Chapter 1: Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment: Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests Flashcards
evaluation of the cellular components of the blood, rbc count, wbc count, hematocrit, etc
complete blood count
measurement of the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells
hemoglobin
measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of whole blood
hematocrit
measurement of hemoglobin to which glucose is bound; also known as Hemoglobin A1C
glycohemoglobin
normal chemistry profiles may contain blood serum levels for albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, etc.
chemistries
thyroid thyroxine (T4), and T3, and thyroid-stimulating hormone
thyroid function tests
total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
Lipid profile
blood serum test for chloride, potassium, sodium, and carbon dioxide
electrolytes (lytes)
partial thromboplastin time (PTT), prothrombin time (PT), platelet (thrombocyte) count, bleeding times
clotting and coagulation studies
the rate at which red blood cells (erythrocytes) fall out of well-mixed whole blood to the bottom of the test tube
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
drug screens
toxicology studies
digoxin, digitoxin, theophylline, lidocaine, lithium, and various drugs for therapeutic and/or toxic levels
drug levels
measurement of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. measures pH and O2 saturation of the arterial blood
arterial blood gases (ABG) analysis
creatine kinase (CK), Ck isoenzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LD), ect.
cardiac enzymes
a blood test used to detect material infection and inflammatory disorders; an indicator of possible acute myocardial infarction
C-reactive protein
a screening test using a urine specimen that gives a picture of the patient’s overall state of health and the state of the urinary tract
Urinalysis (UA)
sample of urine specimen is placed in/on culture medium to see whether microbial growth occurs.
Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)
a record of the electrical of the myocardium used to diagnose ischemia, arrhythmias, conduction difficulties, and activity of cardiac medications
electrocardiogram
an ultrasound examination of the cardiac structure to define the size, shape, thickness, position, and movements of cardiac structures, including valves, walls, and chambers
echocardiogram
a miniature electrocardiograph that records the electrical activity of the heart for an extended period of time, usually 24 to 48 hours
Holter Monitor
a scan to indicate myocardial profusion and the location and extent of myocardial ischemia and/or infarction and to predict the possible prognosis of the cardiac condition
thallium scan
a scan that assesses the function of the left ventricle and identifies abnormalities of the myocardial walls
MUGA scan
an assessment of cardiac function during moderate exercise after a 12-lead electrocardiogram
stress testing, treadmill, exercise tolerance testing
an instrument that provides a noninvasive measurement of O2 saturation of the arterial blood
pulse oximeter
fluoroscopic visualization of right or left side of heart by passing a catheter into right or left chamber and injecting dye
cardiac catheterization
Visualization of internal organs and structures by electromagnetic radiation; bone, abdomen, chest, kidneys, etc.
radiographs
uses a magnetic field instead of radiation to visualize internal tissues
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a radiographic technique using a scanner system that can provide images of the internal structure of tissue and organs both geographically and characteristically
computed tomography (CT)
a highly specialized imaging technique that uses a small amount of radioactive material to produce three-dimensional colored images that reveal how body tissues and organs are functioning
positron emission tomography (PET)
a real-time imaging process that proves continuous visualization of the area undergoing radiography
fluoroscopy
a beam of sound waves is projected into target tissues or organs, resulting in a bouncing back of the waves off the target structure
sonogram, ultrasound, echogram
an imaging examination of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. contrast medium (dye) and/or air are injected into the subarachnoid space and recorded on radiographic film
myelogram
tests for occult blood in stool
guaiac tests
microscopic studies of sputum, including culture and sensitivity, acid-fast bacteria culture and stain, Gram stain, and cytology studies
sputum studies
visual inspection of internal organs and/or cavities of the body using appropriate scope
endoscopy
visualization of the stomach by a gastroscope
gastroscopy
visualization of the colon with a colonoscope
colonoscopy
visualization of the sigmoid portion of the colon and the rectum with a sigmoidoscope
sigmoidoscopy
visualization of the rectum with a proctoscope
proctoscopy
visualization of the structures of the urinary tract with a cystoscope
cystoscopy
visualization of the cervical epithelium, vagina, and vulvar epithelium with a colposcope
colposcopy
visualization of the trachea and bronchi with a bronchoscope
bronchoscopy
the patient blows into a flowmeter to determine the volume of an expiratory effort
peak flow
a measurement of lung capacity, volume, and flow rates by spirometer
spirometry
a test for asthma in which measurement of lung volumes is taken before and after the inhalation of methacholine, a bronchial constrictor
Methacholine challenge
tidal volume, expiratory receive volume, residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume
pulmonary function
aspiration of bone marrow by needle from the sternum, posterior or superior iliac spine, or the anterior iliac crest for diagnosis of neoplasms, metastasis, and blood disorders
bone marrow studies
studies of the functioning or nonfunctioning of the patient’s immune system
immune and immunoglobulin studies
analysis of blood specimens for antigen-antibody reactions; used to detect bacterial infections, including syphilis, Lyme disease, chlamydia, and streptococcal infections
serologic testing
the excision o tissue from the living body, followed by microscopic examination, for purpose of exact diagnosis
biopsies
a surgical procedure ti withdraw spinal fluid for analysis
lumbar puncture (LP)
a recording of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex of the brain
electroencephalogram (EEG)
an electrodiagnostics assessment and recording of the activity of the skeletal muscles
electromyogram (EMG)
used in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia and peptic ulcers
gastric analysis
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). used in diagnosis of pregnancy, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and uterine pathology
pregnancy tests
used to identify gram-positive or gram-negative microorganisms of infectious process
gram stain
an intradermal injection of tuberculin is done usually on the inner aspect of the lower arm.
Tuberculosis (TB) screening; Mantoux test
a serum blood test to determine the level of PSA. increased levels may indicate benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostate cancer, or inflammatory conditions of the prostate
Prostatic-specific Antigen (PSA) test
a cytologic examination of cells that have been scraped or aspirated from the cervix and cervical os
Pap (Papnicolaou) smear
a radiographic examination of the breasts tissue. screen is done on an annual basis for women older than 40 years of age to detect the presence of breast disease
mammogram
