1.2: Informational social influence (ISI)

Question 1

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that what?

Answer 1

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their:
1. Ideas
2. Beliefs
are correct

Question 2

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for what?

Answer 2

This is a need for certainty

Question 3

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in what?

Answer 3

This helps people feel:

1. In charge of their lives
2. In control of the world

Question 4

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is what underpinning informational social influence?

Answer 4

This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence

Question 5

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they do what?

Answer 5

When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the:
1. Behaviour
2. Opinions
of others

Question 6

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them do what?

Answer 6

When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own:

1. Thoughts
2. Behaviour

Question 7

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in what situations?

Answer 7

This generally occurs:
1. In unfamiliar situations
Or,
2. In ambiguous situations

Question 8

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like what, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer?

Answer 8

This generally occurs:
1. In unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time
Or,
2. In ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer

Question 9

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like what?

Answer 9

This generally occurs:
1. In unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time
Or,
2. In ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like watching a film and not knowing what to make of it

Question 10

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like watching a film and not knowing what to make of it.
Watching others to see what cutlery they use or asking what they thought of a film, helps a person do what?

Answer 10

1. Watching others to see what cutlery they use
   Or,
2. Asking what they thought of a film
   ,helps a person make up their own mind

Question 11

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like watching a film and not knowing what to make of it.
Watching others to see what cutlery they use or asking what they thought of a film, helps a person make up their own mind.
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe what?

Answer 11

When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted

Question 12

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like watching a film and not knowing what to make of it.
Watching others to see what cutlery they use or asking what they thought of a film, helps a person make up their own mind.
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they do what?

Answer 12

This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they:

1. Look to the opinions of others
2. Become converted to their viewpoint

Question 13

Informational social influence (ISI) can be seen to have what to it?

Answer 13

Informational social influence (ISI) can be seen to have an evolutionary basis to it

Question 14

Informational social influence (ISI) can be seen to have an evolutionary basis to it, as what could have a survival value?

Answer 14

Informational social influence (ISI) can be seen to have an evolutionary basis to it, as looking to others for guidance in new situations that are potentially dangerous could have a survival value

Question 15

Who (what year) thinks that we are only influenced by other’s opinions in ambiguous situations when?

Answer 15

Abrams et al. (1990) thinks that we are only influenced by others’ opinions in ambiguous situations when we see ourselves as sharing characteristics with them

Question 16

Abrams et al. (1990) thinks that we are only influenced by others’ opinions in ambiguous situations when we see ourselves as sharing characteristics with them.
Therefore, we are much more likely to do what?

Answer 16

Therefore, we are much more likely to internalise the opinions of:
1. Friends
Than
2. Strangers

Question 17

Informational social influence (ISI) usually occurs if a person what?

Answer 17

Informational social influence (ISI) usually occurs if a person:
1. Is new
And/Or
2. Wants to do the right thing and be right

Question 18

Informational social influence (ISI) usually occurs if a person is new and/or wants to do the right thing and be right.
ISI is based on the idea that you need what in order to be right?

Answer 18

ISI is based on the idea that you need information in order to be right

Question 19

Informational social influence (ISI) usually occurs if a person is new and/or wants to do the right thing and be right.
ISI is based on the idea that you need information in order to be right.
If everyone is doing a particular thing, this may be what and therefore you do what?

Answer 19

If everyone is doing a particular thing:

1. This may be the right thing to do
2. Therefore you conform

Question 20

Informational social influence (ISI) overall is about getting what?

Answer 20

Informational social influence (ISI) overall is about getting information

Question 21

Informational social influence (ISI)

Answer 21

Informational social influence (ISI) is a motivational force to look to others for guidance in order to be correct

Question 22

When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
Example

Answer 22

For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer

Question 23

When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating what?

Answer 23

For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating how many jellybeans were in a jar

Question 24

When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating how many jellybeans were in a jar.
Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards what?

Answer 24

Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others

Question 25

When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating how many jellybeans were in a jar.
Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others, showing what?

Answer 25

Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others, showing that they genuinely (privately) believed these estimates

Question 26

When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating how many jellybeans were in a jar.
Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others, showing that they genuinely (privately) believed these estimates, demonstrating an example of what?

Answer 26

Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others, showing that they genuinely (privately) believed these estimates, demonstrating an example of internalisation (true conformity)

Question 27

Who (what year) conducted an experiment with the aim of doing what?

Answer 27

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation

Question 28

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a what experiment to study conformity?

Answer 28

The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity

Question 29

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the what effect?

Answer 29

Sherif used the autokinetic effect

Question 30

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where what?

Answer 30

The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still

Question 31

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a what?

Answer 31

The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion

Question 32

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, what?

Answer 32

It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably

Question 33

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
Example

Answer 33

For example, from:
1. 20 cm
to
2. 80 cm

Question 34

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then what?

Answer 34

The participants were then tested in groups of 3

Question 35

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then tested in groups of 3.
Sherif manipulated what?

Answer 35

Sherif manipulated the composition of the group

Question 36

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then tested in groups of 3.
Sherif manipulated the composition of the group, by doing what?

Answer 36

Sherif manipulated the composition of the group, by putting together:

1. 2 people whose estimate of the light movement when alone was very similar
2. One person whose estimate was very different

Question 37

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then tested in groups of 3.
Sherif manipulated the composition of the group, by putting together 2 people whose estimate of the light movement when alone was very similar and one person whose estimate was very different.
Each person in the group had to do what?

Answer 37

Each person in the group had to say aloud how far they thought the light had moved

Question 38

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then tested in groups of 3.
Sherif manipulated the composition of the group, by putting together 2 people whose estimate of the light movement when alone was very similar and one person whose estimate was very different.
Each person in the group had to say aloud how far they thought the light had moved.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group what?

Answer 38

The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate

Question 39

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group did what?

Answer 39

The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2

Question 40

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people what?

Answer 40

Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform

Question 41

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than do what, people tend to do what?

Answer 41

Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement

Question 42

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement.
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will do what?

Answer 42

The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will look to others, who know more/better, for guidance

Question 43

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement.
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will look to others, who know more/better, for guidance and adopt the what?

Answer 43

The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will:

1. Look to others, who know more/better, for guidance
2. Adopt the group norm

Question 44

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement.
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will look to others, who know more/better, for guidance and adopt the group norm.
They want to do the right thing, but may lack what?

Answer 44

They want to do the right thing, but may lack the appropriate information

Question 45

Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement.
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will look to others, who know more/better, for guidance and adopt the group norm.
They want to do the right thing, but may lack the appropriate information.
Doing what can provide this information?

Answer 45

Observing others can provide this information

Question 46

Sherif’s 1935 study is an example of what?

Answer 46

Sherif’s 1935 study is an example of informational social influence (ISI)

Question 47

Sherif’s 1935 study is an example of informational social influence (ISI) and is what for Asch’s study?

Answer 47

Sherif’s 1935 study is an:

1. Example of informational social influence (ISI)
2. A03 for Asch’s study

Question 48

Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that what?

Answer 48

Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that there was no correct answer to the ambiguous autokinetic experiment

Question 49

Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that there was no correct answer to the ambiguous autokinetic experiment.
How could we be sure that what when there was what?

Answer 49

How could we be sure that a person conformed when there was no correct answer?

Question 50

Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that there was no correct answer to the ambiguous autokinetic experiment.
How could we be sure that a person conformed when there was no correct answer?
Asch (what year) devised what?

Answer 50

Asch (1951) devised an experiment whereby there was an obvious answer to a line judgement task

Question 51

Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that there was no correct answer to the ambiguous autokinetic experiment.
How could we be sure that a person conformed when there was no correct answer?
Asch (1951) devised an experiment whereby there was an obvious answer to a line judgement task.
If the participant gave an incorrect answer, it would be clear that what?

Answer 51

If the participant gave an incorrect answer, it would be clear that this was due to group pressure

Question 52

Who (what year) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems?

Answer 52

Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems

Question 53

Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were what?

Answer 53

Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were:
1. Easy
Or,
2. More difficult

Question 54

Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was what when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones?

Answer 54

There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were:
1. Difficult
rather than
2. Easier ones

Question 55

Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones.
This was most true for students who did what?

Answer 55

This was most true for students who rated their mathematical ability as poor

Question 56

Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones.
This was most true for students who rated their mathematical ability as poor.
What does the study show?

Answer 56

The study shows that people conform in situations where they feel they don’t know the answer

Question 57

Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones.
This was most true for students who rated their mathematical ability as poor.
The study shows that people conform in situations where they feel they don’t know the answer, which is exactly the outcome predicted by what?

Answer 57

The study shows that people conform in situations where they feel they don’t know the answer, which is exactly the outcome predicted by the ISI explanation

Question 58

Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones.
This was most true for students who rated their mathematical ability as poor.
The study shows that people conform in situations where they feel they don’t know the answer, which is exactly the outcome predicted by the ISI explanation.
We look to other people and assume what?

Answer 58

We look to other people and assume they:

1. Know better than us
2. Must be right

Question 59

Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations or in ambiguous situations, where there is what?

Answer 59

This generally occurs:
1. In unfamiliar situations
Or,
2. In ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer