B4 - Arcus aortae, aorta thoracica, v. cava cranialis

Question 1

Draw arcus aortae of:

1. Horse
2. Ruminant
3. Swine
4. Dog

Answer 1

• Arcus aortae gives rise to vessels which supply the head, neck, forelimb and cranial region of the thorax, and some thoracic organs
• A. vertebralis
  
  • ​Runs through forr. transversaria of C6, through canalis transversus → goes cranially to atlas
  • ​Anastomoses with a. occipitalis
• A. cervicalis profunda
  
  • ​Ca, ru, su: from tr. costocervicalis
  • Eq:
    
    • Sinister from a. subclavia
    • Dexter from tr. brachiocephalicus
• A. scapularis dorsalis
  
  • ​Eq, ca, ru: arises from tr. costocervicalis
  • Sus: arise from a. subclavia
  • Between m. serratus ventralis cervicalis and m. longimissimus dorsi to the ventral border of scapula
• A. vertebralis thoracica
• A. thoracica interna
  
  • ​Leaves a. subclavia medial to 1^st rib
  • It gives off at each segment r. intercostalis ventralis
    
    • ​r. intercostalis ventralis anastomose with a. intercostalis dorsalis
  • Rr. perforantes
  • Rr. sternales
  • Rr. mammari (ca, sus)
  • Rr. mediastinales
  • Rr. thymichi
  • Divides into:
    
    • A. musculophrenica
      
      • ​Rr. intercostales ventrales
      • Rr. prhrenici → diaphragm
    • A. epigastrica cranialis
      
      • ​Divides into deep and superficial branches
• A. cervicalis superficialis
  
  • ​Springs from a. subclavia
  • Branches to lnn. cervicalis profundi caudales
  • Rr. deltoideus
  • R. ascendens
  • A. suprascapularis (interspecies?)
  • R. acromialis (sus)

Question 2

Draw the complete arterial system of the thorax (dog)

Answer 2

Question 3

Draw aorta thoracica

Answer 3

• Starts from between 3^rd and 6^th thoracich vertebrae
• Runs caudally below the roof of the thorax
• After it pierces the diaphragm (hiatus aorticus) it contiues as aorta abdominalis
• Aa. intercostales dorsales
  
  • ​End by anastomosing with aa. intercostales ventrales and a. musculophrenica from a. thoracica interna
• A. costoabdominalis dorsalis
• A. prhenica cranialis (eq)
• A. broncho-esophagea
  
  • ​Ca: sinister et dexter
  • Sus: single artery
  • Eq: unpaired
  • Ru: r. bronchais

Question 4

Draw vena cava cranialis (dog)

Answer 4

• Vena cava crainialis arise from the craniodorsal part of the sinus venosus of the right atrium
• Vena cava cranialis runs towards the thoracic inlet in the cranial mediastinum to the right of the midline and ventral to the trachea.
• At first, vena cava crianialis is situated left to tr. brachiocephlaicus, but by the thoracic inlet is reached, it has become ventral to it
• V. azygous dextra (ø sus)
  
  • Arises from v. cava cranialis
  • V. hemiazygous sinistra (not always)
  • V. broncho-esophagea
• V. azygous sinistra (ru, sus)
  
  • Arises from sinus coronarius of the heart
  • V. hemiazygous dextra???
• V. intercostales dorsales and v. costoabdominalis dorsalis
  
  • ​Each vein gives off r. dorsales
• V. costocervicalis
  
  • ​Dextra et sinistra
  • Arises from vena cava cranialis
    
    • ​Ca: sinistra arises from v. brachiocephalica
  • V. vertebralis​
  • V. cervicalis profunda
  • V. scapularis dorsalis
  • V. intercostalis suprema
  • V. intercostalis I (ca), v. intercostalis II (sus)
• V. thoracica interna
  
  • ​Arises at the level of the 1^st to 2^nd intercostal space
  • Arise by common stem in ca
  • Vv. intercostalis ventralis
  • Vv. perforantes
    
    • ​Rr. sternalis
    • Rr. mammarii (ca, sus)
  • Vv. mediastinales
  • Vv. thymichi (young animals)
  • V. pericardiophrenica
  • Divides when it reaches the diaphragm:
    
    • V. musculophrenica
      
      • ​Vv. intercostales ventrales
    • V. epigastrica craniales
      
      • ​V. epigastrica cranialis superficialis (ø eq)
        
        • Rr. mammarii (ca, sus)
        • Anastomoses with V. epigastrica caudalis superficiales
• V. brachiocephalica
  
  • ​V. brachiocephalica dextra (ca, sus)
  • V. brachiocephalica sinistra
    
    • ​V. costocervicalis sinistra
    • V. thoracica interna sinistra
    • V. thyroidea caudalis (car)
    • V. subclavia sinistra et dextra
      
      • ​Ca, sus: arises from division of tr. brachiocephalica division
      • Ru, eq: arises from vena cava caudalis at the thoracic inlet
      • Sus: doubel
    • V. jugularis externa sinistra et dextra
      
      • ​V. jugularis interna sinistra et dextra (ø eq)
      • V. cephalica sinistra et dextra
      • V. cervicalis superficialis sinistra et dextra

Question 5

Give the interspecies differences in vena cava cranialis

Answer 5