2.1: Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 1

Long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 1

Long-term memory (LTM) is a permanent memory store holding limitless amounts of information for long periods

Question 2

Long-term memory (LTM) is the potentially permanent memory store for information that has been what?

Answer 2

Long-term memory (LTM) is the potentially permanent memory store for information that has been rehearsed for a prolonged time

Question 3

LTMs tend to be coded how?

Answer 3

LTMs tend to be coded semantically

Question 4

LTMs tend to be coded semantically (in terms of what)?

Answer 4

LTMs tend to be coded semantically (in terms of meaning)

Question 5

LTMs tend to be coded semantically.

Although this material is stored in LTM, when we want to recall it, it has to be transferred back into STM by what?

Answer 5

Although this material is stored in LTM, when we want to recall it, it has to be transferred back into STM by a process called retrieval

Question 6

LTMs tend to be coded semantically.
Although this material is stored in LTM, when we want to recall it, it has to be transferred back into STM by a process called retrieval.
According to the multi-store model (MSM), this is true of what?

Answer 6

According to the multi-store model (MSM), this is true of all our memories

Question 7

LTMs tend to be coded semantically.
Although this material is stored in LTM, when we want to recall it, it has to be transferred back into STM by a process called retrieval.
According to the multi-store model (MSM), this is true of all our memories.
None of them are what?

Answer 7

None of them are recalled directly from LTM

Question 8

LTM involves storing information over lengthy periods of time, indeed for a whole lifetime, with information stored for longer than how long counting as LTM?

Answer 8

LTM involves storing information over lengthy periods of time, indeed for a whole lifetime, with information stored for longer than 30 seconds counting as LTM

Question 9

LTM involves storing information over lengthy periods of time, indeed for a whole lifetime, with information stored for longer than 30 seconds counting as LTM.
All information within LTM will have originally done what?

Answer 9

All information within LTM will have originally passed through the:

1. Sensory register
2. Short-term memory

Question 10

LTM involves storing information over lengthy periods of time, indeed for a whole lifetime, with information stored for longer than 30 seconds counting as LTM.
All information within LTM will have originally passed through the sensory register and the short-term memory, though may have undergone what during the process?

Answer 10

All information within LTM will have originally passed through the:
1. Sensory register
2. Short-term memory
,though may have undergone different forms of processing during the process

Question 11

LTM involves storing information over lengthy periods of time, indeed for a whole lifetime, with information stored for longer than 30 seconds counting as LTM.
All information within LTM will have originally passed through the sensory register and the short-term memory, though may have undergone different forms of processing during the process.
Research indicates that there are several different types of LTM and LTMs are not of equal what?

Answer 11

Research indicates that there are several different types of LTM and LTMs are not of equal strength

Question 12

LTM involves storing information over lengthy periods of time, indeed for a whole lifetime, with information stored for longer than 30 seconds counting as LTM.
All information within LTM will have originally passed through the sensory register and the short-term memory, though may have undergone different forms of processing during the process.
Research indicates that there are several different types of LTM and LTMs are not of equal strength.
Strong LTMs can be what?

Answer 12

Strong LTMs can be retrieved easily

Question 13

LTM involves storing information over lengthy periods of time, indeed for a whole lifetime, with information stored for longer than 30 seconds counting as LTM.
All information within LTM will have originally passed through the sensory register and the short-term memory, though may have undergone different forms of processing during the process.
Research indicates that there are several different types of LTM and LTMs are not of equal strength.
Strong LTMs can be retrieved easily, like what?

Answer 13

Strong LTMs can be retrieved easily, like when your birthday is

Question 14

LTM involves storing information over lengthy periods of time, indeed for a whole lifetime, with information stored for longer than 30 seconds counting as LTM.
All information within LTM will have originally passed through the sensory register and the short-term memory, though may have undergone different forms of processing during the process.
Research indicates that there are several different types of LTM and LTMs are not of equal strength.
Strong LTMs can be retrieved easily, like when your birthday is, but what LTMs may need what?

Answer 14

Strong LTMs can be retrieved easily, like when your birthday is, but weaker LTMs may need more prompting

Question 15

LTMs are not what?

Answer 15

LTMs are not passive

Question 16

LTMs are not passive (what)?

Answer 16

LTMs are not passive (unchanging)

Question 17

LTMs are not passive (unchanging).

What does this mean?

Answer 17

This means that over time they may:
1. Change
Or,
2. Merge
with other LTMs

Question 18

LTMs are not passive (unchanging).
This means that over time they may change or merge with other LTMs.
This is why memories aren’t necessarily what?

Answer 18

This is why memories aren’t necessarily:
1. Constant
Or,
2. Accurate

Question 19

LTMs are not passive (unchanging).
This means that over time they may change or merge with other LTMs.
This is why memories aren’t necessarily constant or accurate.
There are several explanations for forgetting from LTM.
Research also indicates that the process of what is spread through what?

Answer 19

Research also indicates that the process of:
1. Shaping
2. Storing
LTMs is spread through multiple brain regions

Question 20

Coding in the LTM:

Coding of information will be stronger (and thus the memory more what), the what?

Answer 20

Coding of information will be stronger (and thus the memory more retrievable), the deeper the processing

Question 21

Coding in the LTM:

Coding of information will be stronger (and thus the memory more retrievable), the deeper the processing of a what?

Answer 21

Coding of information will be stronger (and thus the memory more retrievable), the deeper the processing of a stimulus that occurs while it is being experienced

Question 22

Coding in the LTM:
Coding of information will be stronger (and thus the memory more retrievable), the deeper the processing of a stimulus that occurs while it is being experienced.
With what material, coding in LTM is mainly what?

Answer 22

With verbal material, coding in LTM is mainly semantic

Question 23

Coding in the LTM:
Coding of information will be stronger (and thus the memory more retrievable), the deeper the processing of a stimulus that occurs while it is being experienced.
With verbal material, coding in LTM is mainly semantic (based on what)?

Answer 23

With verbal material, coding in LTM is mainly semantic (based on meaning)

Question 24

Coding in the LTM:
Coding of information will be stronger (and thus the memory more retrievable), the deeper the processing of a stimulus that occurs while it is being experienced.
With verbal material, coding in LTM is mainly semantic (based on meaning), though coding occurs in other forms too, with research (for example who’s research when) indicating what?

Answer 24

With verbal material, coding in LTM is mainly semantic (based on meaning), though coding occurs in other forms too, with research (for example Baddeley’s research in 1966) indicating:

1. A visual code
2. An acoustic code

Question 25

Research for coding in the LTM:

Who (what year) gave participants how many drawings?

Answer 25

Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings

Question 26

Research for coding in the LTM:

Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in how many categories?

Answer 26

Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories

Question 27

Research for coding in the LTM:

Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories (for example what)?

Answer 27

Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories (for example animals)

Question 28

Research for coding in the LTM:

Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories (for example animals), differing in what?

Answer 28

Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories (for example animals), differing in visual orientation

Question 29

Research for coding in the LTM:
Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories (for example animals), differing in visual orientation, like what?

Answer 29

Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories (for example animals), differing in visual orientation, like the angle of viewing perspective

Question 30

Research for coding in the LTM:
Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories (for example animals), differing in visual orientation, like the angle of viewing perspective.
The order of what suggested that participants used what?

Answer 30

The order of recall of items suggested that participants used:
1. Visual
2. Semantic
coding

Question 31

Research for coding in the LTM:
Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories (for example animals), differing in visual orientation, like the angle of viewing perspective.
The order of recall of items suggested that participants used visual and semantic coding, implying what?

Answer 31

The order of recall of items suggested that participants used visual and semantic coding, implying evidence for a:
1. Visual
as well as
2. Semantic
code in LTM

Question 32

Research for coding in the LTM:

Who (what year) showed that what also occurs in LTM?

Answer 32

Nelson and Rothbart (1972) showed that acoustic coding also occurs in LTM

Question 33

Research for coding in the LTM:

Nelson and Rothbart (1972) showed that acoustic coding also occurs in LTM, as participants did what?

Answer 33

Nelson and Rothbart (1972) showed that acoustic coding also occurs in LTM, as participants made recall errors involving homophones

Question 34

Research for coding in the LTM:
Nelson and Rothbart (1972) showed that acoustic coding also occurs in LTM, as participants made recall errors involving homophones, again suggesting what?

Answer 34

Nelson and Rothbart (1972) showed that acoustic coding also occurs in LTM, as participants made recall errors involving homophones, again suggesting that coding in LTM has several varieties

Question 35

Research for coding in the LTM:

It’s difficult to see how what could be coded semantically?

Answer 35

It’s difficult to see how:
1. Smells
2. Tastes
could be coded semantically

Question 36

Research for coding in the LTM:

It’s difficult to see how smells and tastes could be coded semantically and reason suggests that what?

Answer 36

It’s difficult to see how smells and tastes could be coded semantically and reason suggests that songs are encoded acoustically

Question 37

Research for coding in the LTM:
It’s difficult to see how smells and tastes could be coded semantically and reason suggests that songs are encoded acoustically, supporting the idea of what?

Answer 37

It’s difficult to see how smells and tastes could be coded semantically and reason suggests that songs are encoded acoustically, supporting the idea of several forms of encoding in LTM

Question 38

Research for coding in the LTM:

Different types of LTM involve different what?

Answer 38

Different types of LTM involve different brain areas

Question 39

Research for coding in the LTM:
Different types of LTM involve different brain areas, with research suggesting that they are encoded in different ways, which implies that there are varying forms of what within LTM?

Answer 39

Different types of LTM involve different brain areas, with research suggesting that they are encoded in different ways, which implies that there are varying forms of coding within LTM

Question 40

Capacity of the LTM:

The potential capacity of LTM is what?

Answer 40

The potential capacity of LTM is unlimited

Question 41

Capacity of the LTM:
The potential capacity of LTM is unlimited.
Information may be lost due to what?

Answer 41

Information may be lost due to:

1. Decay
2. Interference

Question 42

Capacity of the LTM:
The potential capacity of LTM is unlimited.
Information may be lost due to decay and interference, but such losses don’t occur due to what?

Answer 42

Information may be lost due to:
1. Decay
2. Interference
,but such losses don’t occur due to limitation of capacity

Question 43

Research for capacity of the LTM:

Who (what year) estimated the number of possible what?

Answer 43

Anokhin (1973) estimated the number of possible neuronal connections in the human brain

Question 44

Research for capacity of the LTM:

Anokhin (1973) estimated the number of possible neuronal connections in the human brain as what?

Answer 44

Anokhin (1973) estimated the number of possible neuronal connections in the human brain as 1 followed by 10.5 million kilometres of noughts

Question 45

Research for capacity of the LTM:
Anokhin (1973) estimated the number of possible neuronal connections in the human brain as 1 followed by 10.5 million kilometres of noughts.
He concluded that ‘no human …’

Answer 45

He concluded that ‘no human yet exists who can use all the potential of their brain’

Question 46

Research for capacity of the LTM:
Anokhin (1973) estimated the number of possible neuronal connections in the human brain as 1 followed by 10.5 million kilometres of noughts.
He concluded that ‘no human yet exists who can use all the potential of their brain,’ suggesting what?

Answer 46

He concluded that ‘no human yet exists who can use all the potential of their brain,’ suggesting that the capacity of LTM is limitless

Question 47

Research for capacity of the LTM:

Who (what year) created a diary?

Answer 47

Wagenaar (1986) created a diary

Question 48

Research for capacity of the LTM:

Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of what?

Answer 48

Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events

Question 49

Research for capacity of the LTM:

Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over how long?

Answer 49

Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years

Question 50

Research for capacity of the LTM:

Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on what?

Answer 50

Wagenaar (1986):

1. Created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years
2. Tested himself on recall of events

Question 51

Research for capacity of the LTM:

Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than what?

Answer 51

Wagenaar (1986):
1. Created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years
2. Tested himself on recall of events
,rather than dates

Question 52

Research for capacity of the LTM:
Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than dates, finding that he too had what?

Answer 52

Wagenaar (1986):
1. Created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years
2. Tested himself on recall of events
,rather than dates, finding that he too had excellent recall

Question 53

Research for capacity of the LTM:
Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than dates, finding that he too had excellent recall, again suggesting what?

Answer 53

Wagenaar (1986):
1. Created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years
2. Tested himself on recall of events
,rather than dates, finding that he too had excellent recall, again suggesting that the capacity of LTM is extremely large

Question 54

Research for capacity of the LTM:
Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than dates, finding that he too had excellent recall, again suggesting that the capacity of LTM is extremely large.
Diary studies, however, are a type of what?

Answer 54

Diary studies, however, are a type of case study

Question 55

Research for capacity of the LTM:
Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than dates, finding that he too had excellent recall, again suggesting that the capacity of LTM is extremely large.
Diary studies, however, are a type of case study and therefore are what?

Answer 55

Diary studies, however, are a type of case study and therefore are not representative of the general population

Question 56

Research for capacity of the LTM:
Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than dates, finding that he too had excellent recall, again suggesting that the capacity of LTM is extremely large.
Diary studies, however, are a type of case study and therefore are not representative of the general population and there could also be what?

Answer 56

Diary studies, however, are a type of case study and therefore are not representative of the general population and there could also be an element of bias

Question 57

Research for capacity of the LTM:
Wagenaar (1986) created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than dates, finding that he too had excellent recall, again suggesting that the capacity of LTM is extremely large.
Diary studies, however, are a type of case study and therefore are not representative of the general population and there could also be an element of bias, as people are doing what?

Answer 57

Diary studies, however, are a type of case study and therefore are not representative of the general population and there could also be an element of bias, as people are testing themselves

Question 58

Research for capacity of the LTM:

Why is the capacity of LTM assumed to be limitless?

Answer 58

The capacity of LTM is assumed to be limitless, because research has not been able to determine a finite capacity

Question 59

Research for capacity of the LTM:

There may be a what to LTM?

Answer 59

There may be an evolutionary basis to LTM

Question 60

Research for capacity of the LTM:
There may be an evolutionary basis to LTM.
Animal studies, like that by who (what year), showed that pigeons can do what?

Answer 60

Animal studies, like that by Fagot and Cook (1996), showed that pigeons can memorise 1,200 picture response associations

Question 61

Research for capacity of the LTM:
There may be an evolutionary basis to LTM.
Animal studies, like that by Fagot and Cook (1996), showed that pigeons can memorise 1,200 picture response associations.
What still hadn’t reached their capacity after how long of training?

Answer 61

Baboons still hadn’t reached their capacity after 3 years of training

Question 62

Research for capacity of the LTM:
There may be an evolutionary basis to LTM.
Animal studies, like that by Fagot and Cook (1996), showed that pigeons can memorise 1,200 picture response associations.
Baboons still hadn’t reached their capacity after 3 years of training, memorising what?

Answer 62

Baboons still hadn’t reached their capacity after 3 years of training, memorising 5,000 associations

Question 63

Research for capacity of the LTM:
There may be an evolutionary basis to LTM.
Animal studies, like that by Fagot and Cook (1996), showed that pigeons can memorise 1,200 picture response associations.
Baboons still hadn’t reached their capacity after 3 years of training, memorising 5,000 associations.
This suggests that what has a survival value?

Answer 63

This suggests that an enlarged memory capacity has a survival value

Question 64

Research for capacity of the LTM:
There may be an evolutionary basis to LTM.
Animal studies, like that by Fagot and Cook (1996), showed that pigeons can memorise 1,200 picture response associations.
Baboons still hadn’t reached their capacity after 3 years of training, memorising 5,000 associations.
This suggests that an enlarged memory capacity has a survival value, which has been what by what?

Answer 64

This suggests that an enlarged memory capacity has a survival value, which has been acted upon by natural selection

Question 65

Duration of the LTM:

Duration of the LTM depends on what?

Answer 65

Duration of the LTM depends on an individual’s lifespan

Question 66

Duration of the LTM:

Why does duration of the LTM depend on an individual’s lifespan?

Answer 66

Duration of the LTM depends on an individual’s lifespan, because memories can last for a lifetime

Question 67

Duration of the LTM:
Duration of the LTM depends on an individual’s lifespan, because memories can last for a lifetime.
Many elderly people have what?

Answer 67

Many elderly people have detailed childhood memories

Question 68

Duration of the LTM:
Duration of the LTM depends on an individual’s lifespan, because memories can last for a lifetime.
Many elderly people have detailed childhood memories.
Items in LTM have a longer duration if what?

Answer 68

Items in LTM have a longer duration if originally well coded

Question 69

Duration of the LTM:
Duration of the LTM depends on an individual’s lifespan, because memories can last for a lifetime.
Many elderly people have detailed childhood memories.
Items in LTM have a longer duration if originally well coded and certain LTMs have a longer what?

Answer 69

Items in LTM have a longer duration if originally well coded and certain LTMs have a longer duration

Question 70

Duration of the LTM:
Duration of the LTM depends on an individual’s lifespan, because memories can last for a lifetime.
Many elderly people have detailed childhood memories.
Items in LTM have a longer duration if originally well coded and certain LTMs have a longer duration, like those based on what rather than what?

Answer 70

Items in LTM have a longer duration if originally well coded and certain LTMs have a longer duration, like those based on:
1. Skills
rather than
2. Facts

Question 71

Duration of the LTM:
Duration of the LTM depends on an individual’s lifespan, because memories can last for a lifetime.
Many elderly people have detailed childhood memories.
Items in LTM have a longer duration if originally well coded and certain LTMs have a longer duration, like those based on skills rather than facts.
Material in STM that isn’t rehearsed is quickly forgotten, but information in LTM doesn’t have to be what to be retained?

Answer 71

Material in STM that isn’t rehearsed is quickly forgotten, but information in LTM doesn’t have to be continually rehearsed to be retained

Question 72

Research for duration of the LTM:

Who (what year) showed 400 participants aged between what?

Answer 72

Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between:
1. 17
2. 74
years old

Question 73

Research for duration of the LTM:

Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old what?

Answer 73

Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a:

1. Set of photos
2. List of names

Question 74

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were what?

Answer 74

Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a:
1. Set of photos
2. List of names
,some of which were ex-school friends

Question 75

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify what?

Answer 75

Bahrick et al. (1975):

1. Showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends
2. Asked them to identify ex-school friends

Question 76

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify ex-school friends.
Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified what % of faces and names?

Answer 76

Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of:

1. Faces
2. Names

Question 77

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify ex-school friends.
Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left how many years previously identified what % of names and what % of faces?

Answer 77

Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left 48 years previously identified:

1. 80% of names
2. 70% of faces

Question 78

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify ex-school friends.
Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left 48 years previously identified 80% of names and 70% of faces, suggesting what?

Answer 78

Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left 48 years previously identified:
1. 80% of names
2. 70% of faces
,suggesting that memory for faces is long lasting

Question 79

Research for duration of the LTM:

Who (what year) asked participants to identify odours?

Answer 79

Goldman and Seamon (1992) asked participants to identify odours

Question 80

Research for duration of the LTM:

Goldman and Seamon (1992) asked participants to identify what odours?

Answer 80

Goldman and Seamon (1992) asked participants to identify odours:

1. Of everyday products experienced in the last 2 years
2. Not experienced since childhood

Question 81

Research for duration of the LTM:
Goldman and Seamon (1992) asked participants to identify odours of everyday products experienced in the last 2 years and odours not experienced since childhood.
Identification (by what) was better for what odours?

Answer 81

Identification (by name) was better for more recent odours

Question 82

Research for duration of the LTM:
Goldman and Seamon (1992) asked participants to identify odours of everyday products experienced in the last 2 years and odours not experienced since childhood.
Although identification (by name) was better for more recent odours, there was what of less-recent odours?

Answer 82

Although identification (by name) was better for more recent odours, there was significant identification of less-recent odours

Question 83

Research for duration of the LTM:
Goldman and Seamon (1992) asked participants to identify odours of everyday products experienced in the last 2 years and odours not experienced since childhood.
Although identification (by name) was better for more recent odours, there was significant identification of less-recent odours, suggesting that duration of what information in LTM is very what?

Answer 83

Although identification (by name) was better for more recent odours, there was significant identification of less-recent odours, suggesting that duration of olfactory (smell-based) information in LTM is very long-lasting

Question 84

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify ex-school friends.
Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left 48 years previously identified 80% of names and 70% of faces, suggesting that memory for faces is long lasting.
One strength of Bahrick et al.’s study

Answer 84

One strength of Bahrick et al.’s study is that it has higher external validity

Question 85

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify ex-school friends.
Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left 48 years previously identified 80% of names and 70% of faces, suggesting that memory for faces is long lasting.
One strength of Bahrick et al.’s study is that it has higher external validity, because what were studied?

Answer 85

One strength of Bahrick et al.’s study is that it has higher external validity, because real-life meaningful memories were studied

Question 86

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify ex-school friends.
Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left 48 years previously identified 80% of names and 70% of faces, suggesting that memory for faces is long lasting.
One strength of Bahrick et al.’s study is that it has higher external validity, because real-life meaningful memories were studied.
When studies on LTM have been conducted with what to be remembered, recall rates were what?

Answer 86

When studies on LTM have been conducted with meaningless pictures to be remembered, recall rates were lower

Question 87

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify ex-school friends.
Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left 48 years previously identified 80% of names and 70% of faces, suggesting that memory for faces is long lasting.
One strength of Bahrick et al.’s study is that it has higher external validity, because real-life meaningful memories were studied.
When studies on LTM have been conducted with meaningless pictures to be remembered, recall rates were lower.
Example

Answer 87

For example, this was found in Shepard’s 1967 study

Question 88

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify ex-school friends.
Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left 48 years previously identified 80% of names and 70% of faces, suggesting that memory for faces is long lasting.
One strength of Bahrick et al.’s study is that it has higher external validity, because real-life meaningful memories were studied.
When studies on LTM have been conducted with meaningless pictures to be remembered, recall rates were lower.
For example, this was found in Shepard’s 1967 study.
The downside of such real-life research is that what are not controlled?

Answer 88

The downside of such real-life research is that confounding variables are not controlled

Question 89

Research for duration of the LTM:
Bahrick et al. (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years old a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex-school friends, and asked them to identify ex-school friends.
Those who’d left high school in the last 15 years identified 90% of faces and names, while those who’d left 48 years previously identified 80% of names and 70% of faces, suggesting that memory for faces is long lasting.
One strength of Bahrick et al.’s study is that it has higher external validity, because real-life meaningful memories were studied.
When studies on LTM have been conducted with meaningless pictures to be remembered, recall rates were lower.
For example, this was found in Shepard’s 1967 study.
The downside of such real-life research is that confounding variables are not controlled, such as what?

Answer 89

The downside of such real-life research is that confounding variables are not controlled, such as the fact that Bahrick’s participants may have:

1. Looked at their yearbook photos
2. Rehearsed their memory over the years