2.1: Alan Baddeley (1966)

Question 1

Baddeley gave what to how many groups of participants to do what?

Answer 1

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember:

1. Group 1 - Acoustically similar words
2. Group 2 - Acoustically dissimilar words
3. Group 3 - Semantically similar words
4. Group 4 - Semantically dissimilar words

Question 2

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
What does acoustically similar mean?

Answer 2

Acoustically similar means words that sound similar

Question 3

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Acoustically similar means words that sound similar, for example what?

Answer 3

Acoustically similar means words that sound similar, for example:

1. Homophones like ‘Knight’ and ‘night’
2. Cat, hat, pat

Question 4

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
What does acoustically dissimilar mean?

Answer 4

Acoustically dissimilar means words that sound different

Question 5

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
What does semantically similar mean?

Answer 5

Semantically similar means words that have similar meanings

Question 6

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Semantically similar means words that have similar meanings, for example what?

Answer 6

Semantically similar means words that have similar meanings, for example:

1. Big, large and gigantic
2. Clean, neat and tidy

Question 7

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
What does semantically dissimilar mean?

Answer 7

Semantically dissimilar means words that have different meanings

Question 8

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown what and asked to do what?

Answer 8

Participants were:

1. Shown the original words
2. Asked to recall them in the correct order

Question 9

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown the original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.
When they had to do this recall task when (STM recall), they tended to do what with what words?

Answer 9

When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words

Question 10

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown the original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.
When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words (what group)?

Answer 10

When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words (group 1)

Question 11

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown the original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.
When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words (group 1).
If participants were asked to recall the word list after what (LTM recall), what happened?

Answer 11

If participants were asked to recall the word list after a time interval of 20 minutes (LTM recall), they did worse with the semantically similar words

Question 12

Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown the original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.
When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words (group 1).
If participants were asked to recall the word list after a time interval of 20 minutes (LTM recall), they did worse with the semantically similar words.
What does this suggest?

Answer 12

This suggests that information is coded semantically in LTM

Question 13

Evaluation:

One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used what?

Answer 13

One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli

Question 14

Evaluation:

One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than what?

Answer 14

One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material

Question 15

Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no what?

Answer 15

Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants

Question 16

Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
What does this mean?

Answer 16

This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task

Question 17

Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack what?

Answer 17

This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity

Question 18

Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not what?

Answer 18

This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not representative of real-life activities

Question 19

Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not representative of real-life activities and an example is what?

Answer 19

This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not representative of real-life activities and an example is that when processing more meaningful information, people may use semantic coding even for STM tasks

Question 20

Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not representative of real-life activities and an example is that when processing more meaningful information, people may use semantic coding even for STM tasks.
What does this suggest?

Answer 20

This suggests that findings from this study have limited application

Question 21

Evaluation:

Baddeley’s findings make what?

Answer 21

Baddeley’s findings make ‘cognitive sense’

Question 22

Evaluation:
Baddeley’s findings make ‘cognitive sense.’
Example

Answer 22

For example, if you had to remember a shopping list, you’d probably repeat it aloud (acoustic rehearsal), while walking to the shops

Question 23

Evaluation:
Baddeley’s findings make ‘cognitive sense.’
For example, if you had to remember a shopping list, you’d probably repeat it aloud (acoustic rehearsal), while walking to the shops, but what?

Answer 23

For example, if you had to remember a shopping list, you’d probably repeat it aloud (acoustic rehearsal), while walking to the shops, but if you recall a book you’ve read, you remember the plot of it rather than every single word

Question 24

Evaluation:

The small difference in what suggests that there’s also what in STM?

Answer 24

The small difference in recall between semantically:
1. Similar
2. Dissimilar
lists suggests that there’s also semantic coding in STM

Question 25

Evaluation:
The small difference in recall between semantically similar (what %) and semantically dissimilar (what %) lists suggests that there’s also semantic coding in STM?

Answer 25

The small difference in recall between semantically:
1. Similar (64%)
2. Dissimilar (71%)
lists suggests that there’s also semantic coding in STM

Question 26

Evaluation:

As a laboratory study, it can be what to check the results?

Answer 26

As a laboratory study, it can be replicated to check the results

Question 27

Evaluation:

As a laboratory study, it can be replicated to check the results, therefore it is what?

Answer 27

As a laboratory study, it can be replicated to check the results, therefore it is high in reliability