B20 - Liver, hepatic microcirculation, pancreas, blood supply and innervation Flashcards

1
Q

Liver

Structures to mention in the liver

A
  • Facies diaphragmatica (Diaphragmatic surface, covex)
    • Area nuda (Not covered by tunica serosa)
  • Facies visceralis (In contact with the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, colon, right kidney)
    • Fossa vesicae felleae (Gall bladder fossa)
    • Lig. teres hepatis (Round ligament, remnant of v. umbilicalis)
    • Porta hepatis (Hilius of the liver, passage for v. porta, ducuts hepaticus communis and a. hepatica)
    • Impressio oesophagea (On margo dorsalis)
    • Impressio gastrica (On left lobe)
    • Impressio reticularis (Ru) (On left lobe)
    • Impressio omasica (Ru) (On visceral surface)
    • Impressio renalis (Ø su) (On the right lobe and caudate process)
  • Margo dorsalis
  • Margo dexter
  • Margo sinister
  • Margo ventralis
  • Lobuli hepatis (Histological units of liver)
  • Arteriae interlobulares (Between the lobuli hepatis)
  • Venae interlobulares (Branches of the v. porta between the lobuli hepatis)
  • Venae centrales (Terminal branch of the hepatic veins in the lobuli hepatis)
  • Ductuli interlobulares (Interlobular bile duct)
  • Ductuli biliferi (Biliferous ductules)
  • Ductus hepaticus communis (Ø ca) (From the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts to the entry of the cystic duct)
  • Ductus hepaticus dexter (Draining right part of the liver)
  • Ductus hepaticus sinister (Draining left part of the liver)
  • Margo acutus (Facies diaphragmatica et visceralis meet ventrolaterally, sharp-edged border)
  • Margo obtusus (Facies diaphragmatica et visceralis meet dorsally, blunt border)
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2
Q

Liver

Give the interspecies differences

A
  • Facies visceralis:
    • Impressio reticularis (ru)
    • Impressio omasia (ru)
    • Impressio renalis (ø sus)
  • Ductus hepatis communis (ø ca)
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3
Q

Liver

  1. Give the lobes of the liver
  2. Give the interspecies differences of the lobes
A
  • Lobus hepatis dexter lateralis
  • Lobus hepatis dexter medialis
  • Lobus quadratus
  • Lobus caudatus
    • Processus papillaris
    • Processus caudatus
  • Lobus hepatis sinister lateralis
  • Lobus hepatis sinister medialis
  • Ca: have all of the lobes
  • Eq:
    • Lobus hepatis dexter (ø divided lobus hepatis dexter)
    • Ø processus caudatus
  • Bo:
    • Lobus hepatis dexter (ø divided lobus hepatis dexter)
    • Lobus hepatis sinister (ø divided lobus hepatis sinister)
  • Sus:
    • Ø processus papillaris
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4
Q

Liver

List the impressions on the liver

A
  • Impressio oesophagea (On margo dorsalis)
  • Impressio gastrica (On left lobe)
  • Impressio reticularis (Ru) (On left lobe)
  • Impressio omasica (Ru) (On visceral surface)
  • Impressio renalis (Ø su) (On the right lobe and caudate process)
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5
Q

Liver

Location

A
  • Thoracic part of the abdomen
  • Behind diaphragm
  • The bluk of the liver lies to the right of the median plane
  • Ru: development of rumen pushes the liver entirely into the right half of the abdomen
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6
Q

Liver

What goes through porta hepatis

A
  • Hilus of the liver
  • Passage for:
    • Vena porta
    • Ductus hepaticus communis (bile duct)
    • A. hepatica enter or leaves the liver
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7
Q

Liver

Margins of the liver

A
  • Margo dorsalis
  • Margo ventralis
  • Margo dexter
  • Margo sinister
  • Margo acutus
    • Facies diaphragmatica & facies visceralis meet ventrolaterally
    • Sharped-edged border
  • Margo obtusus
    • Facies diaphragmatica & facies visceralis meet dorsally
    • Blunt border
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8
Q

Liver

Give the ligaments and attachments of the liver

A
  • The liver is related to the ventral mesentery during embryonic development
  • Lig. hepatogastricum
    • O**mentum minus
    • Liver → stomach
  • Lig. hepatoduodenale
    • O**mentum minus
    • Liver → pars cranialis duodeni
    • Contains:
      • V. portae
      • A. hepatica
      • Ductus choledochus
    • Forms the ventral boundary of the foramen omentale
  • Lig. falciforme hepatis
    • Liver → ventral abdominal wall)
  • Lig. teres hepatis
    • Liver → navel
    • Round ligament
    • Remnant of v. umbilicalis
  • Lig. coronarium hepatis (connecting ligg. triangularia and lig. falciforme hepatis)
    • ​Lig. triangulare dextrum
      • Right free fold of lig. coronarium
      • Right lobe of liver → diaphragm
    • Lig. triangulare sinistrum
      • Left free fold of lig. coronarium
      • Left lobe of liver → diaphragm
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9
Q

Liver

Draw the liver of the dog

A
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10
Q

Liver

Hepatic microcirculation

A
  • Liver lobulse: structural unit of the liver
    • Interlobular connective tissue separates them
  • Portal triad:
    • Composed of:
      • A. hepatica
      • V. porta
      • Bile duct
    • At the angle of the liver lobule
  • Hepatic sinusoids:
    • Runs between hepatocytes
    • Contains mixed blood:
      • Blood from aa. interlobularis
      • Blood from vv. interlobularis
    • Empty into central veins
  • Vena porta:
    • Enter the liver through porta hepatis
    • Gives vv. interlobularis → enter the liver sinusoids
  • V. portae
    • Vv. interlobularis
      • Central veins
        • ​V. sublobularis
          • ​V. hepaticae (leaves the liver, drains into v. cava caudalis)
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11
Q

Liver

Blood supply

A

Nutritive:

  • A. coeliaca
    • ​A. hepatica
  • V. hepatica
    • ​V. cava caudalis

Functional:

  • Vena portae ​→ v. interlobularis ​→ Vv. circulobularis ​→ R. intralobularis (filtration) ​→ Vv. centralis ​→ V. sublobularis​ → Vv. hepaticae ​→ V. cava caudalis
  • Vena portae: venous blood from the intestines are cleaned into the liver
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12
Q

Liver

Innervation

A

N. vagus (parasympathetic) ​→ ggl. coeliacum (sympathetic) (enter at the porta)

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13
Q

Liver

  1. Structures to mention in the gall bladder
  2. Function of the gall bladder
  3. Location
  4. Draw the gall bladder
A

1. Structures:

  • Vesica fella (ø eq)
  • Fundus vesicae felleae (Bottom of the gall bladder, blind end)
  • Corpus vesicae felleae
  • Collum vesicae felleae
  • Ductus cysticus (Joins the ductus hepaticus communis to form ductus choledochus)
  • Ductus hepatocystici (ca, Ru)
  • Ductus choledochus (Common bile duct, formed by the union of the cystic and common hepatic duct and ending on the papilla duodeni major

2. Functions of the gall bladder:

  • Bile is produced in the liver
  • Bile is stored in the gallbladder
  • Bile is excreted into the duodenum when needed
  • Bile helps dissolve fat and cholesterol
  • If bile salts crystallize, gallstones is formed

3. Location:

  • Fossa vesica fellae on fascies visceralis
  • Between lobus quaudatus and right medial lobe
  • Unattached portion is covered with serosa
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14
Q

Pancreas

Structures to mention on the pancreas

A
  • Lobus pancreatis dexter (In the mesoduodenum descenden)
  • Corpus pancreatis (Middle part, in contact with the cranial part of the duodenum)
  • Lobus pancreatis sinister (On fascies visceralis of the stomach, ru: dorsal to rumen)
  • Incisura pancreatis (ca, Ru) (Notch for v. portae, in margo caudalis)
  • Anulus pancreatis (su, eq) (Ring of pancreas, around v. portae)
  • Facies ventralis
  • Facies dorsalis
  • Margo cranialis
  • Margo caudalis
  • Margo dexter
  • Margo sinister
  • Ductus pancreaticus (Ø su, bo) (Opening on the papilla duodeni major)
  • Ductus pancreaticus accessorius (Opening on the papilla duodeni minor, ca: largest duct, su, bo: the only duct)
  • Islet of langerhans (Histological, endocrine part of the pancreas)
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15
Q

Pancreas

Interspecies differences

A
  • Incisura pancreatis (ca, ru)
  • Anulus pancreatis (sus, eq)
  • Ductus pancreaticus (sus, bo)

Arrangement of pancreatic duct:

  • Dog & horse:
    • Ductus pancreaticus → papilla duodeni major
    • Ductus pancreaticus accessorius → papilla duodeni minor
  • Swine and ox:
    • Only ductus pancreaticus accessorius
  • Small ruminants:
    • Only ductus pancreaticus
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16
Q

Pancreas

Blood supply

A
  • A. coeliaca→ a. hepatica ​→ a. gastroduodenalis ​→ a. pancreatoduodenalis cranialis
  • A. mesenterica cranialis ​→ a. pancreatoduodenalis caudalis
  • A. coeliaca ​→ a. lienalis ​→ rr. pancreatici
  • Veins drains into vena porta
    • ​R. pancreatici ​→ v. lienalis ​→ v. porta ​→ vena cava caudalis
    • V. pancreaticae ​→ vena porta ​→ vena cava caudalis
17
Q

Pancreas

Innervation

A
  • Parasympathetic fiber of n. vagus activate secretory cells
  • Sympathetic fibers from n. splanchnicus reduce secretory cells