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PathMad > Chapter 2: Developmental, Congenital, and Childhood Diseases and Disorders: Etiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Developmental, Congenital, and Childhood Diseases and Disorders: Etiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the etiology of Preterm Birth or Prematurity

A 
incompetent cervix
bicornate uterus 
toxic conditions
infection
trauma
etc
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2
Q

what is the etiology of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

lungs of neonate lack surfactant needed to allow alveoli to expand

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3
Q

what is the etiology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

A

occurs after IRDS in premature infants

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4
Q

what is the etiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity

A

vascularization of the retina begins at the back central part of the eye. retina develops at 28th week of pregnancy
no risk facts have been identified

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5
Q

what is the etiology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

A

unknown; through to breakdown in normal defense of GI tract

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6
Q

what is the etiology of Robinow Syndrome

A

Genetic syndrome; inherited.

recessive form from a mutation of a specific gene that has been identified as being located in chromosome 9q22

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7
Q

what is the etiology of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

portion of myocardium becomes thickened without obvious cause.
inherited autosomal dominant trait

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8
Q

what is the etiology of Down Syndrome

A

extra chromosome number 21 (trisomy 21).

more often to women more than 35 years of age

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9
Q

what is the etiology of Cerebral Palsy

A

inadequate blood or oxygen supply to the brain during fetal development, during birth or early years 9 or younger

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10
Q

what is the etiology of Muscular Dystrophy

A

genetic defect. absence of dystrophin, a portion involved in maintaining the integrity of muscle

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11
Q

what is the etiology of Spina Bifida Occulta

A

unknown; associated with exposure to ionizing radiation during early uterine life. reduced levels of vitamin A and folic acid may contribute

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12
Q

what is the etiology of Meningocele

A

posterior position of the neural tube fails to close. cause not known.

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13
Q

what is the etiology of Myelomeningocele

A

neural tube fails to close during fetal development. allows meninges, spinal nerves, and spinal cord to herniate through the opening.
genetic factors, agent Orange? not really known

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14
Q

what is the etiology of Hydrocephalus

A

large amounts of CSF accumulates in the skull, causing intracranial pressure.
lesion within the system or by a congenital structural defect

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15
Q

what is the etiology of Anencephaly

A

failure of neural tube at the cephalic (cranial) end to close completely during the second or third week of prenatal development.

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16
Q

what is the etiology of Transposition of the Great Arteries

A

chromosomal abnormalities and environmental conditions. failure to shift from the fetal route at time of birth

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17
Q

what is the etiology of Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)

A

fetal portion and other studies implicate genetic factors from germ plasma during embryonic stage

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18
Q

what is the etiology of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

A

unknown. occurs shortly after birth. possibly due to hormone relaxin

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19
Q

what is the etiology of Cleft Lip and Palate

A

failure of embryonic development of the fetus

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20
Q

what is the etiology of Cryptorchidism

A

unknown; some suspect hormones

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21
Q

what is the etiology of Wilms’ tumor

A

adenosarcoma arising from abnormal fetal kidney tissue that is left behind during early embryonic life

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22
Q

what is the etiology of Phimosis

A

unknown

23
Q

what is the etiology of Congenital Pyloric Stenosis

A

slight hereditary tendency, but unknown. more often in males

24
Q

what is the etiology of Hirschsprung’s Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon)

A

abnormal innervation of the intrinsic musculature of the bowl wall. parasympathetic nerve ganglion cells are absent in a segment of the colon

25
Q

what is the etiology of Cystic Fibrosis

A

inherited disorder and is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait

26
Q

what is the etiology of Phenylketonuria

A

an autosomal recessive trait and causes defective enzymatic conversion in protein metabolism

27
Q

what is the etiology of Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

presence of at least two X chromosomes, typically the 47,XXY pattern. XXYY, XXXY, XXXXY

28
Q

what is the etiology of Turner’s Syndrome

A

loss of second X chromosome caused by nondisjunction during gamete formation

29
Q

what is the etiology of Chickenpox (Varicella Zoster)

A

varicella-zoster virus. human herpes virus 3;

contagious 1 to 2 days before eruption and 6 days. incubation 2 to 3 weeks

30
Q

what is the etiology of Diphtheria

A

bacteria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae; present in nasopharynx;
incubation 2 to 5 days contagious 2 to 4 weeks

31
Q

what is the etiology Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis)

A

airborne virus that is spread by droplet nuclei from the respiratory tract;
incubation 14 to 21 days. contagious for 1-7 before swelling and 9 days after

32
Q

what is the etiology of Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A

Bordetalla pertussis reproduces in respiratory tract, where it relates a toxin that leads to necrosis

33
Q

what is the etiology of Measles (Rebeola)

A

measles virus, paramyxovirus;

contagious 4 days before and 4 days after. incubation 8 to 12 days

34
Q

what is the etiology of Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)

A

rubella virus, direct contact with nasal or oral secretions;
incubation after exposure is 14 to 21 days. contagious one week before to one week after

35
Q

what is the etiology of Tetanus

A

bacillus Clostridium tetani. found in contaminated soils and animal excreta. enters through wounds;
incubation 3 to 21 days

36
Q

what is the etiology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

many theories; unknown cause

risk factors- age less than 20, poor prenatal care, smoking, secondhand smoke, etc

37
Q

what is the etiology of Croup

A

viral disease involves larynx, trachea, and bronchi. edema and spasm of vocal cords

38
Q

what is the etiology of Epiglottitis

A

follow an upper respiratory tract infection. Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria. other organisms may be responsible as well

39
Q

what is the etiology of Acute Tonsillitis

A

many organisms, with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci most common

40
Q

what is the etiology of Adenoid Hyperplasia

A

unknown cause

41
Q

what is the etiology of asthma

A

hereditary factor is strong. hyperactive hypersensitive bronchial tubes

42
Q

what is the etiology of Bronchiolitis

A

infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

43
Q

what is the etiology of Infantile Colic

A

unknown.

theory of improper feeding

44
Q

what is the etiology of Helminth (Worm) Infestation

A

E. vermicularis worm. most preschool age or school-age children and the mothers of infected children

45
Q

what is the etiology of Diarrhea

A

infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic), medication, allergic reactions, emotions, etc.

46
Q

what is the etiology of vomiting

A

infants more so. overfeeding, food allergy, gastric irritation, infection, drug poisoning, etc.

47
Q

what is the etiology of anemia

A

iron deficiency, blood loss, low blood formation, etc.

depends on type of anemia

48
Q

what is the etiology of leukemia

A

two in children: acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). 80% of childhood leukemia are ALL. unknown causes

49
Q

what is the etiology of Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of the newborn)

A

Rh factor incompatibility. mother Rh-, baby Rh+

50
Q

what is the etiology of Lead poisoning

A

any lead in blood is abnormal. breathing and swallowing lead particles

51
Q

what is the etiology of Reye’s Syndrome

A

unknown; follows infection with influenza A or B viruses or chickenpox. use of aspirin during these infections

52
Q

what is the etiology of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

alcohol enters the fetal blood as a result of chronic, excessive alcohol during gestation

53
Q

what is the etiology of Diaper Rash

A 
hereditary disposition (sensitive skin) 
friction, prolonged exposure to diaper contaminants (feces, urine, etc)
54
Q

what is the etiology of Neuroblastoma

A

unknown; maternal factors or exposures during pregnancy could play role

PathMad (140 decks)

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