Practical topic 33

Question 1

What is the abdominal wall composed of?

Answer 1

• Cranially:
  
  • Diaphragm
• Dorsal:
  
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Lumbar muscles
• Laterally and ventrally:
  
  • Abdominal muscles
• Caudal
  
  • Continuous with pelvic cavity

Question 2

Dorsal abdominal wall

Answer 2

Roof of abdominal cavity, consisting of :

• Skin
• Superficial and deep thoracolumbar faciae
• Epaxial muscles
  
  • M. iliocostalis
  • M. longissimus
  • M. multifidus
• Hypaxial muscles
  
  • M. quadratus lumborum
  • m. iliopsoas
  • m. psoas minor
• Lumbar vertebrae with processus transversus
• Iliac faciae

Question 3

Lateral and ventral abdominal wall

Answer 3

Attached:

• Cranially to the ribs and sternum
• Dorsally of lumbar transverse process
• Caudally to the pelvis

Consists of:

• Skin
• Superficial and deep fascia (superficial fascia encloses m. cutaneous trunci)
• Internal layer of fascia = fascia transversus
• Abdominal muscles

Question 4

Where is peritoneum located

Answer 4

• Serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity
• Forms a large peritoneal sac enclosing cavum peritonei = the peritoneal cavity
• Extends caudally into pelvic cavity

Question 5

Peritoneum

Male dogs

Answer 5

• Each inguinal canal in the male permits a peritoneal invagination (tunica vaginalis) to reach the scrotum
• The peritoneal cavity is closed

Question 6

Peritoneum

Female dogs

Answer 6

It is open to the outside by the genital tract (small openings of uterine tube)

Question 8

Give the openings found in peritoneum

Answer 8

• Hiatus aorticus
• Hiatus esophageus
• Foramen venae cavae
  
  • The pleura and peritoneum form a seal around these openings

Question 9

Give the subdivisions of peritoneum

Answer 9

• Peritoneum parietale
• Peritoneum viscerale

Question 10

What does peritoneum parietale cover?

Answer 10

The abdominal wall

Question 11

What does peritoneum viscerale covers

Answer 11

Organs

Question 12

Give the subdivisions of peritoneum viscerale, and what do they cover?

Answer 12

• Intraperitoneal:
  
  • Most organs
• Retroperitoneal:
  
  • Kidney, ureter (in the retroperitoneal space)
• Extraperitoneal:
  
  • Ovaries

Question 13

What is the function of the omenrtum?

Answer 13

• Protect organs
• Filled with lymph vessels
• Fat storage
• Omentalization (covers injuries)

Question 14

What does the greater and lesser omentum cover?

Answer 14

• Greater:
  
  • Most of the organs
• Lesser:
  
  • Situated cranially, has cranial recess

Question 15

What is the divisions of the greater omentum?

Answer 15

• Superficial layer:
  
  • Parietal
    
    • Omental bursa / lesser peritoneal cavity (cranial and caudal recess)
• Deep layer:
  
  • Visceral

Question 16

Omentum minus

What is it a part of?

Answer 16

Ventral mesogastrium

Question 17

Omentum minus

Where does it pass?

Answer 17

• Passes from:
  
  • Curvatura minor of the stomach
  • Cranial part of duodenum
• ​Passes to:
  
  • Fascies visceralis of the liver

Question 18

Omentum minus

Compartmenst

Answer 18

• Vestibulum bursae omentalis
  
  • Vestibule of omental bursae
  • Enclosed by lesser omentum, stomach and liver
• Lig. hepatogastricum
  
  • Left
• Lig. hepatoduodenale
  
  • Right
  • Contains bile duct
• Recessus cranialis omentalis

Question 19

Omentum minus

Recessus cranialis omentalis

Answer 19

• The ligaments create the borders (lig. hepatogastricum and lig. hepatoduodenale)
• Contains:
  
  • Processus papillaris of the liver
• ​Foramen epiploicum:
  
  • ​Demonstrate by putting fingers between vena cava caudalis and vena portae
  • Connecting greater peritoneal sac and vestibulum bursae omentalis

Question 20

Omentum majus

What is it an extension of?

Answer 20

Extended fold of dorsal mesogastrium

Question 21

Omentum majus

Where does it attach?

Answer 21

To curvatura major of the stomach

Question 22

Omentum majus

Where is paries superficialis found?

Answer 22

Between jejunum and ventral abdominal wall

Enclosing bursa omentalis

Question 23

Omentum majus

Paries profundus

Answer 23

Dorsal to stomach, contains left lobe of pancreas

Question 24

Omentum majus

Give the ligaments

Answer 24

• Lig. gastrolienalis
  
  • ​Stomach → spleen
• Lig. Gastrophrenicus
  
  • ​​Stomach → diaphragm
• Lig. phrenicolienalis
  
  • Diaphragm → spleen

Question 25

Omentum majus

Give the recess

Answer 25

• Recessus caudalis omentalis
  
  • Contains recessus lienalis (splenic recess)

Question 26

Mesentries

Attachments

Answer 26

• From dorsal mesogastrium(?)
• Attaches to the abdominal wall opposite of the second lumbar vertebrae by a short peritoneal attachment known as root of the mesentrery
• Peripheral border attaches to jejunum and ileum

Question 27

Mesentries

What is it continuous with?

Answer 27

With ascending mesocolon and ileocolic junction

Question 28

Mesentries

Sub divisions

Answer 28

• Mesoduodenum
  
  • From dorsal abdominal wall to the duodenum
  • Encloses right lobe of pancrease
  • Cranially: continous with omentum majus
  • Caudally: continous with duodenum
  • Caudal flexure
• Mesojejunum
  
  • ​From dorsal abdominal wall to jejunum
• Mesoileum​
  
  • ​​From dorsal abdominal wall to ileum
• Mesocolon
  
  • ​Mesocolon ascendens
    
    • ​​From dorsal abdominal wall to ascending colon
  • Mesocolon transversum
    
    • ​From dorsal abdominal wall to transverse colon
  • Mesocolon descendens
    
    • ​From dorsal abdominal wall to descending colon
• Mesorectum
  
  • ​From dorsal abdominal wall to rectum
• Velum omentale
  
  • ​Attachment between mesocolon and spleen

Question 30

Give the ligaments of the liver

Answer 30

• Lig. falciforme hepatis
• Lig. coronarium hepatis
• Lig. triangualre dextrum et sinistrum
• Lig. hepatorenale

Question 31

Lig. falciforme hepatis

Answer 31

• Extends from
  
  • Liver → diaphragm
  • Ventral abdominal wall → umbilicus
• Adult dogs:
  
  • Filled with fat
  • Goes only from diaphragm → umbilicus
• Young dogs:
  
  • Lig. teres hepatis, remnant of v. umbilicus

Question 32

Lig. coronarium hepatis

Answer 32

• Sheet of peritoneum
• Passes between
  
  • Diaphragm → liver
  • Around the caudal vena cava and hepatic veins
• Ventrally, the right and left parts of the coronary ligaments converge to form lig. falciforme

Question 33

Lig. triangulare dextrum et sinistrum

Answer 33

• Right:
  
  • From the right crus of the diaphragm above central tendinous part of lateral right lobe of the liver
• Left:
  
  • From the left crus of the dipahragm to the lateral lobe of the liver

Question 34

Lig. hepatorenale

Answer 34

Between caudate process (with impressio renalis) and the right kidney

Question 35

Give the folds and their localization

Answer 35

• Plica duodenocolica:
  
  • Peritoneal fold between duodenum ascendens and colon descendens
• Plica ileocaecalis:
  
  • Fold between ileum and colon

Question 36

Invaginations

Answer 36

• Excavatio pubovesicalis
  
  • Between pubic bone and bladder
• Excavatio vesicogenitalis
  
  • ​Between bladder and uterus
• Excavatio rectogenitalis
  
  • ​Between uterus and rectum
• Fossa parietalis
  
  • ​On each side of the rectum (place fingers there to show)
  • Confluent with excavation rectogenitalis
• Male: excavatio vesicogenitalis and rectogenitalis is almost confluent / non-seprable
  
  • Plica gentialis separate them​
    
    • Contains umpullae of ductus deferens, uterus.

Question 37

Give the ligaments of the bladder

Answer 37

• Lig. vesicae mdianum
  
  • ​Median ligament of the bladder
• Lig. vesicae laterale
  
  • ​X2
  • Lateral ligaments of the bladder
  • May contain round ligament
• Lig. teres vesicae
  
  • ​X2
  • Round ligament of the bladder
• Lig. latum uteri
  
  • ​Broad ligament of the bladder
  • Arise from the wall of pelvic cavity

Question 38

Give the divisions of lig. latum uteri

Answer 38

Divided into 3 parts:

• Mesometrium​
• Mesovarium
• Mesosalpinx
  
  • ​Envelopes tuba utrina

Question 39

Give the ligaments of the female genitals

Answer 39

• Lig. suspensorium ovarii
  
  • ​Free border of the mesovarium
• Lig. teres uteri
• Lig. ovarii proprium