4.2: Phobias Flashcards
What are 3 of the most common disorders?
- Phobias
- Depression
- OCD
are 3 of the most common disorders
Phobias, depression and OCD are 3 of the most common disorders.
In 2015, what % of the population had phobias in the UK?
In 2015, 2% of the population had phobias in the UK
Phobias, depression and OCD are 3 of the most common disorders.
In 2015, 2% of the population had phobias in the UK.
In 2015, what % of the population had OCD in the UK?
In 2015, 2% of the population had OCD in the UK
Phobias, depression and OCD are 3 of the most common disorders.
In 2015, 2% of the population had phobias in the UK.
In 2015, 2% of the population had OCD in the UK.
In 2015, what % of the population had depression in the UK?
In 2015, 8% of the population had depression in the UK
Phobia
A phobia is a persistent anxiety disorder, which:
- Interferes with daily living
- Is characterised by an extreme irrational fear
Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder.
Anxiety is an emotion all people experience and is a natural response to what stimuli?
Anxiety is:
- An emotion all people experience
- A natural response to potentially dangerous stimuli
Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder.
Anxiety is an emotion all people experience and is a natural response to potentially dangerous stimuli, but phobias are characterised by what fears?
Anxiety is an emotion all people experience and is a natural response to potentially dangerous stimuli, but phobias are characterised by: 1. Uncontrollable 2. Extreme 3. Irrational fears
Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder.
Anxiety is an emotion all people experience and is a natural response to potentially dangerous stimuli, but phobias are characterised by uncontrollable, extreme and irrational fears and involve anxiety levels that are what?
Anxiety is an emotion all people experience and is a natural response to potentially dangerous stimuli, but phobias:
- Are characterised by uncontrollable, extreme and irrational fears
- Involve anxiety levels that are out of proportion to any actual risk
Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder.
Anxiety is an emotion all people experience and is a natural response to potentially dangerous stimuli, but phobias are characterised by uncontrollable, extreme and irrational fears and involve anxiety levels that are out of proportion to any actual risk.
As many sufferers attempt to deal with their phobias themselves, it is difficult to estimate what the occurrence rate is, but about 10% of people will do what?
As many sufferers attempt to deal with their phobias themselves, it is difficult to estimate what the occurrence rate is, but about 10% of people will suffer from a phobia at some point
Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder.
Anxiety is an emotion all people experience and is a natural response to potentially dangerous stimuli, but phobias are characterised by uncontrollable, extreme and irrational fears and involve anxiety levels that are out of proportion to any actual risk.
As many sufferers attempt to deal with their phobias themselves, it is difficult to estimate what the occurrence rate is, but about 10% of people will suffer from a phobia at some point, with females having what as males?
As many sufferers attempt to deal with their phobias themselves, it is difficult to estimate what the occurrence rate is, but about 10% of people will suffer from a phobia at some point, with females having twice the incidence of phobias as males
Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder.
Anxiety is an emotion all people experience and is a natural response to potentially dangerous stimuli, but phobias are characterised by uncontrollable, extreme and irrational fears and involve anxiety levels that are out of proportion to any actual risk.
As many sufferers attempt to deal with their phobias themselves, it is difficult to estimate what the occurrence rate is, but about 10% of people will suffer from a phobia at some point, with females having twice the incidence of phobias as males.
Phobias can be very long lasting, enduring over how long?
Phobias can be very long lasting, enduring over many years
When do most phobias originate?
Most phobias originate in childhood
Most phobias originate in childhood, but do what during adulthood?
Most phobias originate in childhood, but lessen in strength during adulthood
Most phobias originate in childhood, but lessen in strength during adulthood.
Generally, people with phobias have insight into their condition, why?
Generally, people with phobias have insight into their condition, because they realise that their fear reactions are irrational
Most phobias originate in childhood, but lessen in strength during adulthood.
Generally, people with phobias have insight into their condition, because they realise that their fear reactions are irrational, but what?
Generally, people with phobias have insight into their condition, because they realise that their fear reactions are irrational, but they cannot consciously control them
What are phobias divisible into?
Phobias are divisible into:
- Simple phobias
- Social phobias
- Agoraphobia
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
1. Simple phobias.
What are simple phobias also known as?
Simple phobias are also known as specific phobias
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
1. Simple phobias.
Simple phobias are also known as specific phobias.
When do simple phobias occur?
Simple phobias occur when sufferers have fears of specific:
- Things
- Environments
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
1. Simple phobias.
Simple phobias are also known as specific phobias.
Simple phobias occur when sufferers have fears of specific things and environments.
What are simple phobias further divisible into?
Simple phobias are further divisible into:
- Animal phobias
- Injury phobias
- Situational phobias
- Natural environment phobias
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
1. Simple phobias.
Simple phobias are also known as specific phobias.
Simple phobias occur when sufferers have fears of specific things and environments.
Simple phobias are further divisible into animal phobias, injury phobias, situational phobias and natural environment phobias.
An example of an animal phobia
An example of an animal phobia is arachnophobia, the fear of spiders
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
1. Simple phobias.
Simple phobias are also known as specific phobias.
Simple phobias occur when sufferers have fears of specific things and environments.
Simple phobias are further divisible into animal phobias, injury phobias, situational phobias and natural environment phobias.
An example of an injury phobia
An example of an injury phobia is haematophobia, the fear of blood
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
1. Simple phobias.
Simple phobias are also known as specific phobias.
Simple phobias occur when sufferers have fears of specific things and environments.
Simple phobias are further divisible into animal phobias, injury phobias, situational phobias and natural environment phobias.
An example of a situational phobia
An example of a situational phobia is aerophobia, the fear of flying
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
1. Simple phobias.
Simple phobias are also known as specific phobias.
Simple phobias occur when sufferers have fears of specific things and environments.
Simple phobias are further divisible into animal phobias, injury phobias, situational phobias and natural environment phobias.
An example of a natural environment phobia
An example of a natural environment phobia is hydrophobia, the fear of water
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being what in social situations?
Social phobias:
- Are a commonly experienced type of phobia
- Involve being over-anxious in social situations
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like what?
Social phobias:
- Are a commonly experienced type of phobia
- Involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public.
What do social phobias involve?
Social phobias involve:
- The perception of being judged
- Feeling inadequate
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public.
Social phobias involve the perception of being judged and feeling inadequate.
What do social phobics therefore often find difficult?
Social phobics therefore often find conducting meaningful relationships difficult
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public.
Social phobias involve the perception of being judged and feeling inadequate.
Social phobics therefore often find conducting meaningful relationships difficult.
What are social phobias further divisible into?
Social phobias are further divisible into:
- Performance phobias
- Interaction phobias
- Generalised phobias
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public.
Social phobias involve the perception of being judged and feeling inadequate.
Social phobics therefore often find conducting meaningful relationships difficult.
Social phobias are further divisible into performance phobias, interaction phobias and generalised phobias.
What are performance phobias?
Performance phobias are being anxious about performing in public
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public.
Social phobias involve the perception of being judged and feeling inadequate.
Social phobics therefore often find conducting meaningful relationships difficult.
Social phobias are further divisible into performance phobias, interaction phobias and generalised phobias.
Performance phobias are being anxious about performing in public, like doing what?
Performance phobias are being anxious about performing in public, like:
1. Playing at a concert
Or,
2. Eating at a restaurant with others
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public.
Social phobias involve the perception of being judged and feeling inadequate.
Social phobics therefore often find conducting meaningful relationships difficult.
Social phobias are further divisible into performance phobias, interaction phobias and generalised phobias.
What are interaction phobias?
Interaction phobias are being anxious about mixing with others
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public.
Social phobias involve the perception of being judged and feeling inadequate.
Social phobics therefore often find conducting meaningful relationships difficult.
Social phobias are further divisible into performance phobias, interaction phobias and generalised phobias.
Interaction phobias are being anxious about mixing with others, like what?
Interaction phobias are being anxious about mixing with others, like:
1. Going on a date
Or,
2. Having an interview
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public.
Social phobias involve the perception of being judged and feeling inadequate.
Social phobics therefore often find conducting meaningful relationships difficult.
Social phobias are further divisible into performance phobias, interaction phobias and generalised phobias.
Interaction phobias are being anxious about mixing with others, like going on a date or having an interview.
What are generalised phobias?
Generalised phobias are being anxious about situations where other people are present
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
2. Social phobias.
Social phobias are a commonly experienced type of phobia and involve being over-anxious in social situations, like having to talk in public.
Social phobias involve the perception of being judged and feeling inadequate.
Social phobics therefore often find conducting meaningful relationships difficult.
Social phobias are further divisible into performance phobias, interaction phobias and generalised phobias.
Interaction phobias are being anxious about mixing with others, like going on a date or having an interview.
Generalised phobias are being anxious about situations where other people are present, like what?
Generalised phobias are being anxious about situations where other people are present, like being in a crowd at a football match
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
3. Agoraphobia.
What is agoraphobia?
Agoraphobia is the fear of leaving:
1. Home
Or,
2. A safe place
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
3. Agoraphobia.
Agoraphobia is the fear of leaving home or a safe place and it is another common type of phobia.
How does agoraphobia often occur?
Agoraphobia often occurs with panic attacks
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
3. Agoraphobia.
Agoraphobia is the fear of leaving home or a safe place and it is another common type of phobia.
Agoraphobia often occurs with panic attacks, where what?
Agoraphobia often occurs with panic attacks, where:
- Sufferers experience panic first
- The anxiety generated makes them feel vulnerable about being in open spaces
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
3. Agoraphobia.
Agoraphobia is the fear of leaving home or a safe place and it is another common type of phobia.
Agoraphobia often occurs with panic attacks, where: sufferers experience panic first and the anxiety generated makes them feel vulnerable about being in open spaces.
How can agoraphobia also be brought on?
Agoraphobia can also be brought on by simple phobias
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
3. Agoraphobia.
Agoraphobia is the fear of leaving home or a safe place and it is another common type of phobia.
Agoraphobia often occurs with panic attacks, where: sufferers experience panic first and the anxiety generated makes them feel vulnerable about being in open spaces.
Agoraphobia can also be brought on by simple phobias, such as what?
Agoraphobia can also be brought on by simple phobias, such as a fear of:
1. Contamination
Or,
2. Social embarrassment
Phobias are divisible into simple phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
3. Agoraphobia.
Agoraphobia is the fear of leaving home or a safe place and it is another common type of phobia.
Agoraphobia often occurs with panic attacks, where: sufferers experience panic first and the anxiety generated makes them feel vulnerable about being in open spaces.
Agoraphobia can also be brought on by simple phobias, such as a fear of contamination or social embarrassment.
What is the natural avoidance response to make in such situations?
The natural avoidance response to make in such situations is to:
1. Find
2. Stay in
a safe place, generally at home
What phobias tend to have the earliest onset?
Animal phobias tend to have the earliest onset
Animal phobias tend to have the earliest onset, followed by what?
Animal phobias tend to have the earliest onset, followed by:
- Other simple phobias
- Social phobias
- Then agoraphobia
Animal phobias tend to have the earliest onset, followed by other simple phobias, social phobias and then agoraphobia.
Phobias can either be learned from experience or what?
Phobias can either be:
1. Learned from experience
Or,
2. Genetically transmitted
What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are:
- Panic
- The avoidant/anxiety responses
- Disruption of functioning
- Endurance
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
1. Panic:
Panic may involve a range of behaviours, including what?
Panic may involve a range of behaviours, including: 1. Crying 2. Screaming Or, 3. Running away
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
1. Panic:
Panic may involve a range of behaviours, including crying, screaming or running away.
How may children react?
Children may react slightly differently
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
1. Panic:
Panic may involve a range of behaviours, including crying, screaming or running away.
Children may react slightly differently, for example how?
Children may react slightly differently, for example by: 1. Freezing 2. Clinging Or, 3. Having a tantrum
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
2. The avoidant/anxiety responses:
As confrontation with feared objects and situations produces high anxiety responses, efforts are made to avoid the feared objects and situations, in order to do what?
As confrontation with feared objects and situations produces high anxiety responses, efforts are made to avoid the feared objects and situations, in order to reduce the chances of such anxiety responses occurring
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
2. The avoidant/anxiety responses:
As confrontation with feared objects and situations produces high anxiety responses, efforts are made to avoid the feared objects and situations, in order to reduce the chances of such anxiety responses occurring.
Example
For example, if someone has a fear of ghosts, they won’t take a short-cut home through the graveyard at midnight
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
2. The avoidant/anxiety responses:
As confrontation with feared objects and situations produces high anxiety responses, efforts are made to avoid the feared objects and situations, in order to reduce the chances of such anxiety responses occurring.
For example, if someone has a fear of ghosts, they won’t take a short-cut home through the graveyard at midnight.
Unless the sufferer is making a conscious effect to face their face, they tend to go to a lot of effort to do what?
Unless the sufferer is making a conscious effect to face their face, they tend to go to a lot of effort to avoid coming into contact with the phobic stimulus
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responsse, disruption of functioning and endurance.
2. The avoidant/anxiety responses:
As confrontation with feared objects and situations produces high anxiety responses, efforts are made to avoid the feared objects and situations, in order to reduce the chances of such anxiety responses occurring.
For example, if someone has a fear of ghosts, they won’t take a short-cut home through the graveyard at midnight.
Unless the sufferer is making a conscious effect to face their face, they tend to go to a lot of effort to avoid coming into contact with the phobic stimulus.
What can this do?
This can make it hard to go about their daily life
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
2. The avoidant/anxiety responses:
As confrontation with feared objects and situations produces high anxiety responses, efforts are made to avoid the feared objects and situations, in order to reduce the chances of such anxiety responses occurring.
For example, if someone has a fear of ghosts, they won’t take a short-cut home through the graveyard at midnight.
Unless the sufferer is making a conscious effect to face their face, they tend to go to a lot of effort to avoid coming into contact with the phobic stimulus.
This can make it hard to go about their daily life.
Example
For example:
- Someone with a fear of public toilets may have to limit the time they spend outside the home in relation to how long they can last without a toilet
- This in turn can interfere with work, education and their social life
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
3. Disruption of functioning:
Anxiety and avoidance responses are so extreme that they do what?
Anxiety and avoidance responses are so extreme that they severely interfere with:
- The ability to conduct everyday work
- Social functioning
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
3. Disruption of functioning:
Anxiety and avoidance responses are so extreme that they severely interfere with the ability to conduct everyday work and social functioning.
Example
For example, a person with a social phobia will find it very hard to:
1. Socialise with others
Or,
2. Interact meaningfully with them at work
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
4. Endurance:
What is endurance the alternative to?
Endurance is the alternative to avoidance
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
4. Endurance:
Endurance is the alternative to avoidance, in which what does a sufferer do?
Endurance is the alternative to avoidance, in which a sufferer:
- Remains in the presence of the phobic stimulus
- Continues to experience high levels of anxiety
The behavioural characteristics of phobias are panic, the avoidant/anxiety responses, disruption of functioning and endurance.
4. Endurance:
Endurance is the alternative to avoidance, in which a sufferer remains in the presence of the phobic stimulus and continues to experience high levels of anxiety.
This may be unavoidable in some situations.
Example
For example, a person who has an extreme fear of flying
What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?
The emotional characteristics of phobias are:
- Persistent, excessive fear (anxiety)
- Fear from exposure to the phobic stimulus
- The emotional responses are unreasonable
The emotional characteristics of phobias are persistent, excessive fear (anxiety), fear from exposure to the phobic stimulus and the emotional responses are unreasonable.
1. Persistent, excessive fear (anxiety):
Phobias produce high levels of anxiety, due to what?
Phobias produce high levels of anxiety, due to the: 1. Presence of Or, 2. Anticipation of feared objects and situations
The emotional characteristics of phobias are persistent, excessive fear (anxiety), fear from exposure to the phobic stimulus and the emotional responses are unreasonable.
1. Persistent, excessive fear (anxiety):
Phobias produce high levels of anxiety, due to the presence of or anticipation of feared objects and situations.
What is anxiety?
Anxiety is an unpleasant state of high arousal
The emotional characteristics of phobias are persistent, excessive fear (anxiety), fear from exposure to the phobic stimulus and the emotional responses are unreasonable.
1. Persistent, excessive fear (anxiety):
Phobias produce high levels of anxiety, due to the presence of or anticipation of feared objects and situations.
Anxiety is an unpleasant state of high arousal.
What does this do?
This:
- Prevents the sufferer relaxing
- Makes it very difficult to experience any positive emotions
The emotional characteristics of phobias are persistent, excessive fear (anxiety), fear from exposure to the phobic stimulus and the emotional responses are unreasonable.
2. Fear from exposure to the phobic stimulus:
Phobias produce an immediate fear response, even what, due to the presentation of the phobic object or situation?
Phobias produce an immediate fear response, even panic attacks, due to the presentation of the phobic:
1. Object
Or,
2. Situation
The emotional characteristics of phobias are persistent, excessive fear (anxiety), fear from exposure to the phobic stimulus and the emotional responses are unreasonable.
3. The emotional responses are unreasonable.
Example
For example, with arachnophobia, a person may have a very strong emotional response to a tiny spider
The emotional characteristics of phobias are persistent, excessive fear (anxiety), fear from exposure to the phobic stimulus and the emotional responses are unreasonable.
3. The emotional responses are unreasonable.
For example, with arachnophobia, a person may have a very strong emotional response to a tiny spider.
What is this?
This is widely disproportionate to the danger posed by any spider they’re likely to meet
What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are:
- Selective attention to the phobic stimulus
- Irrational beliefs
- Cognitive distortions
- Recognition of exaggerated anxiety
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
1. Selective attention to the phobic stimulus:
If a sufferer can see the phobic stimulus, what?
If a sufferer can see the phobic stimulus, it is hard to look away from it
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
1. Selective attention to the phobic stimulus:
If a sufferer can see the phobic stimulus, it is hard to look away from it.
Why is keeping our attention on something really dangerous a good thing?
Keeping our attention on something really dangerous is a good thing, because it gives us the best chance of reacting quickly to a threat
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
1. Selective attention to the phobic stimulus:
If a sufferer can see the phobic stimulus, it is hard to look away from it.
Keeping our attention on something really dangerous is a good thing, because it gives us the best chance of reacting quickly to a threat, but when is this not so useful?
Keeping our attention on something really dangerous is a good thing, because it gives us the best chance of reacting quickly to a threat, but this is not so useful when the fear is irrational
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
1. Selective attention to the phobic stimulus:
If a sufferer can see the phobic stimulus, it is hard to look away from it.
Keeping our attention on something really dangerous is a good thing, because it gives us the best chance of reacting quickly to a threat, but this is not so useful when the fear is irrational.
What will a pogonophobic do?
A pogonophobic will struggle to concentrate on what they’re doing if there is a someone with a beard in the room
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
2. Irrational beliefs:
What may a phobic hold irrational beliefs in relation to?
A phobic may hold irrational beliefs in relation to the phobic stimulus
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
2. Irrational beliefs:
A phobic may hold irrational beliefs in relation to the phobic stimulus.
Example
For example, social phobias can involve beliefs like:
1. ‘I must always sound intelligent’
Or,
2. ‘If I blush, people will think I’m weak’
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
2. Irrational beliefs:
A phobic may hold irrational beliefs in relation to the phobic stimulus.
For example, social phobias can involve beliefs like ‘I must always sound intelligent’ or ‘If I blush, people will think I’m weak.’
What does this kind of belief do?
This kind of belief increases the pressure on the sufferer to perform well in social situations
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
3. Cognitive distortions:
What may be distorted?
The phobic’s perceptions of the phobic stimulus may be distorted
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
3. Cognitive distortions:
The phobic’s perceptions of the phobic stimulus may be distorted.
Example
For example, an ophidiophobic may see snakes as:
- Alien
- Aggressive-looking
Phobics
Phobics are people who suffer from phobias
The cognitive characteristics of phobias are selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and recognition of exaggerated anxiety.
4. Recognition of exaggerated anxiety:
Generally phobics are what that the anxiety levels they experience in relation to their feared object or situation are overstated?
Generally phobics are consciously aware that the anxiety levels they experience in relation to their feared: 1. Object Or, 2. Situation are overstated
