A7 - Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, their junctions, respiratory muscles Flashcards
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, their junctions, respiratory muscles
Give the respiratory muscles
Inspiration:
- M. serratus dorsalis cranialis
- M. intercostalis externus
- Mm. levator costarum
- M. rectus thoracicus
-
M. scalenus
- M. scalenus ventralis
- M. scalenus medius
- M. scalenus dorsais
- Diaphragma
Expiration:
- M. serratus dorsalis caudalis
- M. intercostalis internus
- M. transversus thoracis
- M. retractor costae ultimae
- M. subcostalis
M. serratus dorsalis cranialis
-
Origin:
- Thoracolumbar fascia by a broad aponeurosis
- Th 1-7 on processus spinosus
- Insertion: Rib 2-10, proximal
-
Action:
- Extends neck and raises head
- Unilateral contraction draws head laterally
- Inspiration
M. intercostalis externus
-
Origin and insertion:
- Muscle fibers run caudoventrally (\)
- From caudal border of one rib to cranial border of the next rib
- Action: Inspiration
Mm. levator costarum
- Origin: Th 1-2, processus transversus
- Insertion: Rib, cranial border, near angulus costae (covered by m. erector spinae)
- Action: Inspiration
M. rectus thoracicus
- Origin: First rib
- Insertion: Ventral ends of ribs 2-4
- Action: Inspiration
M. scalenus
M. scalenus dorsalis:
- Origin: Processus transversus of C4-C6
-
Insertion:
- Dorsal muscular part: rib 1-4
- Ventral muscular part: rib 1-9
M. scalenus medialis
- Origin: Processus transversus of C6-C7
- Insertion: Rib 1
-
Action:
- Inspiration
- Unilateral contraction: flexes nack laterally
- Bilateral contraction: flexes neck ventrally
Diaphragma
- Origin: Sternal, costal and lumbar part
- Insertion: Centrum tendineum
- Action: Inspiration
-
Layers: (from cranial to caudal)
- Pleura + fascua endothoracica
- Fascia transversa thoracis
- M. phrenicus
- Fasciae abdominalis transversus
- Peritoneum
M. phrenicus:
-
Origin: corona muscularis
-
Parts of corona muscularis:
- Pars sternalis (from processus xyphoideus)
- pars costalis (from rib 6-12)
-
Pars lumbalis (from Th12, L1-2)
- Crus dexter (surrounds esophageus)
- Crus sinister
-
Parts of corona muscularis:
M. serratus dorsalis caudalis
- Origin: Caudal on superficial layer of fascia thoracolumbalis
- Insertion: Rib 11-13, proximal
- Action: Expiration
M. intercostalis internus
-
Origin and insertion:
- Muscle fibers run cranioventrally (///)
- From cranial border of one rib to caudal border of the previous rib
- Action: Expiration
M. transversa thoracica
- Origin: Inner surface of sternum
- Insertion: 2-8th costal cartilages
- Action: Expiration
M. retractor costae ultimae
- Origin: L1-4, processus transversus
- Insertion: Last rib, caudal border
- Action: Expiration
M. subcostalis
- Origin and insertion: Crossing medial surface of ribs 11-9 in a cranioventral direction (///), inside the thoracic cavity
- Action: Expiration
Thoracic vertebrae
- Strucutres to mention
- Draw a thoracic vertebrae
Vertebra generalis:
- Corpus vertebrae
- Extremitas cranialis [=Caput vertebrae]
- Extremitas caudalis [=Fossa vertebrae]
- Crista ventralis
- Arcus vertebrae
- Pediculus arcus vertebrae
- Lamina arcus vertebrae
- Foramen vertebrale
- Incisura vertebralis cranialis
- Incisura vertebralis caudalis
- Foramen intervertebrale
- Processus spinosus
- Processus transversus
- Processus articularis cranialis
- Processus articularis caudalis
Vertebra thoracica:
- Fovea costalis cranialis (for part of capitis costae)
- Fovea costalis caudalis (for part of capitis costae)
- Fovea costalis processus transversi (for tuberculim costae)
- Processus mamillaris (between proc. transversus and proc. articularis)
- Processus accessorius (between proc. articularis caudalis and proc. transversus)

Thoracic vertebrae
Give the nuber of thoracic vertebrae in different species
- Ca: 13 (12-14)
- Ru: 13
- Sus: 14 or 15
- Eq: 18
Junctions
Which junctions should be mentioned?
- Short ligaments - connecting adjacent vertebrae
- Long ligaments - passing over several vertebrae
-
Art. costovertebrails
- Art. capitis costae
- Art. costotransversaria
Junctions
General features about the junctions in thoracic vertebrae
- The mobility decrease, compared to cervical vertebrae
- Smaller articular suface
- Smaller joint capsule
- Articular surface change positon
Junctions
Give the ligaments in the thoracic portion of the spinal cord
Short ligaments connecting adjacent vertebrae:
-
Ligg. flava
- Interarcuate ligaments
- Elastic sheets
- Connect the arches, covering the interarcuate space
-
Ligg. interspinalia
- Interspinous ligaments
- Connect the spinous processes, fill interspinous space
- Eq: Elastic in the cervical potion of the vertebral column
- Ca: Ligaments replaced with muscles
- Ru: All have elastic elements
-
Ligg. intertransversaria
- Intertransverse ligaments
- Connect the transverse processes
Long ligaments passing over several vertebrae
-
Lig. longitudinale dorsale
- Inside the vertebral canal, on the floor
- Attached to dorsal surface of of corpus vertebrae and discus intervertebralis
- Dens of axis → sacrum (ca: caudal vertebrae)
-
Lig. nuchae (Ø fe, sus)
- Axis (ca) → sacrum (as lig. supraspinale)
- Eq, ru: consists of two parts:
-
Funiculus nuchae
- Ca: proc. spinosus of axis
- Eq, ru: squamous occipital bone
- Lamina nuchae (ø ca)
-
Funiculus nuchae
- (Lig. longitudinale ventrale)

Juctions
Art. costovertebralis
- Composed of two articulations, with separate joint capsule:
-
Art. capitis costae
- Speroid joint
- Convex articular surface of caput costae → adjacent vertebrae (ø 1ts rib, articulate with C7)
-
Art. costotransversaria
- Amphiarthrosis
- Flat articular surface of tuberculum costae → fovea costalis processus transversi of the thoracic vertebrae of the same serial number
-
Art. capitis costae
Strucutres of art. capitis costae
- Capsula articularis
- Lig. capitis costae radiatum (capitis costae → corpus vertebrae)
-
Lig. capitis costae intraarticulare (crista capitis costae → dorsal vertebrae)
- Lig. intercapitale (capitis costae → capitis costae)
Structures of art. costotransversaria
- Capsula articularis
- Lig. costotransversarium (collum costae → proc. transversus)
- Lig. lumbocostale (last rib → proc. transversus of L1)

Ribs
Give the number of ribs in different species
- Sternal:asternal
- Eq: 18 (8:10)
- Ru: 13 (8:5)
- Ca: 13 (9:4)
- Sus: 14-15 (7:7/8)
Ribs
Structures to metion
- Costae verae [=sternales]
- Costae spuriae [=asternales]
- Costae fluctuantes
- Cartilago costalis (articulates with sternum)
-
Os costale (bony part, proximal part)
- Caput costae (articulate with two vertebral bodies)
-
Facies articularis capitis costae (concave)
- cranialis et caudalis
- Crista capitis costae
- Collum costae
- Corpus costae
- Tuberculum costae (articulates with proc. transversus of ribs)
- Facies articularis tuberculi costae
- Angulus costae
- Tuberculum m. scaleni ventralis
- Tuberositas m. longissimi
- Tuberositas m. iliocostalis
- Sulcus costae (for intercostal vessels and nerves)
- Sulcus muscularis
- Genu costae
- Spatia intercostalia (space between ribs)
-
Art. sternocostalis
- True/sternal ribs (joined directly to the sternum, cranial ribs)
-
False/asternal ribs (no direct junction with the sternal ribs, their cartilages unite with one another → form arcus costalis → attaches to sternum)
- More curved
- “Respiratory ribs”
-
Costochondral junction (distal extrimity with rib cartilage)
- Amphiarthroses (ru, sus)
- Symphysis
Sternum
- Structures to mention
- Draw the sternum
- Manubrium sterni
- Corpus sterni
- Crista sterni
- Sternebrae
- Processus xiphoideus
- Cartilago xiphoidea
- Incisurae costales

Sternum
Give the number of sternebrae in different species
- Eq: 5
- Ru: 5
- Ca: 6
- Sus: 4
Sternum
Give the ligaments and the name of the articulation in sternum
- Name: ariculatio sternocostales
- Ligaments:
-
Lig sterni (ø ca)
- Inserts on the xiphoid cartilage
-
Membrana sterni
- Binds sternebrae together on the outside of sternum
-
Lig sterni (ø ca)
Structures:
- Capsula articulation
- Ligg. sternocostalia radiata (cart. costalis → sternum)
- Lig. sterni (eq, bo)
- Membrana sterni (bo, su) (ligamentous tissue on the ventral surface of the sternum)
- Lig. costoxiphoidea (last costa vera → processus xiphoideus)
Interspecies
Summary from the topic
