contain
VSD
pulmonary stenosis
dextroposition
right ventricular hypertrophy
tightening of the pulmonary valve or vessel
pulmonary stenosis
displacement to the right of the aorta, which causes the aorta to receive blood from both ventricles
dextroposition
abnormally large right ventricle caused by increased pressure in the ventricle
right ventricle hypertrophy
what is the notation for a human female
XX
what is the notation for a human male
XY
deletion of genetic material from chromosome 5 results in
Cri-du-chat (Cat’s cry syndrome)
symptoms of Cri-du-chat are
microcephaly
deficiency of cerebral brain tissue
level of mental retardation
characterized by hyperactive reflexes or rapid muscle contracts. type of cerebral palsy
spastic
characterized by involuntary muscle movements, especially during stress, and reached muscle tone. type of cerebral palsy
athetoid
characterized by lack of control over voluntary movements, poor balance, and a wide gait. type of cerebral palsy
ataxic
a suspension of dead or attenuated organisms given to stimulate an active immune response that produces more or less permanent resistance to pathogenic organisms and viruses
vaccine
no link between any vaccine and the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
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Individuals with autoimmune diseases must not be given vaccines containing live microorganisms
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