C24 - Urinary tract, blood supply and innervation Flashcards

1
Q

Give the division of the urinary tract

A
  • Upper urinary tract:
    • Pelvis renalis
    • Ureter
  • Lower urinary tract:
    • Urinary bladder
    • Urethra
  • In domestic mammals, the proximal ureter begins with a expansion of pelvis renalis, into which all the ductus papillaris open
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2
Q

Histology of the urinary system

A
  • Transitional epithelium (= urothelium) lines the organs of the urinary system
  • Consists of several layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand in order to adapt to the degree of distension needed
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3
Q

Structures to mention

A
  • Pelvis renalis
    • Recessus pelvis (ca)
    • Calices renalis (bo, su)
    • Recessus terminalis (eq)
  • Ureter
    • ​Pars abdominalis
    • Pars pelvina
  • Vesica urinaria
    • Apex vesicae [=Vertex vesicae]
    • Corpus vesicae
    • Cervix vesicae
    • Facies dorsalis
    • Facies ventralis
    • Lig. vesicae medianum
    • Lig. vesicae laterale
      • Lig. teres vesicae
    • Trigonum vesicae
    • Columna ureterica
    • Ostium ureteris
    • Plica ureterica
    • Ostium urethrae internum
  • Urethra masculina
    • Pars pelvina
    • Pars preprostatica
    • Pars prostatica
    • Crista urethralis
    • Colliculus seminalis
    • Ostium ejaculatorium
    • Pars penina
    • Recessus urethralis (su, Ru)
    • Processus urethrae (Ø su)
    • Ostium urethrae externum
  • Urethra feminina
    • ​Ostium urethrae externum
    • Crista urethralis
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4
Q

Pelvis renalis

A
  • The proximal ureter begins with a expansion named pelvis renalis (ø bo)
  • All the ductus papillaris open into pelvis renalis
  • Pelvis renalis collects the urine, which reaches it through the papillary foramina, and conveys it into the ureter
  • Location: within sinus renalis
    • But only fused with tissue around the papilla
  • Pelvis renalis (ø bo)
    • Recessus pelvis (ca)
    • Calices renales (bo, su)
    • Recessus terminales (eq)
  • Horse:
    • The renal pelvis consists of a central cavity and 2 recesuss terminales
    • Most of the ductus papillaris opens into recessus terminalis
  • Carnivores:
    • Moulded around crista renalis
    • Extends ventrally and dorsally to form recessus pelvis
    • Separated by pseudopapillae and interlobular vesses
  • Bovine:
    • Ø pelvis renalis
    • Calices renales formed by terminal branches of uteter
      • Uninte into 2 major channels, which converge from both poles of the kidney to form a single ureter
  • Swine:
    • Calices renalis embrace an equal number of papilla renalis which protrude into pelvis renalis
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5
Q

Ureter

A
  • Extends from the pelvis renalis to the urinary bladder
    • Pelvis renalis → for. papilla → ureter
  • Muscular tube
  • Divided into:
    • Pars abdominalis
    • Pars pelvina
      • Enters the genital fold / lig. latum
  • Enters the urinary ballder close to the cervix vesicae ostium urethris of the urinary bladder**​
  • The ureter enters the bladder wall in such an angle, which automatically closes the way of urine backstream to the kidney from the filling bladder

Innervation:

  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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6
Q

Urinary bladder

A
  • Female: the bladder is related dorsally to uterus and lig. latum
  • Male: short genital fold. The bladder is in contact with rectum, and are therefore more easily palpated rectally
  • The surface of the bladder is covered with peritoneumcervix vesicae)
  • The bladder bladder muscle (m. detrusor) is arranged in 3 layers:
    • Outer longitudinal layer
    • Middle circular layer
    • Inner longitudinal layer
  • M. sphincter vesicae:
    • Covers apex and cervix
    • Keeps the bladder closed
    • Smooth muscle
  • Ureter:
    • Penetrates the muscular coat → producing two ridges (columna uretericae) on the inside → terminates at ostium urethris
    • Enters the bladder wall in such an angle, which automatically closes the way of urine backstream to the kidney from the filling bladder
  • Trigonum vesicae:
    • Formed by:
      • 2 ostium ureteris
      • Ostium urethrae internum
    • The only fixed point of the bladder (no expansion)

Ligaments of the bladder:

  • Lig. vesicae laterale
    • Peritoneal fold
    • Male: attached to dorsolateral wall
    • Female: attached to lig. latum
  • Lig. teres vesicae
    • Cranial free edges of lig. vesicae laterale
    • Formed by a. umbilicalis
    • Originates from a. iliaca interna → apex vesicae
  • Lig. vesicae medianum
    • Median fold
    • Between symphysis pelvis and linea albaventral surface of bladder

Structures:

  • Apex vesicae (Blind cranial end)
  • Corpus vesicae (Dorsal wall of the bladder does not form a fundus vesicae in domestic mammals)
  • Cervix vesicae (Neck)
  • Facies dorsalis
  • Facies ventralis
  • Lig. vesicae medianum (A peritoneal fold attaching the ventral surface of the bladder to the symphysis pelvina and linea alba)
  • Lig. vesicae laterale (A peritoneal fold. Male: attached to dorsolateral pelvic wall. Female: attached to broad ligament)
    • Lig. teres vesicae (Remnant of a. umbilicalis)
  • Trigonum vesicae (Smooth area of mucous membrane between the ostium ureteris and ostium urethrae internum)
  • Columna ureterica (Elevation of the mucosa produced by the ureter in its course in the wall of the bladder)
  • Ostium ureteris (Opening of the ureter)
  • Plica ureterica (Lateral boundary of the trigonum vesicae)
  • Ostium urethrae internum (Internal urethral orifice)
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7
Q

Urethra feminina

A
  • Beginsat cervix vesicae → caudal along the floor of the pelvis
  • The uterine enters at the ostium urethrae internum and leaves through ostium urethrae externum
  • Ostium urethrae externum (On the floor of the genital tract at the junction of the vagina and vestibule)
    • In vestibulum vaginae:
      • Ru, sus: divierticulum suburethrae
      • Ca: tuberculu urethrae
  • Location:
    • Median in position
    • Dorsa: cagina (????)
    • Ventral: symphysis pelvis

Structures:

  • Ostium urethrae externum
  • Crista urethralis
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8
Q

Urethra masculina

A
  • Begins at the ostium urethra internum at the cervix vesicae
  • Ends at the ostium urethrae externum at the tip of the penis
    • Ø su: processus urethralis

Structures:

  • Pars pelvina (Begins at the internal opening at the cervix vesicae)
    • Pars preprostatica (Between bladder and prostata)
    • Pars prostatica
      • Crista urethralis (Dorsal ridge from the junction of the plica ureterica to colliculus seminalis)
      • Colliculus seminalis (Eminence on crista urethralis)
      • Ostium ejaculatorium (Opening of the ductus ejaculatiorius on the colliculus seminalis)
  • Pars penina (Surrounds corpus spongiosum)
    • Recessus urethralis (su, Ru) (Opens ventrally into the urethra)
    • Processus urethrae (Ø su) (free distal part of the urethra)
  • Ostium urethrae externum
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9
Q

Blood supply

A

Ureter:

  • A. renalis → r. utericus (to pars abdominalis)
  • A. vaginalis/prostatica → r. utericus
  • A. umbilicalis → r. utericus

Bladder:

  • A. umbilicalis → a. vesicae cranialis (craniodorsal aspect)
  • A. epigastrica caudalis → a. vesicae mediae (Ca, su????)
  • A. vaginalis/prostatica → a. vesicae caudalis (to cervix vesicae, main blood supply)

Urethra:

  • A. vaginalis/prostatica → r. urethralis
  • A. pudenda interna → a. urethralis
  • A. vesicalis caudalis → r. urethralis (to initial portion)
  • The urethral wall contains venous plexus in submucosa (erectile properties)
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10
Q

Innervation

A
  • Autonomic fibers reches the bladder through:
    • N. hypogastricus
      • ​Autonomus
      • From plexus mesentericus caudalis, runs to plexus pelvinus
      • Plexus vesicelis cranialis: with aa. vesicales cranialis in lig. vesice laterale to apex vesicae
      • Plexus vesicalis caudalis: to corpus vesicae and cervix vesicae
    • Nn. pelvini
      • From plexus pelvinus
  • Sensory fibers goes through n. pudenda: to m. urethralis
  • Bladder:
    • N. hypogastricus
    • Nn. pelvini
  • Urethra:
    • N. pudendus
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