A4 - Components and classification of joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is the man division of joints?

A
  • Synarthroses (immobile, without joint space)
  • synovial joints (with a joint cavity filled with joint fluid)
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2
Q

Synarthrosis

A
  • Immobile, articulations without a joint space
  • Fibrous junctions (filled with soft tissue)
  • Cartilaginous joints (filled with cartilage)
  • Fibrous joints can be subdivided into:
    • Syndemoses (eg. attachment of the declaws to the metapodium in ox)
    • Suturae (unite the bones of the skull)
      • Sutrua serrata (stable, non-compressible)
      • Sutura squamosa (overlapping on edges that don’t match)
      • Sutura foliata (extreme stability, zygomaticomaxillary suture)
      • Sutura plana (most of the bones in the skull)
    • Gomphosis (implantation of the teeth in the dental alveoli)
  • Cartilagenous joints can be subdivided into:
    • Synchondroses
      • Hyaline cartilage joints
      • Between base of skull and os hyoideum
    • Sympyses
      • Fibrocartilagenous joints
      • Between the two halves of the pelvis or the mandible
    • Synostoses
      • Ossified junctions
      • Between the equine radius and ulna
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3
Q

Synovial joints

  1. What is present in a joint?
  2. Draw a general joint
A
  • Caput articulare
  • Fovea articularis (facet fitting the head)
  • Capsula articularis, two fused layers:
    • Stratum fibrosum (outer)
    • Stratum synoviale (contains blood vessels and nerves)
  • Cavum articulare
    • Contains synovial fluid
  • Lig. articulare (internal and/or external ligaments to strengthen the joints)

Not always present features in incongruent joints (articular heads “non-fitting” cups):

  • Discus articularis / meniscus articularis
    • Disc (divides the joint partly)
    • ​Menisc (divides the joint completely)
  • Bursa synovialis (so muscles and tendons don’t get in contact with the bone)
  • Ligaments
    • ​Lig. collaterale (single plane, thickest at the side that moves the least)
    • Lig. labrum (marginal cartilages, shoulder, hip)
    • Lig. capsulare (patellar ligament)
  • Fat pads (corpus adiposum, fills out irregularities)
  • Plicae (synovial fold, usually contains fat)
  • Villi synovialis
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4
Q

Synovial joint

On which terms can a synovial joint be categoized?

A
  • By axis
    • Monoaxial
    • Biaxial
    • Multiaxial
  • By number of joints
    • Simplex
    • Duplex
    • Composita
  • By forms of articular surfaces (shapes of the head and cup)
    • Cochlear joint
    • Plane joint
    • Sledge joint
    • Hinge joint
    • Pivot joint
    • Condylar joint
    • Ellipsoid joint
    • Saddle joint
    • Spheroidal joint
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5
Q

Synovial joints

Categorized by axis

A
  • Monoaxial:
    • One way of moving
      • Flexion - extension
  • Biaxial:
    • Two ways of moving
      • Flexion - extension
      • Adduction - abduction
  • Multiaxial:
    • More than two ways of moving
      • Flexion - extension
      • Adduction - abduction
      • Rotation
  • Monoaxial joints:
    • Cochlear joint/art. cochlearis (tarsal joint)
    • Plane joint/art. plana (intervertebral joint)
    • Sledge joint/delabens (art. femoropatellaris)
    • Hinge joint/art. ginglymus (fetlock joint, art. metacarpophalangea, elbow joint)
    • Pivot joint/art. trochlearis (art. atlantoaxialis, art, radioulnaris

​​

  • Diaxial joints:
    • Condylar joint/art. condylaris (art. femorotibialis, art. temporomandibularis)
    • Art. ellipsoidea (art. atlantooccipitalis)
    • Saddle joint/art. sellaris (pastern joint, art, interphalangea prox/dist
  • Multiaxial joints:
    • Spheroidal joint/art. spheroidea (shoulder joint, art. humeri, art. coxae)
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6
Q

Synovial joints

Categorized by number of joints

A
  • ​​Art. simplex
    • Two bones
    • Example: shoulder joint
  • Art. duplex
    • Addition cartilage
    • Example: stifle joint
  • Art. composita
    • Involving more than three bones
    • Example:
      • Tarasal joint
      • Carpal joint
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7
Q

Synovial joints (diarthrosis)

Catagorized by forms of articular surfaces

A
  1. Cochlear joint (art. cochlearis)
    • Monoaxial
    • Example: tarsal joint
  2. Plane joint (art. plana)
    • Monoaxial
    • Example: intervertebral joint
  3. Sledge joint (delabens)
    • Monoaxial
    • Example: art. femoropatellair
  4. Hinge joint (art. ginglymus)
    • Monoaxial
    • Example:
      • Fetlock joint
      • Art. metacarpophalangea
      • Elbow joint
  5. Pivot joint (art. trochoidea)
    • Monoaxial
    • Example:
      • Art. atantoaxialis
      • Art. radioulnaris
  6. Condylar joint (art. condylaris)
    • Diaxial
    • Example:
      • Art. femorotibialis
      • Art. temporomandibularis
  7. Ellipsoideal joint (art. ellipsoidea)
    • Diaxial
    • Example: art. atlanooccipitalis
  8. Saddle joint (art. sellaris)
    • Diaxial
    • Example:
      • Pastern joint
      • Art. interphalangea proximalis/distalis
  9. Spheroideal joint (art. spheroidea)
    • Multiaxial
    • Example:
      • Shoulder joint
      • Art. humeri
      • Art. coxae
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8
A
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