2.1: Alan Baddeley (1966) Flashcards
Baddeley gave what to how many groups of participants to do what?
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember:
- Group 1 - Acoustically similar words
- Group 2 - Acoustically dissimilar words
- Group 3 - Semantically similar words
- Group 4 - Semantically dissimilar words
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
What does acoustically similar mean?
Acoustically similar means words that sound similar
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Acoustically similar means words that sound similar, for example what?
Acoustically similar means words that sound similar, for example:
- Homophones like ‘Knight’ and ‘night’
- Cat, hat, pat
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
What does acoustically dissimilar mean?
Acoustically dissimilar means words that sound different
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
What does semantically similar mean?
Semantically similar means words that have similar meanings
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Semantically similar means words that have similar meanings, for example what?
Semantically similar means words that have similar meanings, for example:
- Big, large and gigantic
- Clean, neat and tidy
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
What does semantically dissimilar mean?
Semantically dissimilar means words that have different meanings
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown what and asked to do what?
Participants were:
- Shown the original words
- Asked to recall them in the correct order
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown the original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.
When they had to do this recall task when (STM recall), they tended to do what with what words?
When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown the original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.
When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words (what group)?
When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words (group 1)
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown the original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.
When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words (group 1).
If participants were asked to recall the word list after what (LTM recall), what happened?
If participants were asked to recall the word list after a time interval of 20 minutes (LTM recall), they did worse with the semantically similar words
Baddeley gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember: Group 1 - Acoustically similar words, group 2 - acoustically dissimilar words, group 3 - semantically similar words and group 4 - semantically dissimilar words.
Participants were shown the original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.
When they had to do this recall task immediately after hearing it (STM recall), they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words (group 1).
If participants were asked to recall the word list after a time interval of 20 minutes (LTM recall), they did worse with the semantically similar words.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that information is coded semantically in LTM
Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used what?
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli
Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than what?
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material
Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no what?
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants
Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
What does this mean?
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task
Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack what?
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity
Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not what?
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not representative of real-life activities
Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not representative of real-life activities and an example is what?
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not representative of real-life activities and an example is that when processing more meaningful information, people may use semantic coding even for STM tasks
Evaluation:
One limitation of Baddeley’s study is that it used quite artificial stimuli, rather than meaningful material.
Although this laboratory study shows causality (a cause and effect relationship), the words had no personal meaning to participants.
This means that we should be cautious about generalising the findings to different kinds of memory task, as Baddeley’s study may lack ecological validity, since it is not representative of real-life activities and an example is that when processing more meaningful information, people may use semantic coding even for STM tasks.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that findings from this study have limited application
Evaluation:
Baddeley’s findings make what?
Baddeley’s findings make ‘cognitive sense’
Evaluation:
Baddeley’s findings make ‘cognitive sense.’
Example
For example, if you had to remember a shopping list, you’d probably repeat it aloud (acoustic rehearsal), while walking to the shops
Evaluation:
Baddeley’s findings make ‘cognitive sense.’
For example, if you had to remember a shopping list, you’d probably repeat it aloud (acoustic rehearsal), while walking to the shops, but what?
For example, if you had to remember a shopping list, you’d probably repeat it aloud (acoustic rehearsal), while walking to the shops, but if you recall a book you’ve read, you remember the plot of it rather than every single word
Evaluation:
The small difference in what suggests that there’s also what in STM?
The small difference in recall between semantically:
1. Similar
2. Dissimilar
lists suggests that there’s also semantic coding in STM
Evaluation:
The small difference in recall between semantically similar (what %) and semantically dissimilar (what %) lists suggests that there’s also semantic coding in STM?
The small difference in recall between semantically:
1. Similar (64%)
2. Dissimilar (71%)
lists suggests that there’s also semantic coding in STM
Evaluation:
As a laboratory study, it can be what to check the results?
As a laboratory study, it can be replicated to check the results
Evaluation:
As a laboratory study, it can be replicated to check the results, therefore it is what?
As a laboratory study, it can be replicated to check the results, therefore it is high in reliability