A25 - Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes of the head, neck, thorax and forelimb

Question 1

Give the lymphatic centers of the head, neck, thorax and forelimb

Answer 1

1. Lc. parotideum (head)
2. Lc. mandibulare ​(head)
3. Lc. retropharyngeum ​(head)
4. Lc. cervicalis profundus (neck)
5. Lc. cervicalis superficialis (neck)
6. Lc. axillare (thoracic limb)
7. Lc. thoracicum dorsale (throax)
8. Lc. thoracicum ventrale ​(throax)
9. Lc. mediastinalis ​(throax)
10. Lc. traceabronchale ​(throax)
11. Lc. pulmonale ​(throax)

Question 2

Head

Lc. parotideum

Answer 2

1. Ln. parotideus superficialis
   
   • ​Between gl. parotideus and ​m. masseter
2. Ln. parotideus profundus
   
   • ​​Inside gl. parotideum

• Drain:
  
  • Dorsal half of head
  • Orbit
  • Masticatory muscles

Question 3

Head

Lc. madibulare

Answer 3

1. Ln. mandibularis
   
   • ​​V. facialis

• Drain:
  
  • Oral cavity
  • Salivary glands
  • Intermandibular space
  • Masticatory muscles

Question 4

Head

Lc. retropharyngeum

Answer 4

1. Ln. retropharyngeum medialis
   
   • ​​Fossa atlantis
2. Ln. retropharyngeum lateralis (ø Ca)
   
   • Eq: drain gutteral pouch

• Drain:
  
  • Deep parts of head
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Cranial thrachea
  • Esophagus
  • Eq: gutteral pouch

Question 5

Neck

Lc. cervicalis profundus

Answer 5

1. Ln. cervicalis profundus cranialis
   
   • ​Close to larynx
2. Ln. cervicalis profundus medialis
   
   • ​​Thoracic inlet
   • Sometimes absent
3. Ln. cervicalis profundus caudalis
   
   • ​​Bifucation of trachea

• Drains:
  
  • Deep structures of cervical region:
    
    • Trachea
    • Esophagus
    • Thyroid gland
    • Thymus
• Drain into lymphatic duct → thoracic duct

Question 6

Neck

Lc. cervicalis superficialis

Answer 6

1. Ln. cervicalis superficialis dorsalis
2. Ln. cervicalis superficialis medius
3. Ln. cervicalis superficialis ventralis

• Efferent vessels åass to lc. cervicalis profundum
• Location: cranial to shoulder joint

Question 7

Thoracic limb

Lc. axillare

Answer 7

1. Ln. axillare proprius
   
   • By the 1^st rib
2. Ln. axillare accessorius (ca, eq)
   
   • V. thoracica lateralis
3. Ln. axillare primae costae (ø ca)
   
   • V. brachialis → 1^st rib and sternum
4. Ln. cubiti (eq, ov)
   
   • Medial of art. cubiti

• Drains:
  
  • Deep structures of the limb
  • Superficial structures of distal limb

Question 8

Thorax

Lc. thoracicum dorsale

Answer 8

1. Ln. thoracica aortici (ø ca)
   
   • Along arota
2. Ln. intercostalis
   
   • ​Upper part of some intercostal space
3. Ln. hemalis (ru)
   
   1. Do not contain lymph, but blood

• Drains:
  
  • Roof of thorax → thoracic duct

Question 9

Thorax

Lc. thoracicum ventrale

Answer 9

1. Ln. sternalis cranialis
   
   • ​V. thoracica interna
2. Ln. sternalis caudalis (ru)
   
   • V. thoracica interna
3. Ln. phrenici (larger animals)
   
   • ​V. phrenica abdominalis

• Drains:
  
  • Ventral part of thoracic wall → thoracic duct or mediastinal lymph nodes

Question 10

Thorax

Lc. mediastinalis

Answer 10

1. Ln. mediastinale craniale (sus, ca)
   
   • Cranial part of heart
2. Ln. mediastinale mediale
   
   • ​Close to heart
3. Ln. mediastinale caudale (ø ca)
   
   • Caudal part of ​heart

Question 11

Thorax

Lc. tracheabronchale

Answer 11

1. Ln. tracheobronchalis sinistra
   
   • ​Bifucation
   • Special importance in horse: paralysis of n. recurrens laryngis sinistra
2. Ln. tracheobronchalis dextra
   
   • ​​Bifucation
3. Ln. tracheobronchalis media
   
   • ​​Bifucation
4. Ln. tracheobronchalis cranialis (ru, sus)
   
   • Bronchis trachealis

Question 12

Thorax

Lc. pulmonale

Answer 12

1. Ln. pulmonalis (eq, ru)
   
   • Within lung tissue
   • Drains parenchyma

Question 13

Give the interspecies differences

Answer 13

1. Ln. retropharyngeum lateralis (ø Ca) (lc. retropharyngeum)
2. Ln. axillare accessorius (ca, eq) (lc. axillare)
3. Ln. axillare primae costae (ø ca) (lc. axillare)
4. Ln. cubiti (eq, ov) (lc. axillare)
5. Ln. thoracica aortici (ø ca) (lc. thoracicum dorsale)
6. Ln hemalis (ru) (lc. thoracicum dorsale)
7. Ln. sternalis caudalis (ru) (lc. thoracicum ventrale)
8. Ln. mediastinale craniale (sus, ca) (lc. mediastinalis)
9. Ln. mediastinale caudale (ø ca) (lc. mediastinalis)
10. Ln. tracheobronchalis cranialis (ru, sus) (lc. trachebronchale)
11. Ln. pulmonalis (eq, ru) (lc. pulmonale)

Question 14

General about lymphatic vessels

Answer 14

• Arteries/veins → interstitial fluid space → lymphatic capillaries → lymph vessels → lymph ducts → v. jugularis / v. cava cranialis
• Proteins pass throught the capillary walls of arteries and veins into the interstitial fluid space, and then taken up by blind-ending lymphatic capillaries
• Lymphatic capillaries form plexuses within most body tissues, from which larger lymph vessels take their origin
• Lymph vessels opens into v. jugularis or v. cava cranialis
• Lymph vessels are interrupted by lymph nodes
• Ø CNS
• Ø valves in lymph capillaries
• Valves in lymph vessels
  
  • ​More valves than veins
  • Thinner walls than veins
• Afferent lymph vessels: capillary region → lymph node
• Efferent lymph vessels: leave the lymph node

Lymph centers:

• Car, ru: fewer, but induvidually large lymph nodes
• Su, eq: larger number of small lymph nodes

Question 15

Draw the main lymphatic vessels

Answer 15

Question 16

Draw the division of lymph nodes

Answer 16