Chapter 2: Developmental, Congenital, and Childhood Diseases and Disorders: Etiology Flashcards
what is the etiology of Preterm Birth or Prematurity
incompetent cervix bicornate uterus toxic conditions infection trauma etc
what is the etiology of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
lungs of neonate lack surfactant needed to allow alveoli to expand
what is the etiology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
occurs after IRDS in premature infants
what is the etiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity
vascularization of the retina begins at the back central part of the eye. retina develops at 28th week of pregnancy
no risk facts have been identified
what is the etiology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
unknown; through to breakdown in normal defense of GI tract
what is the etiology of Robinow Syndrome
Genetic syndrome; inherited.
recessive form from a mutation of a specific gene that has been identified as being located in chromosome 9q22
what is the etiology of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
portion of myocardium becomes thickened without obvious cause.
inherited autosomal dominant trait
what is the etiology of Down Syndrome
extra chromosome number 21 (trisomy 21).
more often to women more than 35 years of age
what is the etiology of Cerebral Palsy
inadequate blood or oxygen supply to the brain during fetal development, during birth or early years 9 or younger
what is the etiology of Muscular Dystrophy
genetic defect. absence of dystrophin, a portion involved in maintaining the integrity of muscle
what is the etiology of Spina Bifida Occulta
unknown; associated with exposure to ionizing radiation during early uterine life. reduced levels of vitamin A and folic acid may contribute
what is the etiology of Meningocele
posterior position of the neural tube fails to close. cause not known.
what is the etiology of Myelomeningocele
neural tube fails to close during fetal development. allows meninges, spinal nerves, and spinal cord to herniate through the opening.
genetic factors, agent Orange? not really known
what is the etiology of Hydrocephalus
large amounts of CSF accumulates in the skull, causing intracranial pressure.
lesion within the system or by a congenital structural defect
what is the etiology of Anencephaly
failure of neural tube at the cephalic (cranial) end to close completely during the second or third week of prenatal development.
what is the etiology of Transposition of the Great Arteries
chromosomal abnormalities and environmental conditions. failure to shift from the fetal route at time of birth
what is the etiology of Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
fetal portion and other studies implicate genetic factors from germ plasma during embryonic stage
what is the etiology of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
unknown. occurs shortly after birth. possibly due to hormone relaxin
what is the etiology of Cleft Lip and Palate
failure of embryonic development of the fetus
what is the etiology of Cryptorchidism
unknown; some suspect hormones
what is the etiology of Wilms’ tumor
adenosarcoma arising from abnormal fetal kidney tissue that is left behind during early embryonic life
what is the etiology of Phimosis
unknown
what is the etiology of Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
slight hereditary tendency, but unknown. more often in males
what is the etiology of Hirschsprung’s Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon)
abnormal innervation of the intrinsic musculature of the bowl wall. parasympathetic nerve ganglion cells are absent in a segment of the colon
what is the etiology of Cystic Fibrosis
inherited disorder and is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait
what is the etiology of Phenylketonuria
an autosomal recessive trait and causes defective enzymatic conversion in protein metabolism
what is the etiology of Klinefelter’s Syndrome
presence of at least two X chromosomes, typically the 47,XXY pattern. XXYY, XXXY, XXXXY
what is the etiology of Turner’s Syndrome
loss of second X chromosome caused by nondisjunction during gamete formation
what is the etiology of Chickenpox (Varicella Zoster)
varicella-zoster virus. human herpes virus 3;
contagious 1 to 2 days before eruption and 6 days. incubation 2 to 3 weeks
what is the etiology of Diphtheria
bacteria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae; present in nasopharynx;
incubation 2 to 5 days contagious 2 to 4 weeks
what is the etiology Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis)
airborne virus that is spread by droplet nuclei from the respiratory tract;
incubation 14 to 21 days. contagious for 1-7 before swelling and 9 days after
what is the etiology of Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Bordetalla pertussis reproduces in respiratory tract, where it relates a toxin that leads to necrosis
what is the etiology of Measles (Rebeola)
measles virus, paramyxovirus;
contagious 4 days before and 4 days after. incubation 8 to 12 days
what is the etiology of Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)
rubella virus, direct contact with nasal or oral secretions;
incubation after exposure is 14 to 21 days. contagious one week before to one week after
what is the etiology of Tetanus
bacillus Clostridium tetani. found in contaminated soils and animal excreta. enters through wounds;
incubation 3 to 21 days
what is the etiology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
many theories; unknown cause
risk factors- age less than 20, poor prenatal care, smoking, secondhand smoke, etc
what is the etiology of Croup
viral disease involves larynx, trachea, and bronchi. edema and spasm of vocal cords
what is the etiology of Epiglottitis
follow an upper respiratory tract infection. Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria. other organisms may be responsible as well
what is the etiology of Acute Tonsillitis
many organisms, with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci most common
what is the etiology of Adenoid Hyperplasia
unknown cause
what is the etiology of asthma
hereditary factor is strong. hyperactive hypersensitive bronchial tubes
what is the etiology of Bronchiolitis
infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
what is the etiology of Infantile Colic
unknown.
theory of improper feeding
what is the etiology of Helminth (Worm) Infestation
E. vermicularis worm. most preschool age or school-age children and the mothers of infected children
what is the etiology of Diarrhea
infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic), medication, allergic reactions, emotions, etc.
what is the etiology of vomiting
infants more so. overfeeding, food allergy, gastric irritation, infection, drug poisoning, etc.
what is the etiology of anemia
iron deficiency, blood loss, low blood formation, etc.
depends on type of anemia
what is the etiology of leukemia
two in children: acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). 80% of childhood leukemia are ALL. unknown causes
what is the etiology of Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of the newborn)
Rh factor incompatibility. mother Rh-, baby Rh+
what is the etiology of Lead poisoning
any lead in blood is abnormal. breathing and swallowing lead particles
what is the etiology of Reye’s Syndrome
unknown; follows infection with influenza A or B viruses or chickenpox. use of aspirin during these infections
what is the etiology of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
alcohol enters the fetal blood as a result of chronic, excessive alcohol during gestation
what is the etiology of Diaper Rash
hereditary disposition (sensitive skin) friction, prolonged exposure to diaper contaminants (feces, urine, etc)
what is the etiology of Neuroblastoma
unknown; maternal factors or exposures during pregnancy could play role
