Chapter 1: Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment: Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests

Question 1

evaluation of the cellular components of the blood, rbc count, wbc count, hematocrit, etc

Answer 1

complete blood count

Question 2

measurement of the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells

Answer 2

hemoglobin

Question 3

measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of whole blood

Answer 3

hematocrit

Question 4

measurement of hemoglobin to which glucose is bound; also known as Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 4

glycohemoglobin

Question 5

normal chemistry profiles may contain blood serum levels for albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, etc.

Answer 5

chemistries

Question 6

thyroid thyroxine (T4), and T3, and thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer 6

thyroid function tests

Question 7

total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

Answer 7

Lipid profile

Question 8

blood serum test for chloride, potassium, sodium, and carbon dioxide

Answer 8

electrolytes (lytes)

Question 9

partial thromboplastin time (PTT), prothrombin time (PT), platelet (thrombocyte) count, bleeding times

Answer 9

clotting and coagulation studies

Question 10

the rate at which red blood cells (erythrocytes) fall out of well-mixed whole blood to the bottom of the test tube

Answer 10

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Question 11

fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels

Answer 11

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

Question 12

drug screens

Answer 12

toxicology studies

Question 13

digoxin, digitoxin, theophylline, lidocaine, lithium, and various drugs for therapeutic and/or toxic levels

Answer 13

drug levels

Question 14

measurement of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. measures pH and O2 saturation of the arterial blood

Answer 14

arterial blood gases (ABG) analysis

Question 15

creatine kinase (CK), Ck isoenzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LD), ect.

Answer 15

cardiac enzymes

Question 16

a blood test used to detect material infection and inflammatory disorders; an indicator of possible acute myocardial infarction

Answer 16

C-reactive protein

Question 17

a screening test using a urine specimen that gives a picture of the patient’s overall state of health and the state of the urinary tract

Answer 17

Urinalysis (UA)

Question 18

sample of urine specimen is placed in/on culture medium to see whether microbial growth occurs.

Answer 18

Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)

Question 19

a record of the electrical of the myocardium used to diagnose ischemia, arrhythmias, conduction difficulties, and activity of cardiac medications

Answer 19

electrocardiogram

Question 20

an ultrasound examination of the cardiac structure to define the size, shape, thickness, position, and movements of cardiac structures, including valves, walls, and chambers

Answer 20

echocardiogram

Question 21

a miniature electrocardiograph that records the electrical activity of the heart for an extended period of time, usually 24 to 48 hours

Answer 21

Holter Monitor

Question 22

a scan to indicate myocardial profusion and the location and extent of myocardial ischemia and/or infarction and to predict the possible prognosis of the cardiac condition

Answer 22

thallium scan

Question 23

a scan that assesses the function of the left ventricle and identifies abnormalities of the myocardial walls

Answer 23

MUGA scan

Question 24

an assessment of cardiac function during moderate exercise after a 12-lead electrocardiogram

Answer 24

stress testing, treadmill, exercise tolerance testing

Question 25

an instrument that provides a noninvasive measurement of O2 saturation of the arterial blood

Answer 25

pulse oximeter

Question 26

fluoroscopic visualization of right or left side of heart by passing a catheter into right or left chamber and injecting dye

Answer 26

cardiac catheterization

Question 27

Visualization of internal organs and structures by electromagnetic radiation; bone, abdomen, chest, kidneys, etc.

Answer 27

radiographs

Question 28

uses a magnetic field instead of radiation to visualize internal tissues

Answer 28

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 29

a radiographic technique using a scanner system that can provide images of the internal structure of tissue and organs both geographically and characteristically

Answer 29

computed tomography (CT)

Question 30

a highly specialized imaging technique that uses a small amount of radioactive material to produce three-dimensional colored images that reveal how body tissues and organs are functioning

Answer 30

positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 31

a real-time imaging process that proves continuous visualization of the area undergoing radiography

Answer 31

fluoroscopy

Question 32

a beam of sound waves is projected into target tissues or organs, resulting in a bouncing back of the waves off the target structure

Answer 32

sonogram, ultrasound, echogram

Question 33

an imaging examination of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. contrast medium (dye) and/or air are injected into the subarachnoid space and recorded on radiographic film

Answer 33

myelogram

Question 34

tests for occult blood in stool

Answer 34

guaiac tests

Question 35

microscopic studies of sputum, including culture and sensitivity, acid-fast bacteria culture and stain, Gram stain, and cytology studies

Answer 35

sputum studies

Question 36

visual inspection of internal organs and/or cavities of the body using appropriate scope

Answer 36

endoscopy

Question 37

visualization of the stomach by a gastroscope

Answer 37

gastroscopy

Question 38

visualization of the colon with a colonoscope

Answer 38

colonoscopy

Question 39

visualization of the sigmoid portion of the colon and the rectum with a sigmoidoscope

Answer 39

sigmoidoscopy

Question 40

visualization of the rectum with a proctoscope

Answer 40

proctoscopy

Question 41

visualization of the structures of the urinary tract with a cystoscope

Answer 41

cystoscopy

Question 42

visualization of the cervical epithelium, vagina, and vulvar epithelium with a colposcope

Answer 42

colposcopy

Question 43

visualization of the trachea and bronchi with a bronchoscope

Answer 43

bronchoscopy

Question 44

the patient blows into a flowmeter to determine the volume of an expiratory effort

Answer 44

peak flow

Question 45

a measurement of lung capacity, volume, and flow rates by spirometer

Answer 45

spirometry

Question 46

a test for asthma in which measurement of lung volumes is taken before and after the inhalation of methacholine, a bronchial constrictor

Answer 46

Methacholine challenge

Question 47

tidal volume, expiratory receive volume, residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 47

pulmonary function

Question 48

aspiration of bone marrow by needle from the sternum, posterior or superior iliac spine, or the anterior iliac crest for diagnosis of neoplasms, metastasis, and blood disorders

Answer 48

bone marrow studies

Question 49

studies of the functioning or nonfunctioning of the patient’s immune system

Answer 49

immune and immunoglobulin studies

Question 50

analysis of blood specimens for antigen-antibody reactions; used to detect bacterial infections, including syphilis, Lyme disease, chlamydia, and streptococcal infections

Answer 50

serologic testing

Question 51

the excision o tissue from the living body, followed by microscopic examination, for purpose of exact diagnosis

Answer 51

biopsies

Question 52

a surgical procedure ti withdraw spinal fluid for analysis

Answer 52

lumbar puncture (LP)

Question 53

a recording of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex of the brain

Answer 53

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 54

an electrodiagnostics assessment and recording of the activity of the skeletal muscles

Answer 54

electromyogram (EMG)

Question 55

used in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia and peptic ulcers

Answer 55

gastric analysis

Question 56

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). used in diagnosis of pregnancy, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and uterine pathology

Answer 56

pregnancy tests

Question 57

used to identify gram-positive or gram-negative microorganisms of infectious process

Answer 57

gram stain

Question 58

an intradermal injection of tuberculin is done usually on the inner aspect of the lower arm.

Answer 58

Tuberculosis (TB) screening; Mantoux test

Question 59

a serum blood test to determine the level of PSA. increased levels may indicate benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostate cancer, or inflammatory conditions of the prostate

Answer 59

Prostatic-specific Antigen (PSA) test

Question 60

a cytologic examination of cells that have been scraped or aspirated from the cervix and cervical os

Answer 60

Pap (Papnicolaou) smear

Question 61

a radiographic examination of the breasts tissue. screen is done on an annual basis for women older than 40 years of age to detect the presence of breast disease

Answer 61

mammogram