A17 - Hock joint and muscles acting on it

Question 1

Hock joint, art. tarsi

Gammel

Answer 1

• Composite joint (involving more than 3 bones)
• Cochlear joint (monoaxial)
• Formed between:
  
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsal bones (2 rows)
  • Metatarsal bones
• Four levels of articulation:
  
  • Art. tarsocruralis
  • Art. intertarsea proximalis
    
    • ​art. talocalcaneocentralis
    • Art. calcaneoquartalis
    • Movement
      
      • Car: lateral movement, rotation, flexion and extension
      • Ru: flexion and extension
      • Eq: almost no movement
  • Art. intertarsea distalis
    
    • ​Formed by the central tarsal bones proximally and the small tarsal bones distally
  • Art. tarsometatarsea
• They have a common joint capsule with separate synovial sacs
• Membrana fibrosa: of the joint capsule, extends from the distal end of the crus to the proximal part of the metatarsus, covering the whole tarsus
• Membrana synovialis: formes four synovial sacs for the four levels of afticulation

Ligaments of art. tarsi:

• Lig. collaterale tarsi mediale
  
  • ​Lig. collaterale tarsi mediale longum
    
    • Malleolus medialis of fibula → base of medial metatarsal bones (also attaching to the medial tarsal bones along its course)
  • Lig. collaterale tarsi mediale brevis
    
    • ​Malleolus medialis of fibula → talus and calcaneus (car, ru: also to medial metatarsal bones)
• ​Lig. collaterale tarsi laterale
  
  • ​​Lig. collaterale tarsi laterale longum
    
    • ​Malleolus lateralis of fibula → proximal end of lateral Mt
  • ​Lig. collaterale tarsi laterale breve
    
    • ​Malleolus lateralis of fibula → calcaneus and talus
• Art. tarsocruralis
  
  • ​Diarthrosis
  • Art. cochlearis
  • ​Formed by:
    
    • Trochlea of talus
    • Cochlea of tibia
    • Malleolus of fibula (ru??)
  • Fibula also articulates with calcaneus (ø eq)
  • Joint capsule (eq):
    
    • 1 dorsal
    • 2 plantar
• Art. intertareae
  
  • ​​Between bones of each row
  • Amphiarthroses
  • Art. talocalcanea is included in the grou
• Art. talocalcaneocentralis
  
  • ​​Proximal intertarsal joint
  • Ca: rotational and side to-side movement
  • Eq: ampharthrosis
  • Ru, sus: barrel or cylindric joint
• Art. talocalcanea​​
  
  • Lig. talocalcaneum planatare (ø bo)
  • Lig. talocalcaneum laterale
• Art. calcaneoquartalis
  
  • ​​Proximal intertarsal joint
  • Ca: rotational and side to-side movement
  • Eq: ampharthrosis
  • Ru, sus: barrel or cylindric joint
• Art. centrodistalis
  
  • Distal intertarsal joint
  • Ampharthrosis
  • ​Composed of:
    
    • Distal row of tarsal bones (not the 4^th)
    • Central tarsal bone
  • _​_Capsula articularis
  • Ligg. tarsi interossea
    
    • ​Connects adjacent surfaces of T bones
  • Ligg. tarsi dorsalia
    
    • ​Lig. talocentraodistometatarseum (eq)
  • Ligg. tarsi plantaria
    
    • ​Lig. plantare longum
      
      • ​Tuber calcis → lateral on tarsal and metatarsal bones
• Art. tarsometatarseae
  
  • ​Amphiarthroses
  • Joint capsule encloses a narrow cavity, includes proximal intermetatarseal joint
  • ​Capsula articulares
  • Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia
  • Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria
  • Ligg. tarsometatarsea interossea

Question 2

Hock joint, art. tarsi (eq)

NY og bedre enn den andre

Answer 2

• Includes the joints between:
  
  • Tibia
  • Tarsal bones
    
    • Calcaneus
    • Talus
    • Os tarsi centrale
    • Os tarsi 1+2
    • Os tarsale 3
    • Os tarsale 4+5
  • Metatarsal bones
• Fibrosal layer runs from tibia to metatarsus
• Synovial layer attaches at each level, forming 4 cavities:
  
  • Tarsocrural cavity (communicates with the proximal intertarsal cavity)
  • Proximal intertarsal cavity
  • Distal intertarsal cavity (communicates with the tarsometatarsal cavity)
  • Tarsometatarsal cavity

Articulations

1. Art. tarsocruralis
   
   • ​Tibiotarsal joint
   • Tibia → talus (trochlea tali)
   • Most spacious
   • Joint capsule (eq):
     
     • 1 dorsal recess
     • 2 plantar recesses
2. Art. talocalcanea
   
   • ​Talus → calcaneus
3. Art. talocalaneocentralis
   
   • ​Talus → calcaneus → os tarsi centrale
4. Art. calcaneoquartalis
   
   • ​Calcaneus → os tarsale quartum
5. Art. talocentralis
   
   • ​Talus → os tarsi centrale
6. Art. centrodistalis
   
   • ​Os tarsi centrale → os tarsi distale
7. Art. tarsometatareae
8. Art. intertarseae
   
   • ​Between tarsal bones

• Recessus: (art. tarsocruralis)
  
  • 1 dorsal recess
  • 2 plantar recesses

Long ligaments

• Lig. collaterale tarsi mediale longum (tibia → distal tarsal bones and metatarsal bones)
• Lig. collaterale tarsi mediale breve (tibia → calcaneus & talus​)
• Lig. collaterale tarsi laterale longum (tibia → distal tarsal bones and metatarsal bones)
• Lig. collaterale tarsi laterale breve (tibia → calcaneus & talus​)
• Lig. talocentrodistometatarseum (tuberculum tali → metatarsal bones on dorsal surface)​
• Lig. plantare longum (distal part of calcaneus, covers the tarsal bones → metatarsal bones

Short ligaments

Between the tarsal bones

Figure: numbers indicate the type of articulation

Question 3

Which muscles should be included in the topic?

Answer 3

Flexors of the hock:

1. M. tibialis cranialis
2. M. peroneus tertius (ø car)
3. M. peroneus longus (ø eq)
4. M. peroneus brevis (ca)
5. M. extensor digitorum longus
6. M. extensor digitorum lateralis
7. M. extensor digiti I. [hallucis] longus

Extensors of the hock:

1. M. gastrocnemius
2. M. soleus (ø ca)
3. M. tibialis caudalis
4. M. flexor digitorum superficialis
5. M. flexor digitorum profundus
6. Tendo accessorius
   
   1. M. biceps femoris
   2. M. semitendinosus
   3. M. gracilis

Question 4

Give the flexors of the hock

Answer 4

1. M. tibialis cranialis
2. M. peroneus tertius (ø car)
3. M. peroneus longus (ø eq)
4. M. peroneus brevis (ca)
5. M. extensor digitorum longus
6. M. extensor digitorum lateralis
7. M. extensor digiti I. [hallucis] longus

All digital extensors flexes the hock

Question 5

M. tibialis cranialis

Answer 5

• Origin:
  
  • Condylus lateralis of tibia
  • C**rita tibia
• Insertion: Medial on os tarsi I and Mt I-II
• Action: Flexes tarsus

Question 6

M. peroneus tertius

Answer 6

Ø car, tendon in eq

• Origin: Fossa extensoria of the femur (in common with long digital extensor)
• Insertion:
  
  • Distal tarsal bones
  • ​Proximal end of the metatarsus
• Action: To flex the hock
  
  • Eq: Part of the passive stay apparatus (!relationship between stifle and hock)

Question 7

M. peroneus longus

Answer 7

Ø eq

• Origin:
  
  • Condylus lateralis of tibia
  • Caput fibularis
  • Lateral collateral ligament of the stifle
• Insertion: First attaches to os tarsi 4+5 (on its plantar surface), then extends to all metatarsal bones’ plantar base
• Action: Flexes tarsus

Question 8

M. peroneus brevis

Answer 8

Ca

• Origin: Laterally on distal third of fibula (and partly on tibia)
• Insertion: Base of Mt. 5
• Action: Flexes tarsus

Question 9

M. extensor digitorum longus

Answer 9

• Origin: Fossa extensoria on condylus lateralis of femur
• Insertion: Processus extensorius of Ph3 of digits II-V.
• Action:
  
  • Extends stifle and joints of digits
  • Flexes tarsus

Question 10

M. extensor digitorum lateralis

Answer 10

• Origin: Proximal third of fibula
• Insertion: Unites with long digital extensor’s tendon to reach digit V. Ph3
• Action:
  
  • Extension and abduction of digit V.
  • Flexes tarsus

Question 11

M. extensor digiti I. [hallucis] longus

Answer 11

• Origin: Middle third of fibula
• Insertion: Radiates into fascia over metatarsophalangeal joint of digit II.
• Action:
  
  • Extends digit II. (and digit I. if it’s present)
  • Flexes tarsus

Question 12

Give the extensors of the hock

Answer 12

1. M. gastrocnemius
2. M. soleus (ø ca)
3. M. tibialis caudalis
4. M. flexor digitorum superficialis
5. M. flexor digitorum profundus
6. Tendo accessorius
   
   1. M. biceps femoris
   2. M. semitendinosus
   3. M. gracilis

All digital flexors extends tarsus

Question 13

M. gastrocnemius

Answer 13

• Origin: The medial and lateral tuberosita supracondylaris of the femur (inside their heads - caput mediale and laterale there are sesamoid bones)
• Insertion: Tendo calcanei communis → Tuber calcanei
• Action:
  
  • Extend the tarsus and hook
  • Flex stifle

Question 14

M. soleus

Answer 14

Ø ca

• Origin: Proximal part of fibula
• Insertion: Tendo calcanei communis → Tuber calcanei
• Action: Assist in extension of hock

Question 15

M. tibialis caudalis

Answer 15

• Origin: Cauput fibula
• Insertion: Medially at tarsus it radiates into tarsal fascia
• Action: Extends tarsus

Question 16

M. flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 16

• Origin: Fossa supracondylaris of femur, partly fused with m. gastrocnemius caput lateralis
• Insertion: Its plantar tendon (tendo plantaris) turns from medial to lateral direction around common calcaneal tendon, on the surface of tuber calcanei it makes a cap (galea calcanea), then finally attaches to Ph2 of digits II-V. on plantar surface
  
  • ​In eq: tuberositas flexoria
• Action:
  
  • Flexes stifle
  • Extends hock
  • Flexes joints of digits II-V

Question 17

M. flexor digitorum profundus

Answer 17

• Divided into:
  
  • M. flexor digitorum lateralis
  • M. flexor digitorum medialis
• Origin:
  
  • ​M. flexor digitorum lateralis:
    
    • ​Proximal caudal half of fibula
    • Proximal caudolateral border of tibia
    • Interosseus membrane
  • M. flexor digitorum medialis: Caudo-proximally from tibia
  • Below tarsus, the two parts unite
• Inertion: Plantar surface of distal phalanx of digits II-V. on tuberculum flexorium
  
  • ​Eq: facies flexoria
• Action:
  
  • ​Extends tarsus
  • Flexes joints of digits II-V

Question 18

Tendo accessorius

Answer 18

• From:
  
  • M. biceps femoris
  • M. semitendinosus
  • M. gracils

M. biceps femoris

• Origin:
  
  • ​Pars cranialis: Lig. sacrotuberale
  • Pars caudalis: Tuber ischiadicum, caudal part
• Insertion: By means of fascia lata and crural fascia to:
  
  • Patella
  • P**atellar ligament,
  • Tuberositas tibiae
  • Crista tibiae
  • Tuber calcanei by tendo accessorius
• Action:
  
  • ​Extends hip and hock
  • Cranial part extends stifle
  • Caudal part flexes stifle

M. semitendinosus

• Origin: Tuber ischiadicum
• Insertion:
  
  • ​Crista tibiae
  • Tuber calcanei by tendo accessorius
• Action:
  
  • ​Extends hip
  • Flexes stifle
  • Extends hock

M. gracilis

• Origin: Symphysis pelvis (by means of tendo symphysialis)
• Insertion: Medially on:​
  
  • Crista tibiae
  • Fascia cruris
  • Tuber calcanei by tendo accessorius
• Action:
  
  • ​Adducts hindlimb
  • Extends hip
  • Flexes stifle
  • Extends tarsus

Question 19

Bones of the tarsus and metatarsus

Answer 19