7.1: Self-report techniques

Question 1

Self-report techniques

Answer 1

Self-report techniques are research methods in which participants give information about themselves without researcher interference

Question 2

Questionnaires

Answer 2

Questionnaires are a self-report method where participants record their own answers to a pre-set list of questions

Question 3

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning what?

Answer 3

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning:

1. Behaviour
2. Opinions
3. Attitudes

Question 4

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
Example

Answer 4

For example, Adorno’s (1950) F-scale questionnaire

Question 5

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
How many main types of questions are asked?

Answer 5

There are 2 main types of questions asked:

1. Closed (fixed) questions
2. Open questions

Question 6

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked - Closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Closed (fixed) questions involve what?

Answer 6

Closed (fixed) questions involve:
1. Yes/No answers
Or,
2. A range of fixed responses

Question 7

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked - Closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Closed (fixed) questions involve Yes/No answers, or a range of fixed responses.
They force participants to choose an option.
Such answers are easy to analyse, but do what?

Answer 7

Such answers are easy to analyse, but restrict participants’ answers

Question 8

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked - Closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Open questions allow participants to do what?

Answer 8

Open questions allow participants to:

1. Answer in their own words
2. Elaborate on their answers and give more detail

Question 9

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked - Closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Open questions allow participants to answer in their own words and elaborate on their answers and give more detail.
Open questions are more difficult to do what?

Answer 9

Open questions are more difficult to analyse

Question 10

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked - Closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Open questions allow participants to answer in their own words and elaborate on their answers and give more detail.
Open questions are more difficult to analyse, but allow what?

Answer 10

Open questions are more difficult to analyse, but allow:

1. Freedom of expression
2. Greater depth of answers

Question 11

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked - Closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Open questions allow participants to answer in their own words and elaborate on their answers and give more detail.
Open questions are more difficult to analyse, but allow freedom of expression and greater depth of answers.
Example

Answer 11

For example:

1. What kinds of music do you like
2. Why?

Question 12

Advantages of questionnaires:

1. They are what?

Answer 12

An advantage of questionnaires is that they are:

1. Cheap
2. Quick

Question 13

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, what can be gathered in a short period?

Answer 13

Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period

Question 14

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain what for the cost of a stamp?

Answer 14

Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp

Question 15

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of what?

Answer 15

An advantage of questionnaires is lack of investigator effects

Question 16

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed how and without what?

Answer 16

Questionnaires can be completed:

1. On your own
2. Without researchers present

Question 17

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed on your own and without researchers present, so there is no influence from a researcher, which reduces investigator effects.
3. What analysis?

Answer 17

An advantage of questionnaires is:
1. Quantitative
2. Qualitative
analysis

Question 18

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed on your own and without researchers present, so there is no influence from a researcher, which reduces investigator effects.
3. Quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Closed questions are easy to do what?

Answer 18

Closed questions are easy to analyse statistically

Question 19

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed on your own and without researchers present, so there is no influence from a researcher, which reduces investigator effects.
3. Quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Closed questions are easy to analyse statistically, while open questions provide what?

Answer 19

Closed questions are easy to analyse statistically, while open questions provide:
1. Richer
2. Fuller
detail

Question 20

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed on your own and without researchers present, so there is no influence from a researcher, which reduces investigator effects.
3. Quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Closed questions are easy to analyse statistically, while open questions provide richer and fuller detail.
4. R what?

Answer 20

An advantage of questionnaires is replication

Question 21

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed on your own and without researchers present, so there is no influence from a researcher, which reduces investigator effects.
3. Quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Closed questions are easy to analyse statistically, while open questions provide richer and fuller detail.
4. Replication.
As questionnaires use what, they are what?

Answer 21

As questionnaires use standardised questions (the same for everyone), they are easy to replicate

Question 22

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed on your own and without researchers present, so there is no influence from a researcher, which reduces investigator effects.
3. Quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Closed questions are easy to analyse statistically, while open questions provide richer and fuller detail.
4. Replication.
As questionnaires use standardised questions (the same for everyone), they are easy to replicate.
This is particularly true of what?

Answer 22

This is particularly true of questionnaires using closed questions

Question 23

Weaknesses of questionnaires:

1. M what?

Answer 23

A weakness of questionnaires is misunderstanding

Question 24

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may do what?

Answer 24

Participants may misinterpret questions

Question 25

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
Example

Answer 25

For example, what is meant by ‘Do you ‘usually’ do your homework?’

Question 26

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with what?

Answer 26

There can also be problems with:

1. Technical terms
2. Emotive language
3. Leading questions

Question 27

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. What samples?

Answer 27

A weakness of questionnaires is biased samples

Question 28

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are what?

Answer 28

Questionnaires are suitable for people who are:
1. Willing
2. Able to spend time
completing them

Question 29

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them.
Certain types of people may what?

Answer 29

Certain types of people may:

1. Be more willing to fill in questionnaires
2. Not be representative of the whole population

Question 30

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to complete and return a questionnaire.
This volunteer sample might not be representative of the population as a whole and may skew the results of the research.
3. Low what?

Answer 30

A weakness of questionnaires is low response rates

Question 31

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to complete and return a questionnaire.
This volunteer sample might not be representative of the population as a whole and may skew the results of the research.
3. Low response rates.
Questionnaires are a what research method, because they can get what?

Answer 31

Questionnaires are an uneconomical research method, because they can get very low return rates

Question 32

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to complete and return a questionnaire.
This volunteer sample might not be representative of the population as a whole and may skew the results of the research.
3. Low response rates.
Questionnaires are an uneconomical research method, because they can get very low return rates.
4. What issues?

Answer 32

A weakness of questionnaires is superficial issues

Question 33

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to complete and return a questionnaire.
This volunteer sample might not be representative of the population as a whole and may skew the results of the research.
3. Low response rates.
Questionnaires are an uneconomical research method, because they can get very low return rates.
4. Superficial issues.
Questionnaires, particularly those using what, are not suitable for what?

Answer 33

Questionnaires, particularly those using closed questions, are not suitable for sensitive issues that require detailing understanding

Question 34

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to complete and return a questionnaire.
This volunteer sample might not be representative of the population as a whole and may skew the results of the research.
3. Low response rates.
Questionnaires are an uneconomical research method, because they can get very low return rates.
4. Superficial issues.
Questionnaires, particularly those using closed questions, are not suitable for sensitive issues that require detailed understanding.
5. What answers?

Answer 34

A weakness of questionnaires is social desirability/idealised answers

Question 35

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to complete and return a questionnaire.
This volunteer sample might not be representative of the population as a whole and may skew the results of the research.
3. Low response rates.
Questionnaires are an uneconomical research method, because they can get very low return rates.
4. Superficial issues.
Questionnaires, particularly those using closed questions, are not suitable for sensitive issues that require detailed understanding.
5. Social desirability/idealised answers.
Participants may do what in order to give what?

Answer 35

Participants may lie in order to give answers expected of them

Question 36

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to complete and return a questionnaire.
This volunteer sample might not be representative of the population as a whole and may skew the results of the research.
3. Low response rates.
Questionnaires are an uneconomical research method, because they can get very low return rates.
4. Superficial issues.
Questionnaires, particularly those using closed questions, are not suitable for sensitive issues that require detailed understanding.
5. Social desirability/idealised answers.
Participants may lie in order to give answers expected of them.
Example

Answer 36

For example, not revealing racist beliefs

Question 37

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to complete and return a questionnaire.
This volunteer sample might not be representative of the population as a whole and may skew the results of the research.
3. Low response rates.
Questionnaires are an uneconomical research method, because they can get very low return rates.
4. Superficial issues.
Questionnaires, particularly those using closed questions, are not suitable for sensitive issues that require detailed understanding.
5. Social desirability/idealised answers.
Participants may lie in order to give answers expected of them, or may give what?

Answer 37

Participants may:
1. Lie in order to give answers expected of them
Or,
2. Give answers that reflect how they would like to be, rather than how they actually are

Question 38

There are several important what in designing questionnaires that people will do what to?

Answer 38

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will:
1. Actually complete
2. Provide useful data
for

Question 39

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will actually complete and provide useful data for:
1. Aims - Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to do what?

Answer 39

Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to write questions that address the aim

Question 40

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will actually complete and provide useful data for:

1. Aims - Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to write questions that address the aim.
2. Length - Questionnaires should be what?

Answer 40

Questionnaires should be:

1. Short
2. To the point

Question 41

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will actually complete and provide useful data for:

1. Aims - Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to write questions that address the aim.
2. Length - Questionnaires should be short and to the point, because what?

Answer 41

Questionnaires should be:
1. Short
2. To the point
,because the longer the questionnaire, the more likely it is that people will not complete it

Question 42

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will actually complete and provide useful data for:

1. Aims - Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to write questions that address the aim.
2. Length - Questionnaires should be short and to the point, because the longer the questionnaire, the more likely it is that people will not complete it.
3. Previous questionnaires - Use examples of questionnaires that were what, as what?

Answer 42

Use examples of questionnaires that were previously successful, as a basis for the questionnaire design

Question 43

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will actually complete and provide useful data for:

1. Aims - Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to write questions that address the aim.
2. Length - Questionnaires should be short and to the point, because the longer the questionnaire, the more likely it is that people will not complete it.
3. Previous questionnaires - Use examples of questionnaires that were previously successful, as a basis for the questionnaire design.
4. Question formation - Questions should be what?

Answer 43

Questions should be:

1. Concise
2. Unambiguous
3. Easily understood

Question 44

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will actually complete and provide useful data for:

1. Aims - Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to write questions that address the aim.
2. Length - Questionnaires should be short and to the point, because the longer the questionnaire, the more likely it is that people will not complete it.
3. Previous questionnaires - Use examples of questionnaires that were previously successful, as a basis for the questionnaire design.
4. Question formation - Questions should be concise, unambiguous and easily understood.
5. Pilot study - Questionnaires should be tested on people who can do what?

Answer 44

Questionnaires should be tested on people who can provide:
1. Detailed
2. Honest
feedback on all aspects of the design of the questionnaire

Question 45

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will actually complete and provide useful data for:

1. Aims - Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to write questions that address the aim.
2. Length - Questionnaires should be short and to the point, because the longer the questionnaire, the more likely it is that people will not complete it.
3. Previous questionnaires - Use examples of questionnaires that were previously successful, as a basis for the questionnaire design.
4. Question formation - Questions should be concise, unambiguous and easily understood.
5. Pilot study - Questionnaires should be tested on people who can provide detailed and honest feedback on all aspects of the design of the questionnaire.
6. Measurement scales - Some questionnaires use measurement scales to assess what?

Answer 45

Some questionnaires use measurement scales to assess psychological:
1. Characteristics
Or,
2. Attitudes

Question 46

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will actually complete and provide useful data for:
1. Aims - Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to write questions that address the aim.
2. Length - Questionnaires should be short and to the point, because the longer the questionnaire, the more likely it is that people will not complete it.
3. Previous questionnaires - Use examples of questionnaires that were previously successful, as a basis for the questionnaire design.
4. Question formation - Questions should be concise, unambiguous and easily understood.
5. Pilot study - Questionnaires should be tested on people who can provide detailed and honest feedback on all aspects of the design of the questionnaire.
6. Measurement scales - Some questionnaires use measurement scales to assess psychological characteristics, or attitudes.
These involve what?

Answer 46

These involve statements on which participants rate levels of:
1. Agreement
Or,
2. Disagreement

Question 47

There are several important considerations in designing questionnaires that people will actually complete and provide useful data for:
1. Aims - Having an exact aim helps, because it is then easier to write questions that address the aim.
2. Length - Questionnaires should be short and to the point, because the longer the questionnaire, the more likely it is that people will not complete it.
3. Previous questionnaires - Use examples of questionnaires that were previously successful, as a basis for the questionnaire design.
4. Question formation - Questions should be concise, unambiguous and easily understood.
5. Pilot study - Questionnaires should be tested on people who can provide detailed and honest feedback on all aspects of the design of the questionnaire.
6. Measurement scales - Some questionnaires use measurement scales to assess psychological characteristics, or attitudes.
These involve statements on which participants rate levels of agreement, or disagreement.
Example

Answer 47

For example, ‘Rate your level of agreement with the following statement’

Question 48

There are usually a number of statements on a particular topic and the answers to these statements are combined to create what?

Answer 48

There are usually a number of statements on a particular topic and the answers to these statements are combined to create a single score of attitude strength

Question 49

There are usually a number of statements on a particular topic and the answers to these statements are combined to create a single score of attitude strength.
However, it is not easy for participants to judge answers, so many participants choose the middle score.
When this happens, it is impossible to know whether they what?

Answer 49

When this happens, it is impossible to know whether the participants:
1. Have no opinion
Or,
2. Cannot decide between their attitudes in both directions

Question 50

There are usually a number of statements on a particular topic and the answers to these statements are combined to create a single score of attitude strength.
However, it is not easy for participants to judge answers, so many participants choose the middle score.
When this happens, it is impossible to know whether the participants have no opinion, or cannot decide between their attitudes in both directions.
The best known of these attitude scales is what?

Answer 50

The best known of these attitude scales is the Likert scale

Question 51

Interviews

Answer 51

Interviews are a self-report method where participants answer questions in face-to-face situations

Question 52

An example of an interview

Answer 52

An example of an interview is Bowlby’s (1944) study of maternal deprivation in juvenile thieves

Question 53

How many main types of interviews are there?

Answer 53

There are 3 main types of interviews:

1. Structured
2. Unstructured
3. Semi-structured

Question 54

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A structured interview involves what?

Answer 54

A structured interview involves predetermined identical closed questions being read to participants, with the interviewer writing down answers

Question 55

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A structured interview involves predetermined identical closed questions being read to participants, with the interviewer writing down answers.
Interviewers do not need what?

Answer 55

Interviewers do not need much training

Question 56

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A structured interview involves predetermined identical closed questions being read to participants, with the interviewer writing down answers.
Interviewers do not need much training, because such interviews are what?

Answer 56

Interviewers do not need much training, because such interviews are easy to conduct

Question 57

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
An unstructured interview involves what?

Answer 57

An unstructured interview involves an informal discussion on a particular topic

Question 58

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
An unstructured interview involves an informal discussion on a particular topic.
Interviewers can do what by asking follow-up questions?

Answer 58

Interviewers can explore interesting answers by asking follow-up questions

Question 59

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
An unstructured interview involves an informal discussion on a particular topic.
Interviewers can explore interesting answers by asking follow-up questions.
Interviewers need what to conduct such interviews?

Answer 59

Interviewers need considerable:
1. Training
2. Skill
to conduct such interviews

Question 60

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A semi-structured interview involves what?

Answer 60

A semi-structured interview involves combining:
1. Structured
2. Unstructured
techniques

Question 61

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A semi-structured interview involves combining structured and unstructured techniques, producing what?

Answer 61

A semi-structured interview involves combining structured and unstructured techniques, producing:
1. Quantitative
2. Qualitative
data

Question 62

Advantages of interviews:

1. What issues?

Answer 62

An advantage of interviews is complex issues

Question 63

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel how?

Answer 63

Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel:

1. Relaxed
2. Able to talk

Question 64

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of what interviews?

Answer 64

This is particularly true of unstructured interviews

Question 65

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease what?

Answer 65

An advantage of interviews is to ease misunderstandings

Question 66

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be what?

Answer 66

Any misunderstood questions can be explained

Question 67

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be what and individual questions can be what, to reduce what?

Answer 67

Any:
1. Misunderstood questions can be explained
2. Individual questions can be adapted
,to reduce any misunderstanding

Question 68

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be explained and individual questions can be adapted so that they are understood by all participants.
3. Data what?

Answer 68

An advantage of interviews is data analysis

Question 69

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be explained and individual questions can be adapted so that they are understood by all participants.
3. Data analysis.
Semi-structured interviews produce what data?

Answer 69

Semi-structured interviews produce both:
1. Quantitative
2. Qualitative
data

Question 70

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be explained and individual questions can be adapted so that they are understood by all participants.
3. Data analysis.
Semi-structured interviews produce both quantitative and qualitative data, which can be used to do what?

Answer 70

Semi-structured interviews produce both:
1. Quantitative
2. Qualitative
data, which can be used to complement each other

Question 71

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be explained and individual questions can be adapted so that they are understood by all participants.
3. Data analysis.
Semi-structured interviews produce both quantitative and qualitative data, which can be used to complement each other.
Structured interviews produce what data?

Answer 71

Structured interviews produce quantitative data

Question 72

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be explained and individual questions can be adapted so that they are understood by all participants.
3. Data analysis.
Semi-structured interviews produce both quantitative and qualitative data, which can be used to complement each other.
Structured interviews produce quantitative data that can be easily what?

Answer 72

Structured interviews produce quantitative data that can be easily analysed

Question 73

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be explained and individual questions can be adapted so that they are understood by all participants.
3. Data analysis.
Semi-structured interviews produce both quantitative and qualitative data, which can be used to complement each other.
Structured interviews produce quantitative data that can be easily analysed.
4. R what?

Answer 73

An advantage of interviews is replication

Question 74

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be explained and individual questions can be adapted so that they are understood by all participants.
3. Data analysis.
Semi-structured interviews produce both quantitative and qualitative data, which can be used to complement each other.
Structured interviews produce quantitative data that can be easily analysed.
4. Replication.
The more what an interview, the easier it is to do what?

Answer 74

The more:
1. Standardised
Or,
2. Structured
an interview, the easier it is to replicate

Question 75

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be explained and individual questions can be adapted so that they are understood by all participants.
3. Data analysis.
Semi-structured interviews produce both quantitative and qualitative data, which can be used to complement each other.
Structured interviews produce quantitative data that can be easily analysed.
4. Replication.
The more standardised or structured an interview, the easier it is to replicate.
Unstructured interviews are less easy to replicate, but it should be possible for what?

Answer 75

Unstructured interviews are less easy to replicate, but it should be possible for other researchers to review data produced

Question 76

Weaknesses of interviews:

1. What effects?

Answer 76

A weakness of interviews is interviewer effects

Question 77

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously do what?

Answer 77

Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers

Question 78

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their what?

Answer 78

Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance

Question 79

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Example

Answer 79

For example, women may be less willing to talk about sex with male interviewers

Question 80

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
For example, women may be less willing to talk about sex with male interviewers.
Interviews are also subject to what?

Answer 80

Interviews are also subject to:

1. Demand characteristics
2. Social desirability bias

Question 81

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview what?

Answer 81

A weakness of interviews is interview training

Question 82

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview training.
What is required to carry out unstructured interviews?

Answer 82

A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews

Question 83

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview training.
A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning what?

Answer 83

A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning sensitive issues

Question 84

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview training.
A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning sensitive issues, and such interviewers are what?

Answer 84

A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning sensitive issues, and such interviewers are not easy to find

Question 85

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview training.
A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning sensitive issues, and such interviewers are not easy to find.
3. What issues?

Answer 85

A weakness of interviews is ethical issues

Question 86

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview training.
A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning sensitive issues, and such interviewers are not easy to find.
3. Ethical issues.
Participants may not know the what of an interview?

Answer 86

Participants may not know the true purpose of an interview

Question 87

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview training.
A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning sensitive issues, and such interviewers are not easy to find.
3. Ethical issues.
Participants may not know the true purpose of an interview and there is also the danger that what?

Answer 87

Participants may not know the true purpose of an interview and there is also the danger that participants may reveal more than they wish to

Question 88

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview training.
A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning sensitive issues, and such interviewers are not easy to find.
3. Ethical issues.
Participants may not know the true purpose of an interview and there is also the danger that participants may reveal more than they wish to.
4. Participant what?

Answer 88

A weakness of interviews is participant answers

Question 89

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview training.
A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning sensitive issues, and such interviewers are not easy to find.
3. Ethical issues.
Participants may not know the true purpose of an interview and there is also the danger that participants may reveal more than they wish to.
4. Participant answers.
Interviews are not suited to participants who what?

Answer 89

Interviews are not suited to participants who have difficulty putting their:
1. Feelings
2. Opinions
,ect into words

Question 90

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about what?

Answer 90

Aside from deciding whether to use:
1. A structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview
2. Open or closed questions
,decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer

Question 91

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer.
Several what affect this decision?

Answer 91

Several interpersonal variables affect this decision

Question 92

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer.
Several interpersonal variables affect this decision:
1. G and a?

Answer 92

An interpersonal variable that affects this decision is:

1. Gender
2. Age

Question 93

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer.
Several interpersonal variables affect this decision:
1. Gender and age.
The sex and age of interviewers affect what?

Answer 93

The:
1. Sex
2. Age
of interviewers affect participants’ answers when topics are of a sensitive sexual nature

Question 94

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer.
Several interpersonal variables affect this decision:
1. Gender and age.
The sex and age of interviewers affect participants’ answers when topics are of a sensitive sexual nature.
2. E?

Answer 94

An interpersonal variable that affects this decision is:

Ethnicity

Question 95

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer.
Several interpersonal variables affect this decision:
1. Gender and age.
The sex and age of interviewers affect participants’ answers when topics are of a sensitive sexual nature.
2. Ethnicity.
Interviewers may have difficulty doing what?

Answer 95

Interviewers may have difficulty interviewing people from a different ethnic group to themselves

Question 96

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer.
Several interpersonal variables affect this decision:
1. Gender and age.
The sex and age of interviewers affect participants’ answers when topics are of a sensitive sexual nature.
2. Ethnicity.
Interviewers may have difficulty interviewing people from a different ethnic group to themselves.
Who found that white participants did what?

Answer 96

Word et al. (1974) found that white participants spent 25% less time interviewing black job applicants than white applicants

Question 97

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer.
Several interpersonal variables affect this decision:
1. Gender and age.
The sex and age of interviewers affect participants’ answers when topics are of a sensitive sexual nature.
2. Ethnicity.
Interviewers may have difficulty interviewing people from a different ethnic group to themselves.
Word et al. (1974) found that white participants spent 25% less time interviewing black job applicants than white applicants.
3. Personal what and what?

Answer 97

An interpersonal variable that affects this decision is:

1. Personal characteristics
2. Adopted role

Question 98

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer.
Several interpersonal variables affect this decision:
1. Gender and age.
The sex and age of interviewers affect participants’ answers when topics are of a sensitive sexual nature.
2. Ethnicity.
Interviewers may have difficulty interviewing people from a different ethnic group to themselves.
Word et al. (1974) found that white participants spent 25% less time interviewing black job applicants than white applicants.
3. Personal characteristics and adopted role.
Interviewers can adopt what within an interview setting?

Answer 98

Interviewers can adopt different roles within an interview setting

Question 99

Aside from deciding whether to use a structured, unstructured or semi-structured interview and open or closed questions, decisions need to be made about who would make the most appropriate interviewer.
Several interpersonal variables affect this decision:
1. Gender and age.
The sex and age of interviewers affect participants’ answers when topics are of a sensitive sexual nature.
2. Ethnicity.
Interviewers may have difficulty interviewing people from a different ethnic group to themselves.
Word et al. (1974) found that white participants spent 25% less time interviewing black job applicants than white applicants.
3. Personal characteristics and adopted role.
Interviewers can adopt different roles within an interview setting and what can also affect how someone comes across to the interviewee?

Answer 99

Interviewers can adopt different roles within an interview setting and:
1. The use of formal language
2. Accent
3. Appearance
can also affect how someone comes across to the interviewee

Question 100

What is essential to successful interviewing?

Answer 100

Interviewer training is essential to successful interviewing

Question 101

Interviewer training is essential to successful interviewing.
Interviewers need to do what and learn what?

Answer 101

Interviewers need to listen appropriately and learn when:

1. To speak
2. Not to speak

Question 102

Interviewer training is essential to successful interviewing.
Interviewers need to listen appropriately and learn when to speak and not to speak.
What is important in helping to relax interviewees?

Answer 102

Non-verbal communication is important in helping to relax interviewees

Question 103

Interviewer training is essential to successful interviewing.
Interviewers need to listen appropriately and learn when to speak and not to speak.
Non-verbal communication is important in helping to relax interviewees, so that they will do what?

Answer 103

Non-verbal communication is important in helping to relax interviewees, so that they will give natural answers

Question 104

Interviewer training is essential to successful interviewing.
Interviewers need to listen appropriately and learn when to speak and not to speak.
Non-verbal communication is important in helping to relax interviewees, so that they will give natural answers.
What are best left to the end of the interview?

Answer 104

1. Difficult
2. Probing
   questions about emotions are best left to the end of the interview

Question 105

Interviewer training is essential to successful interviewing.
Interviewers need to listen appropriately and learn when to speak and not to speak.
Non-verbal communication is important in helping to relax interviewees, so that they will give natural answers.
Difficult and probing questions about emotions are best left to the end of the interview, when the interviewee is more likely to do what?

Answer 105

1. Difficult
2. Probing
   questions about emotions are best left to the end of the interview, when the interviewee is more likely to be relaxed

Question 106

Interviewer training is essential to successful interviewing.
Interviewers need to listen appropriately and learn when to speak and not to speak.
Non-verbal communication is important in helping to relax interviewees, so that they will give natural answers.
Difficult and probing questions about emotions are best left to the end of the interview, when the interviewee is more likely to be relaxed, whereas initial questions are better for what?

Answer 106

1. Difficult
2. Probing
   questions about emotions are best left to the end of the interview, when the interviewee is more likely to be relaxed, whereas initial questions are better for gaining factual information

Question 107

Surveys and self-report studies involve asking participants questions.
These can be written in the form of a questionnaire or asked, orally, in an interview.
Any survey is only ever as good as the questions asked.
It is very difficult to write good questions and all surveys need what?

Answer 107

It is very difficult to write good questions and all surveys need a pilot study (a practice run)

Question 108

Surveys and self-report studies involve asking participants questions.
These can be written in the form of a questionnaire or asked, orally, in an interview.
Any survey is only ever as good as the questions asked.
It is very difficult to write good questions and all surveys need a pilot study (a practice run) to check that the questions are what?

Answer 108

It is very difficult to write good questions and all surveys need a pilot study (a practice run) to check that the questions are:

1. Unambiguous
2. Easy for participants to understand

Question 109

Surveys and self-report studies involve asking participants questions.
These can be written in the form of a questionnaire or asked, orally, in an interview.
Any survey is only ever as good as the questions asked.
It is very difficult to write good questions and all surveys need a pilot study (a practice run) to check that the questions are unambiguous and easy for participants to understand.
This increases the what of the data collected?

Answer 109

This increases the:
1. Reliability
2. Validity
of the data collected

Question 110

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked, closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Open questions generate what data?

Answer 110

Open questions generate qualitative data

Question 111

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked, closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Closed (fixed) questions involve Yes/No answers, or a range of fixed responses.
They force participants to choose an option.
Such answers are easy to analyse, but restrict participants’ answers, as they lack what?

Answer 111

Such answers are easy to analyse, but restrict participants’ answers, as they lack detail

Question 112

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked, closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Closed (fixed) questions involve Yes/No answers, or a range of fixed responses.
They force participants to do what?

Answer 112

Closed (fixed) questions force participants to choose an option

Question 113

With questionnaires, respondents record answers to a pre-set list of questions, usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.
There are 2 main types of questions asked, closed (fixed) questions and open questions.
Closed (fixed) questions generate what data?

Answer 113

Closed (fixed) questions generate quantitative data

Question 114

There are usually a number of statements on a particular topic and the answers to these statements are combined to create a single score of attitude strength.
However, it is not easy for participants to judge answers, so many participants choose the middle score.
When this happens, it is impossible to know whether the participants have no opinion, or cannot decide between their attitudes in both directions.
The best known of these attitude scales is the Likert scale.
The Likert scale does what?

Answer 114

The Likert scale assesses the strength of opinion

Question 115

There are usually a number of statements on a particular topic and the answers to these statements are combined to create a single score of attitude strength.
However, it is not easy for participants to judge answers, so many participants choose the middle score.
When this happens, it is impossible to know whether the participants have no opinion, or cannot decide between their attitudes in both directions.
The best known of these attitude scales is the Likert scale.
The Likert scale assesses the strength of opinion and generates what data?

Answer 115

The Likert scale:

1. Assesses the strength of opinion
2. Generates quantitative data

Question 116

There are usually a number of statements on a particular topic and the answers to these statements are combined to create a single score of attitude strength.
However, it is not easy for participants to judge answers, so many participants choose the middle score.
When this happens, it is impossible to know whether the participants have no opinion, or cannot decide between their attitudes in both directions.
The best known of these attitude scales is the Likert scale.
The Likert scale assesses the strength of opinion and generates quantitative data.
Participants are asked to do what using a scale?

Answer 116

Participants are asked to rate their feelings on a particular topic using a scale

Question 117

There are usually a number of statements on a particular topic and the answers to these statements are combined to create a single score of attitude strength.
However, it is not easy for participants to judge answers, so many participants choose the middle score.
When this happens, it is impossible to know whether the participants have no opinion, or cannot decide between their attitudes in both directions.
The best known of these attitude scales is the Likert scale.
The Likert scale assesses the strength of opinion and generates quantitative data.
Participants are asked to rate their feelings on a particular topic using a scale.
Answers are then graded 1-5 to facilitate what?

Answer 117

Answers are then graded 1-5 to facilitate statistical analysis

Question 118

There are usually a number of statements on a particular topic and the answers to these statements are combined to create a single score of attitude strength.
However, it is not easy for participants to judge answers, so many participants choose the middle score.
When this happens, it is impossible to know whether the participants have no opinion, or cannot decide between their attitudes in both directions.
The best known of these attitude scales is the Likert scale.
The Likert scale assesses the strength of opinion and generates quantitative data.
Participants are asked to rate their feelings on a particular topic using a scale.
Answers are then graded 1-5 to facilitate statistical analysis.
However, the problem with the Likert scale is that participants tend to do what?

Answer 118

The problem with the Likert scale is that participants tend to opt for middle values

Question 119

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
An unstructured interview involves an informal discussion on a particular topic.
Interviewers can explore interesting answers by asking follow-up questions.
Interviewers need considerable training and skill to conduct such interviews.
Unstructured interviews start with what?

Answer 119

Unstructured interviews start with a topic:
1. Focus
Or,
2. Aim

Question 120

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
An unstructured interview involves an informal discussion on a particular topic.
Interviewers can explore interesting answers by asking follow-up questions.
Interviewers need considerable training and skill to conduct such interviews.
Unstructured interviews start with a topic focus or aim and is more like a conversation with the direction being bet by those involved around what?

Answer 120

Unstructured interviews:

1. Start with a topic focus or aim
2. Is more like a conversation with the direction being bet by those involved around the topic

Question 121

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
An unstructured interview involves an informal discussion on a particular topic.
Interviewers can explore interesting answers by asking follow-up questions.
Interviewers need considerable training and skill to conduct such interviews.
Unstructured interviews start with a topic focus or aim and is more like a conversation with the direction being bet by those involved around the topic.
Example

Answer 121

For example, in a setting between a patient and a therapist concerning marital problems, they may focus:

1. On financial issues
2. Not on a variety of topics like pressure of children, work, ect

Question 122

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
An unstructured interview involves an informal discussion on a particular topic.
Interviewers can explore interesting answers by asking follow-up questions.
Interviewers need considerable training and skill to conduct such interviews.
Unstructured interviews start with a topic focus or aim and is more like a conversation with the direction being bet by those involved around the topic.
So the questions are mainly what?

Answer 122

So the questions are mainly open

Question 123

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A semi-structured interview involves combining structured and unstructured techniques, producing quantitative and qualitative data.
Semi-structured interviews are more in formal in that what?

Answer 123

Semi-structured interviews are more in formal in that questions are developed as you go along

Question 124

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A semi-structured interview involves combining structured and unstructured techniques, producing quantitative and qualitative data.
Semi-structured interviews are more in formal in that questions are developed as you go along.
Example

Answer 124

For example, the questions are similar to what a GP might say in an interview

Question 125

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A semi-structured interview involves combining structured and unstructured techniques, producing quantitative and qualitative data.
Semi-structured interviews are more in formal in that questions are developed as you go along.
For example, the questions are similar to what a GP might say in an interview.
The GP starts with a set of pre-determined questions, but further questions are developed as what?

Answer 125

The GP starts with a set of pre-determined questions, but further questions are developed as a response to your answers

Question 126

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A semi-structured interview involves combining structured and unstructured techniques, producing quantitative and qualitative data.
Semi-structured interviews are more in formal in that questions are developed as you go along.
For example, the questions are similar to what a GP might say in an interview.
The GP starts with a set of pre-determined questions, but further questions are developed as a response to your answers.
This is also referred to as the what method?

Answer 126

This is also referred to as the clinical method

Question 127

There are 3 main types of interviews - Structured, unstructured and semi-structured.
A semi-structured interview involves combining structured and unstructured techniques, producing quantitative and qualitative data.
Semi-structured interviews are more in formal in that questions are developed as you go along.
For example, the questions are similar to what a GP might say in an interview.
The GP starts with a set of pre-determined questions, but further questions are developed as a response to your answers.
This is also referred to as the clinical method.
So the questions are a mixture of what?

Answer 127

So the questions are a mixture of:
1. Open
2. Closed (fixed)
questions

Question 128

An example of a structured interview

Answer 128

An example of a structured interview is when:

1. Gilligan
2. Attanucci
   (1988) asked a set of questions about moral conflict and choice using closed questions

Question 129

An example of a semi-structured interview

Answer 129

An example of a semi-structured interview is when Kohlberg (1978):

1. Interviewed boys about an imaginary situation
2. Then asked them a set of questions about the situation and their opinions on it

Question 130

Surveys, particularly questionnaires, are useful for gathering large amounts of data, because they are the least what method?

Answer 130

Surveys, particularly questionnaires, are useful for gathering large amounts of data, because they are the least time-consuming method

Question 131

Surveys, particularly questionnaires, are useful for gathering large amounts of data, because they are the least time-consuming method.
Surveys tend not to be used by child psychologists, because there are problems of what?

Answer 131

Surveys tend not to be used by child psychologists, because there are problems of understanding

Question 132

Surveys, particularly questionnaires, are useful for gathering large amounts of data, because they are the least time-consuming method.
Surveys tend not to be used by child psychologists, because there are problems of understanding.
The best questionnaires tend to use a variety of types of questions.
Interviews allow the researcher to do what?

Answer 132

Interviews allow the researcher to:

1. Elaborate on questions
2. Form a relationship with the participant

Question 133

Surveys, particularly questionnaires, are useful for gathering large amounts of data, because they are the least time-consuming method.
Surveys tend not to be used by child psychologists, because there are problems of understanding.
The best questionnaires tend to use a variety of types of questions.
Interviews allow the researcher to elaborate on questions and form a relationship with the participant.
However, this can lead to what?

Answer 133

This can lead to:

1. Researcher bias
2. Increased demand characteristics

Question 134

Surveys, particularly questionnaires, are useful for gathering large amounts of data, because they are the least time-consuming method.
Surveys tend not to be used by child psychologists, because there are problems of understanding.
The best questionnaires tend to use a variety of types of questions.
Interviews allow the researcher to elaborate on questions and form a relationship with the participant.
However, this can lead to researcher bias and increased demand characteristics.
Interviews are also what?

Answer 134

Interviews are also:

1. Difficult
2. Time-consuming to analyse

Question 135

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be what?

Answer 135

With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly

Question 136

One problem with self-report techniques is that there is a lack of what, because participants can lie?

Answer 136

One problem with self-report techniques is that there is a lack of validity, because participants can lie

Question 137

Respondent

Answer 137

A respondent is a person who answers a questionnaire

Question 138

Generalise

Answer 138

Generalise is the extent to which findings are applicable to the wider population

Question 139

Response bias

Answer 139

Response bias is where respondents represent certain types of people, but not others

Question 140

Contingent questions

Answer 140

Contingent questions are questions that are answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question

Question 141

Contingent questions are questions that are answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question.
This avoids what?

Answer 141

This avoids asking questions of people that do not apply to them

Question 142

Contingent questions are questions that are answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question.
This avoids asking questions of people that do not apply to them.
Example

Answer 142

For example, asking men if they have ever been pregnant

Question 143

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed on your own and without researchers present, so there is no what, which reduces investigator effects?

Answer 143

Questionnaires can be completed:
1. On your own
2. Without researchers present
,so there is no influence from a researcher, which reduces investigator effects

Question 144

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
What questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information?

Answer 144

1. Postal
2. Online
   questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information

Question 145

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed on your own and without researchers present, so there is no influence from a researcher, which reduces investigator effects.
3. Quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Closed questions are easy to analyse statistically, while open questions provide richer and fuller detail.
4. Replication.
As questionnaires use standardised questions (the same for everyone), they are easy to replicate.
This is particularly true of questionnaires using closed questions.
Questionnaires are easy to replicate, because they use standardised questions, so everyone answers the same question, especially if they are what questions?

Answer 145

Questionnaires are easy to replicate, because they use standardised questions, so everyone answers the same question, especially if they are closed questions

Question 146

Advantages of questionnaires:
1. They are cheap and quick.
Compared to other methods, large amounts of information can be gathered in a short period.
Postal questionnaires can gain relatively large samples for the cost of a stamp.
With questionnaires, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly.
Postal and online questionnaires cost very little to get a lot of information.
2. Lack of investigator effects.
Questionnaires can be completed on your own and without researchers present, so there is no influence from a researcher, which reduces investigator effects.
3. Quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Closed questions are easy to analyse statistically, while open questions provide richer and fuller detail.
4. Replication.
As questionnaires use standardised questions (the same for everyone), they are easy to replicate.
This is particularly true of questionnaires using closed questions.
Questionnaires are easy to replicate, because they use standardised questions, so everyone answers the same question, especially if they are closed questions.
What does this do?

Answer 146

This adds reliability to the method

Question 147

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take what to complete?

Answer 147

Questionnaires take time to complete

Question 148

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to do what?

Answer 148

Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to:
1. Complete
2. Return
a questionnaire

Question 149

Weaknesses of questionnaires:
1. Misunderstanding.
Participants may misinterpret questions.
There can also be problems with technical terms, emotive language and leading questions.
2. Biased samples.
Questionnaires are suitable for people who are willing and able to spend time completing them,
Certain types of people may be more willing to fill in questionnaires and may not be representative of the whole population.
Questionnaires take time to complete.
Therefore, there may be certain types of people who are more likely to complete and return a questionnaire.
This volunteer sample might what and may do what?

Answer 149

This volunteer sample:

1. Might not be representative of the population as a whole
2. May skew the results of the research

Question 150

Weaknesses of interviews:
1. Interviewer effects.
Interviewers may unconsciously bias answers, for example by their appearance.
Interviews are also subject to demand characteristics and social desirability bias.
2. Interview training.
A lot of skill is required to carry out unstructured interviews, particularly concerning sensitive issues, and such interviewers are not easy to find.
3. Ethical issues.
Participants may not know the true purpose of an interview and there is also the danger that participants may reveal more than they wish to.
4. Participant answers.
Interviews are not suited to participants who have difficulty putting their feelings, opinions, ect into words.
Interviews are not always suitable for everyone, because some people may not be able to do what or may prefer what as opposed to what?

Answer 150

Interviews are not always suitable for everyone, because some people may:
1. Not be able to put their opinions, or feelings into words
Or,
2. Prefer writing as opposed to talking

Question 151

Advantages of interviews:
1. Complex issues.
Complicated, or sensitive issues can be dealt with in face-to-face interviews by making participants feel relaxed and able to talk.
This is particularly true of unstructured interviews.
2. Ease misunderstandings.
Any misunderstood questions can be explained and any individual questions can be adapted, to reduce any misunderstanding, so that they are what?

Answer 151

Any:
1. Misunderstood questions can be explained
2. Individual questions can be adapted
,to reduce any misunderstanding, so that they are understood by all participants