A23 - The vertebral column as a whole, epaxial and hypaxial muscles, statics of the trunk Flashcards

The vertebral column as a whole, epaxial and hypaxial muscles, statics of the trunk

1
Q

Give the general structures of a vertebrae

A
  • Corpus vertebrae
    • Extremitas cranialis [=Caput vertebrae] (cranial covex)
    • Extremitas caudalis [=Fossa vertebrae] (caudal concave)
    • Crista ventralis
  • Arcus vertebrae
    • Pediculus arcus vertebrae
    • Lamina arcus vertebrae
  • Foramen vertebrale
  • Incisura vertebralis cranialis
  • Incisura vertebralis caudalis
  • Foramen intervertebrale
  • Processus spinosus
  • Processus transversus
  • Processus articularis cranialis
  • Processus articularis caudalis
  • Processus mamillare (on the arch of Th and L vertebrae, between proc. articularis cranialis and proc. articularis caudalis)
  • Processus accessori
    • Proc. articularis caudalis → proc. transversus
    • Sus: caudal thoracic vertebrae
    • Car: Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
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2
Q

Give the number of vertebrae in different species

A
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3
Q

Curvatures in the vertebral column

A
  • In domestic animals, the vertebrae form a chain arranged horizontally, along which three major curvatures are recognized:
    1. Dorsal convex curvature (head → neck)
    2. Dorsal concave curvature (neck → chest)
    3. Dorsal convex curvature (thorax → lumbar region)
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4
Q

Definition of epaxial muscles

A
  • Muscles of the axial zone, which elevate, laterally flex and rotate the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
  • Innervation: dorsal branches of the spinal nerves
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5
Q

Definition of hypaxial muscles

A
  • Mainly in the cervical region
  • Muscles which depress the cervical vertebrae
  • Number of muscles are small compared to epaxional musculature
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6
Q

Give the epaxial muscles

A

Long muscles:

  1. M. splenius (superficial layer)
    • Pars capitis
    • Pars cervicalis
  2. M. iliocostalis (middle layer)
    • Pars thoracica
    • Pars lumborum (ca)
  3. M. longissimus (middle layer)
    • Pars lumborum
    • Pars thoracis
    • Pars cervicalis
    • Pars atlantis
    • Pars capitis
  4. M. spinalis et semispinalis (deep layer)
    • Pars thoracis
    • Pars cervicalis
  5. M. semispinalis capitis (deep layer)
    • M. biventer cervicis
    • M. complexus
  6. M. multifidi (deep layer)
    • Pars lumborum
    • Pars thoracis
    • Pars cervicalis

Short muscles:

  1. ​M. intertransversarii
  2. Mm. interspinales
  3. Mm. rotatores
    • Pars brevis
    • Pars longus
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7
Q

M. splenius

A
  • Divided into (ø ca):
    1. Pars capitis
    2. Pars cervicalis
  • Origin:
    • Th1-3, processus spinosus
    • Lig. nucahe, caudal end
  • Insertion:
    • Crista nucha
    • Mastoid part of os temporale
  • Action:
    • Bilateral: Extend the neck, raises head
    • Unilateral: Draw head laterally
    • Eq: Movements of head when galopping, maintains balance when jumping

Epaxial

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8
Q

M. iliocostalis (lateral)

A
  • Ca, divided into:
    1. Pars lumborum (ca)
    2. Pars thoracica
  • Origin: Crista iliaca and fascial sheet
  • Insertion:
    • Eq, sus: Fuse with m. longissimus
    • Others:
      • Ribs on a**ngulus costae
      • C7 vertebra, processus transversus
  • Action:
    • Fix/stabilize the vertebral column
    • Lateral flexion and expiration

Epaxial

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9
Q

M. longissimus (medial)

A
  • Divided into:
    1. Pars lumborum
    2. Pars thoracis
    3. Pars cervicalis
    4. Pars atlantis
    5. Pars capitis
  • Origin: Sacrum and ilium
  • Insertion:
    • _Lumborum and thoraci_s:
      • Processus transversus/mamillaris/spinosus of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae
      • Angula costae
    • Cervicis: Between processus transversus of thoracic vertebrae and cervical vertebrae
    • Atlantis: Between thoracic/cervical vertebrae and ala atlantis
    • Capitis: Processus mastoideus of temporal bone
  • Action:
    • Bilateral: Stabilize and flex head, neck and back dorsally ! increase wightbearing capasity
    • Unilateral: Flex the vertebral column laterally, rotate atlantoaxial joint

Epaxial

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10
Q

M. spinalis or M. spinalis et semispinalis

A
  • M. spinalis (eq, sus)
  • M. spinalis et semispinalis (ca, ru)
  • Divided into:
    1. Pars thoracis
    2. Pars cervicalis
  • Origin: Lumbar vertebrae, processus spinosus
  • Insertion: C2-C3, processus spinosus
  • Action:
    • Bilateral: Extend/stabilize the back, elevate the neck
    • Unilateral: Flex nec/back laterally

Epaxial

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11
Q

M. semispinalis capitis

A
  • Divided into:
    • M. biventer cervicis (dorsal)
    • M. complexus (ventral)
  • Origin:
    • M. biventer cervicis: Th2-4, processus transversus
    • M. complexus: C3-Th1, processus articularis caudalis
  • Insertion: Os occipitale (crista nuchae, protubiranta occipitalis externa)
  • Action:
    • Bilateral: Extends neck
    • Unilateral: Flexes head and neck laterally

Epaxial

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12
Q

Mm. multifidi

A
  • Divided into:
    1. Pars lumborum
    2. Pars thoracis
    3. Pars cervicalis
  • Origin: Processus transversus
  • Insertion: Cranial vertebrae, processus spinosus or arcus dorsalis
  • Action: Stabilize the vertebral column in junction with other muscles
    • Lumbar region: Flex the back ventrally
    • Thoracic region: Rotate the vertebral column
    • Cervical region: Elevate/flex the neck laterally

Epaxial

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13
Q

Mm. intertransversarii

A
  • Extend mainly between the processus transversus of adjacent vertebrae
  • Action: Stabilize and flex cervical and lumbar vertebral column

Epaxial

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14
Q

Mm. interspinales

A
  • Runs between the adjacent processus spinosus
  • Action:
    • Stabilize the vertebral column
    • Ca: flex the spine ventrally

Epaxial

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15
Q

Mm. rotatores

A
  • Divided into:
    1. Pars brevis
    2. Pars longus
  • Cranial part of thoracic vertebrae, between processus spinosus/transversus

Epaxial

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16
Q

Give the hypaxial muscles

A
  1. M. longus colli
    1. ​Pars thoracis
    2. Pars cervicis
  2. M. scalenius
    1. ​Pars ventralis (ø ca)
    2. Pars medius
    3. Pars dorsalis (ø eq)
17
Q

M. longus colli

A
  • Divided into:
    1. Pars thoracis
    2. Pars cervicalis
  • T**h5/6, corpus vertebraeatlas
  • Action: Flex the neck

Hypaxial

18
Q

M. scalenius

A
  • Divided into:
    • Pars ventralis (ø ca)
    • Pars medius
    • Pars dorsalis (ø eq)

In dog:

  • Origin:
    • M. scalenus d__orsalis: C4-6, processus transversus
    • M. scalenus medius: C6-7, processus transversus
  • Insetion:
    • Dorsal:
      • ​Dorsally situated: Rib 1-4
      • Ventrally situated: Rib 1-9
    • M. scalenus medius: Rib 1, cranial border
  • Action:
    • Bilateral: Flex the neck ventrally
    • Unilateral: Flex the neck laterally
    • Inspiratory muscle
19
Q

Statics of the trunk

A
  • Statics: Maintains the equilibrium of the body in a state of rest or in motion
  • Dynamics: Analyses the movement of the body during locomotion
  • Eq: More weight (55%) is carried by the forelimbs

“Bow and string” theory:

  • Bow: The thoracolumbar vertebrae, their articulations and the ligaments and muscles provides a flexible structure
    • Dorsally it has a convex arch which gets its elasticity and nuchael and supraspinous ligaments
    • The two ends of the bow are fixed by:
      • Sternum
      • Linea alba
      • Abdominal muscles
  • String: Abdominal muscles, which reaches from the thorax to the plevis
  • The bow is indirectly attached to the string by interosition of the:
    • Cranially: Thoracic skeleton
    • Caudally: Pelvic bones
  • The string attaches all along the bow
    • Abdominal wall region it is formed by:
      • Linea alba
      • Abdominal muscles
      • Aponeurosis
    • Thorax it is formed by:
      • Sternum
      • Ribs
      • Intercostl muscles
  • Contraction of the abdominal muscle → flexion of bow
  • Contraction of the epaxial muscles → straightens the bow
  • Weight of the viscera attached to the vertebral column → straightens the bow
  • Weight of the viscera on the abdominal muscles → bends the bow
  • Bow and string theory” can extend into the cervical region, but the curve is in the opposite direction to that of the thoracolumbar region
    • Cervical vertebrae and their articulations consititue the bow
    • Nuchal ligament acts as the string
  • Role of the cantilevers (utstikker): equalize centrifugal push
  • Division of the cantilevers:
    • Front: head and neck
    • Hind: sacrum and tail
      • Role: pusch against the bow, allowing the limb to reach gallop
  • Sacrum serve as base of attachment of muscle mass of hindlimb, for mobile connection with last lumbar vertebra but immobile with pelvis
  • Speed increases → thrust increases → lowering of head & lens neck muscles → reastablish equilibrium of body as a whole