1.2: Informational social influence (ISI) Flashcards
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that what?
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their:
1. Ideas
2. Beliefs
are correct
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for what?
This is a need for certainty
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in what?
This helps people feel:
- In charge of their lives
- In control of the world
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is what underpinning informational social influence?
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they do what?
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the:
1. Behaviour
2. Opinions
of others
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them do what?
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own:
- Thoughts
- Behaviour
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in what situations?
This generally occurs:
1. In unfamiliar situations
Or,
2. In ambiguous situations
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like what, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer?
This generally occurs:
1. In unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time
Or,
2. In ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like what?
This generally occurs:
1. In unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time
Or,
2. In ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like watching a film and not knowing what to make of it
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like watching a film and not knowing what to make of it.
Watching others to see what cutlery they use or asking what they thought of a film, helps a person do what?
- Watching others to see what cutlery they use
Or, - Asking what they thought of a film
,helps a person make up their own mind
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like watching a film and not knowing what to make of it.
Watching others to see what cutlery they use or asking what they thought of a film, helps a person make up their own mind.
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe what?
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations, like knowing which cutlery to use when in a restaurant for the first time, or in ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer, like watching a film and not knowing what to make of it.
Watching others to see what cutlery they use or asking what they thought of a film, helps a person make up their own mind.
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they do what?
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they:
- Look to the opinions of others
- Become converted to their viewpoint
Informational social influence (ISI) can be seen to have what to it?
Informational social influence (ISI) can be seen to have an evolutionary basis to it
Informational social influence (ISI) can be seen to have an evolutionary basis to it, as what could have a survival value?
Informational social influence (ISI) can be seen to have an evolutionary basis to it, as looking to others for guidance in new situations that are potentially dangerous could have a survival value
Who (what year) thinks that we are only influenced by other’s opinions in ambiguous situations when?
Abrams et al. (1990) thinks that we are only influenced by others’ opinions in ambiguous situations when we see ourselves as sharing characteristics with them
Abrams et al. (1990) thinks that we are only influenced by others’ opinions in ambiguous situations when we see ourselves as sharing characteristics with them.
Therefore, we are much more likely to do what?
Therefore, we are much more likely to internalise the opinions of:
1. Friends
Than
2. Strangers
Informational social influence (ISI) usually occurs if a person what?
Informational social influence (ISI) usually occurs if a person:
1. Is new
And/Or
2. Wants to do the right thing and be right
Informational social influence (ISI) usually occurs if a person is new and/or wants to do the right thing and be right.
ISI is based on the idea that you need what in order to be right?
ISI is based on the idea that you need information in order to be right
Informational social influence (ISI) usually occurs if a person is new and/or wants to do the right thing and be right.
ISI is based on the idea that you need information in order to be right.
If everyone is doing a particular thing, this may be what and therefore you do what?
If everyone is doing a particular thing:
- This may be the right thing to do
- Therefore you conform
Informational social influence (ISI) overall is about getting what?
Informational social influence (ISI) overall is about getting information
Informational social influence (ISI)
Informational social influence (ISI) is a motivational force to look to others for guidance in order to be correct
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
Example
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating what?
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating how many jellybeans were in a jar
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating how many jellybeans were in a jar.
Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards what?
Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating how many jellybeans were in a jar.
Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others, showing what?
Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others, showing that they genuinely (privately) believed these estimates
When people conform because of ISI, they tend to believe the opinions adopted.
This is because as they are uncertain what to believe, they look to the opinions of others and become converted to their viewpoint.
For example, Jenness (1932) gave participants a task with no clear answer, estimating how many jellybeans were in a jar.
Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others, showing that they genuinely (privately) believed these estimates, demonstrating an example of what?
Jenness found that individual estimates moved towards the estimates of others, showing that they genuinely (privately) believed these estimates, demonstrating an example of internalisation (true conformity)
Who (what year) conducted an experiment with the aim of doing what?
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a what experiment to study conformity?
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the what effect?
Sherif used the autokinetic effect
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where what?
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a what?
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, what?
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
Example
For example, from:
1. 20 cm
to
2. 80 cm
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then what?
The participants were then tested in groups of 3
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then tested in groups of 3.
Sherif manipulated what?
Sherif manipulated the composition of the group
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then tested in groups of 3.
Sherif manipulated the composition of the group, by doing what?
Sherif manipulated the composition of the group, by putting together:
- 2 people whose estimate of the light movement when alone was very similar
- One person whose estimate was very different
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then tested in groups of 3.
Sherif manipulated the composition of the group, by putting together 2 people whose estimate of the light movement when alone was very similar and one person whose estimate was very different.
Each person in the group had to do what?
Each person in the group had to say aloud how far they thought the light had moved
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The autokinetic effect is where a small spot of light projected onto a screen in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still.
The autokinetic effect is a visual illusion.
It was discovered that when participants were individually tested, their estimates on how far the light had moved varied considerably.
For example, from 20cm to 80cm.
The participants were then tested in groups of 3.
Sherif manipulated the composition of the group, by putting together 2 people whose estimate of the light movement when alone was very similar and one person whose estimate was very different.
Each person in the group had to say aloud how far they thought the light had moved.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group what?
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group did what?
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people what?
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than do what, people tend to do what?
Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement.
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will do what?
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will look to others, who know more/better, for guidance
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement.
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will look to others, who know more/better, for guidance and adopt the what?
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will:
- Look to others, who know more/better, for guidance
- Adopt the group norm
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement.
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will look to others, who know more/better, for guidance and adopt the group norm.
They want to do the right thing, but may lack what?
They want to do the right thing, but may lack the appropriate information
Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (unclear) situation.
The method and procedure was that Sherif used a laboratory experiment to study conformity.
Sherif used the autokinetic effect.
The results were that Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate.
The person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other 2 in the group conformed to the view of the other 2.
Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform.
Rather than make individual judgements, people tend to come to a group agreement.
The conclusion is that the results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will look to others, who know more/better, for guidance and adopt the group norm.
They want to do the right thing, but may lack the appropriate information.
Doing what can provide this information?
Observing others can provide this information
Sherif’s 1935 study is an example of what?
Sherif’s 1935 study is an example of informational social influence (ISI)
Sherif’s 1935 study is an example of informational social influence (ISI) and is what for Asch’s study?
Sherif’s 1935 study is an:
- Example of informational social influence (ISI)
- A03 for Asch’s study
Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that what?
Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that there was no correct answer to the ambiguous autokinetic experiment
Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that there was no correct answer to the ambiguous autokinetic experiment.
How could we be sure that what when there was what?
How could we be sure that a person conformed when there was no correct answer?
Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that there was no correct answer to the ambiguous autokinetic experiment.
How could we be sure that a person conformed when there was no correct answer?
Asch (what year) devised what?
Asch (1951) devised an experiment whereby there was an obvious answer to a line judgement task
Asch believed that the main problem with Sherif’s 1935 conformity experiment was that there was no correct answer to the ambiguous autokinetic experiment.
How could we be sure that a person conformed when there was no correct answer?
Asch (1951) devised an experiment whereby there was an obvious answer to a line judgement task.
If the participant gave an incorrect answer, it would be clear that what?
If the participant gave an incorrect answer, it would be clear that this was due to group pressure
Who (what year) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems?
Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems
Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were what?
Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were:
1. Easy
Or,
2. More difficult
Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was what when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones?
There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were:
1. Difficult
rather than
2. Easier ones
Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones.
This was most true for students who did what?
This was most true for students who rated their mathematical ability as poor
Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones.
This was most true for students who rated their mathematical ability as poor.
What does the study show?
The study shows that people conform in situations where they feel they don’t know the answer
Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones.
This was most true for students who rated their mathematical ability as poor.
The study shows that people conform in situations where they feel they don’t know the answer, which is exactly the outcome predicted by what?
The study shows that people conform in situations where they feel they don’t know the answer, which is exactly the outcome predicted by the ISI explanation
Lucas et al. (2006) asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
There was greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were difficult rather than when they were easier ones.
This was most true for students who rated their mathematical ability as poor.
The study shows that people conform in situations where they feel they don’t know the answer, which is exactly the outcome predicted by the ISI explanation.
We look to other people and assume what?
We look to other people and assume they:
- Know better than us
- Must be right
Humans have a basic need to feel confident that their ideas and beliefs are correct.
This is a need for certainty.
This helps people feel in charge of their lives and in control of the world.
This is the motivation underpinning informational social influence.
When individuals are uncertain about something, they look at the behaviour and opinions of others and this helps them shape their own thoughts and behaviour.
This generally occurs in unfamiliar situations or in ambiguous situations, where there is what?
This generally occurs:
1. In unfamiliar situations
Or,
2. In ambiguous situations, where there is no clear correct answer
