B29 - Peritonenum, serous duplicatures in the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 1

Peritoneum

Structures to mention

Answer 1

• Peritoneum parietale (On the walls of the above cavities)
• Peritoneum viscerale (Covering the organs)
• Cavum peritonei (The potential space containing peritoneal fluid between the parietal and visceral peritoneum)
• Foramen omentale [epiploicum] (Opening from the greater peritoneal sac to the vestibulum bursae omentalis)
• Bursa omentalis (Lesser peritoneal sac, potential space enclosed by the two omenta, the stomach and the liver)
  
  • Vestibulum bursae omentalis (Enclosed by omentum minus, stomach and liver)
  • Recessus dorsalis omentalis (Minor diverticulum of the vestibule between right crus of the diaphragm and liver, and between esophagus and vena cava caudalis)
  • Aditus ad recessum caudalem (Bounded by plica gastropancreatica, plica hepatopancreatica, curvatura ventriculi minor and duodenum)
  • Recessus caudalis omentalis (Enclosed by the omentum majus)
  • Recessus lienalis (The left extremety of the bursa omentalis. Enclosed by the ligg. Gastrophrenicum, gastrolienale and phrenicolienale)
• Recessus supraomentalis (Ru) (Peritoneal cavity dorsal to the omentum majus)
• Omentum majus [Epiploön] (Peritoneal sac between intestines and ventral abdominal wall. Encloses the recessus caudalis omentalis​)
  
  • Paries superficialis (Part of the omentum majus from curvatura ventriculi major to the caudal reflection)
  • Paries profundus (Deep wall. From its dorsal attachment to the caudal reflection)
  • Lig. gastrophrenicum (Extends from diaphragm → fundus of the stomach)
  • Lig. gastrolienale (Between stomach → spleen)
  • Lig. lienorenale (eq) (Between diaphragm → spleen)
  • Velum omentale (ca) (Connects paries profundus of omentum majus with the left surface of mesocolon descendens)
• Mesoduodenum
• Mesenterium (Attached to jejenum and ileum)
  
  • Radix mesenterii (Dorsal attachment. Containing a. mesenterica cranialis)
  • Mesojejunum
  • Mesoileum
• Mesocolon
  
  • Mesocolon ascendens
  • Mesocolon transversum
  • Mesocolon descendens
  • Mesocolon sigmoideum (bo)
• Mesorectum
• Omentum minus (Connects curvatura ventriculi minor and pars cranialis duodeni to fascies visceralis of liver)
  
  • Lig. hepatogastricum (From liver → stomach)
  • Lig. hepatoduodenale (From liver → pars cranialis duodeni. Contains v. Portae, a. Hepatica, and ductus choledochus. Forms ventral boundary of for. omentale)
• Lig. falciforme hepatis
• Lig. coronarium hepatis (Attaches to diaphragm. Surrounding area nuda and sulcus venae cavae, and connecting ligg. Triangularia and falciforme)
  
  • Lig. triangulare dextrum (Right lobe of liver → diaphragm)
  • Lig. triangulare sinistrum (Left lobe of liver → diaphragm)
• Lig. hepatorenale (Between processus caudatus → right kidney)
• Plica duodenocolica (Fold of peritoneum between duodenum ascendens → colon descendens)
• Plica ileocaecalis (Between antimesiteric surface of the ileum and cecum)
• Plica caecocolica (eq) (Between tenia libera lateralis of the right ventral colon → tenia lateralis ceci)
• Excavatio rectogenitalis (Recess of peritoneal cavity between rectum and plica genitalis (male), uterus and ligg. lata (female))
  
  • Fossa pararectalis (Lateral to rectum and mesorectum)
• Excavatio vesicogenitalis (Between bladder and plica genitalis (male), uterus and ligg. lata (female))
• Excavatio pubovesicalis (Peritoneal recess. Ventral to bladder and ligg. vesicae lateralia)
• Spatium retroperitoneale (Between peritoneum → body wall)

Question 2

Name the serous cavities present in the trunk

General knowledge

Answer 2

There are 4 serosal cavities

• Cavum pleurae
  
  • ​Left and right
  • Formed by pleura
• Cavum pericardii
  
  • ​Formed by pericardium serosum
• Cavum peritonei
  
  • ​Fromed by peritoneum

Question 3

Peritoneum

Divisions

Answer 3

• Peritoneum parietale
  
  • ​Covers the inner surface of the walls of the abdominal, pelvic and scrotal cavities
• Peritoneum viscerale
  
  • ​Covers the organs of the abdominal, pelvic and scrotal cavities
• Connecting peritoneum
  
  • ​Consists of double sheets of peritoneum extending between organs or connecting them to peritoneum parietale
  • These peritoneal folds are called:
    
    • Mesenteries (From abdominal wall → jejunum and ileum)
    • Omenta
    • Ligaments (From a wall → organ, or from organ → organ
• Cavum peritonei communicates with the pleural cavity through the three openings in the diaphragm:
  
  • Hiatus aorticus (for aorta and v. azygous)
  • Hiatus esophageus (for esophagus and tr. vagus)
  • For. venae cavae (for v. cava caudalis)

Question 4

Peritoneum

Define retroperitoneum

Answer 4

Organs that lie agianst the walls of the abdominal or pelvic cavities and that are covered only on one surface by peritoneum are said to be retroperitoneal

Question 5

Peritoneum

Define intraperitoneal

Answer 5

• Intraperitoneal structures includes:
  
  • GI-tract (ø caudal part of rectum and anus)
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Urogenital tract (ø kidney and parts of the uterus)

Question 6

Peritoneum

Openings in peritoneum

Answer 6

• Cavum peritonei communicates with the pleural cavity through the three openings in the diaphragm:
  
  • Hiatus aorticus (for aorta and v. azygous)
  • Hiatus esophageus (for esophagus and tr. vagus)
  • For. venae cavae (for v. cava caudalis)
• Male: completely closed
• Female: opening at the abdominal end of each tuba uterina → communication with the external genitalia

Question 7

Peritoneum

1. Define the pelvic peritoneal pouches
2. Draw them

Answer 7

• Processus vaginalis peritonei
  
  • ​Male: Canalis inguinalis permits a peritoneal invagination (tunica vaginalis) to reach the scrotum
    
    • ​Ca: also in female
• Excavatio rectogenitalis
  
  • ​Most dorsal
  • Male: Rectum → plica genitalis
  • Female: Uterus → ligg. lata
  • Fossa pararectalis is an extension
    
    • Lateral to rectum and mesorectum
• Excavatio vesicogenitalis
  
  • ​Male: Bladder → plica genitalis
  • Female: Uterus → ligg. lata
• Excavatio pubovesicalis
  
  • ​Floor of pelvis → bladder and its ligaments

Question 8

Abdominal cavity

Define the abdominal cavity

Answer 8

• Extends from arcus costalis and last rib → linea terminalis which surrounds the entrance of the pelvic cavity
• Caudal to diaphragm
• Wall of the cavity is formed by:
  
  • Cranial:
    
    • Diaphragm
  • Dorsal:
    
    • Consists of:
      
      • Skin
      • Superficial and deep thoracolumbar fasciae
      • Epaxial muscles (m. iliocostalis, m. longissimus, m.. multifidus)
      • Hypaxial muscles
      • Lumbar vertebrae (m. quadratus lumborum, m. iliopsoas, m. psoas minor)
      • Iliac fascia
    • Roof of abdominal cavity
  • Lateral and ventral:
    
    • Skin
    • Superficial fasciae (enclose m. cutaneous trunci)
    • Deep fasciae (herbivores = tunica flava)
    • Abdominal muscles
    • Internal fasciae = fascia transversus
  • Caudal:
    
    • Continous with the pelvic cavity

Question 9

Abdominal cavity

List the serous duplicates in the abdominal cavity

Answer 9

• Liver:
  
  • Lig. falciforme hepatis
    
    • ​By omentum minus: peritoneal fold that passes from the umbilicus → diaphragm, also attached to the liver between lobus hepatis sinister medialis and lobus quadratus
  • Lig. teres hepatis
    
    • ​Remnant of v. umbilicalis
    • Liver → umbilicus
  • Lig. triangulare dextra/sinistra
    
    • ​Right and left lobes of liver → diaphragm
  • Lig. coronarium
    
    • ​Liver → diaphragm
    • Surrounds area nuda and sulcus vena cava on the liver
  • Lig. hepatogastricum
    
    • ​Liver → stomach
    • The greater part of omentum minus
  • Lig. hepatoduodenale
    
    • ​Liver → pars cranialis duodeni
    • Contains:
      
      • V. portae
      • A. hepatica
      • Ductus choleoductus
    • ​Free right border of omentum munus
  • Lig. hepatorenale
    
    • ​Processus caudatus of liver → right kidney
• Spleen:
  
  • Lig. gastrolienale
    
    • ​Part of omentum majus
    • Stomach → spleen
  • Lig. phrenicolienalis
    
    • ​Diaphragm → splee
  • Lig. lienorenalis (Eq?)
    
    • ​Part of omentum majus
    • Hilus renalis → left kidney
• Intestines:
  
  • Plica duodenocolica
    
    • ​Between antimesenteric surface of ileum and cecum
    • Eq: attached to tenia dorsalis ceci
  • Mesoduodenum​
  • Mesentrium (attached to jejunum and ileum)
    
    • Mesojejunum
    • Mesoileum
  • Mesocolon
  • Omentum majus
    
    • ​Peritoneal sac between intestines and ventral abdominal wall
    • Encloses the recessus caudalis omentalis
  • Omentum minus
    
    • ​Connects curvatura ventriculi minor and pars cranialis duodeni → fascies visceralis of liver

Question 10

Pelvic cavity

Define pelvic cavity

Answer 10

• Encircled by os pelvis
• Linea terminalis marks the pelvic inlet
• Cranial part of the pelvic cavity is lined by peritoneum
• Enclosed by:
  
  • Dorsal: sacrum and first 3-4 caudal vertebrae
  • Lateral: ileum
    
    • ​Un: also formed by lig. sacrotuberale latum
  • Ventral: os ilium, os ischium and os pubis
• Abdominal peritoneum extends into the pelvic cavty
  
  • Lines its cranial part
  • Invest the pelvic organs and forms the ligaments associated with them
• Components of pelvic cavity:
  
  • Rectum
  • Canalis analis
  • Portion of urinary bladder
  • Urethra, pars pelvina
  • Male: accessory genital glands
  • female: genital organs, caudal part

Question 11

Pelvic cavity

Pelvic inlet

Answer 11

Entrance in pelvic inlet is an osseus ovale ring: linea terminalis​

Question 12

Pelvic cavity

Pelvic outlet

Answer 12

• Formed by:
  
  • Dorsal: 3^rd-4^th caudal vertebrae
  • Lateral:
    
    • Un: lig. sacroischiaticum, sacrotuberal part
    • Ca: lig. sacrotuberale
  • Ventral: tuber ischiadicum and the arch that connects them
• Pelvic outlet is smaller than pelvic inlet (ø ca)
• Size can be increased by moving the tail
  
  • Important during parturition

Question 13

Pelvic cavity

What marks the pelvic inlet?

Answer 13

Linea terminalis

Circular line from promontorium, across ala ossis sacri, along linea arcurata and pecten ossis pubis

Question 14

Pelvic cavity

List the serous duplications of the pelvic cavity

Answer 14

• Lig. vesice lateralis (male: dorsal pelvic wall)
• Lig. vesicae medialis
• Female:
  
  • Lig. latum uteri
    
    • ​Folds of peritoneum attatching the intraperitoneal female genital organs to the dorsolateral body wall
    • Arise from wall of pelvic cavity and caudal part of abdominal cavity
  • Meovarium
    
    • ​Part of lig. latum uteri
    • Contains the ovarian vessels
    • Suspends the ovaries
    • Homologous to the mesorchium
  • Mesosalphinx
    
    • ​​Part of lig. latum uteri
    • Fold laterally detached from lig. latum uteri
    • Contains tuba uterina
    • Forms lateral wall of bursa ovarica
    • Ca, su: completely surrounds the ovary
  • Lig. suspensorium ovarii (free border of mesovarium)
    
    • ​Mesometrium
      
      • ​Part of lig. latum uteri
      • Attached to cornu uteri and corpus uteri
• Male:
  
  • Plica genitalis
    
    • ​Contains:
      
      • Ampulla ductus defernts
      • Ureter
      • Gl. vesicularis (ø ca)
    • Separates excavatio rectogenitalis from excavatio vesicogenitalis