1.7: The external explanation

Question 1

What are the 3 situational factors?

Answer 1

The 3 situational factors are:

1. Proximity
2. Location
3. Uniform

Question 2

Situational variables form a what explanation of obedience?

Answer 2

Situational variables form an external explanation of obedience

Question 3

Situational variables form an external explanation of obedience, where what are seen as affecting obedience levels?

Answer 3

Situational variables form an external explanation of obedience, where features of an environment (aspects of a situation) are seen as affecting obedience levels

Question 4

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Proximity:
Proximity involves what in obeying authority figures?

Answer 4

Proximity involves how aware individuals are of the consequences of their actions in obeying authority figures

Question 5

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Proximity:
Proximity involves how aware individuals are of the consequences of their actions in obeying authority figures.
When the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram’s study was made closer, participants were what?

Answer 5

When the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram’s study was made closer, participants were less able to divorce themselves from the consequences of their actions

Question 6

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Proximity:
Proximity involves how aware individuals are of the consequences of their actions in obeying authority figures.
When the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram’s study was made closer, participants were less able to divorce themselves from the consequences of their actions and so obedience rates were what?

Answer 6

When the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram’s study was made closer:

1. Participants were less able to divorce themselves from the consequences of their actions
2. So obedience rates were lower

Question 7

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Proximity:
Proximity involves how aware individuals are of the consequences of their actions in obeying authority figures.
When the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram’s study was made closer, participants were less able to divorce themselves from the consequences of their actions and so obedience rates were lower.
In a war situation, it could be argued that obeying an order to do what is easier to do than obeying an order to do what?

Answer 7

In a war situation, it could be argued that obeying an order to:
1. Press a button from a remote location that releases a missile which would kill thousands in a distant country
is easier to do than
2. Shoot a single person standing next to you

Question 8

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Proximity:
Proximity involves how aware individuals are of the consequences of their actions in obeying authority figures.
When the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram’s study was made closer, participants were less able to divorce themselves from the consequences of their actions and so obedience rates were lower.
In a war situation, it could be argued that obeying an order to press a button from a remote location that releases a missile which would kill thousands in a distant country is easier to do than obeying an order to shoot a single person standing next to you, where the what would be much plainer to see?

Answer 8

In a war situation, it could be argued that obeying an order to:
1. Press a button from a remote location that releases a missile which would kill thousands in a distant country
is easier to do than
2. Shoot a single person standing next to you
,where the consequences of your actions would be much plainer to see

Question 9

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Proximity:
Proximity involves how aware individuals are of the consequences of their actions in obeying authority figures.
When the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram’s study was made closer, participants were less able to divorce themselves from the consequences of their actions and so obedience rates were lower.
In a war situation, it could be argued that obeying an order to press a button from a remote location that releases a missile which would kill thousands in a distant country is easier to do than obeying an order to shoot a single person standing next to you, where the consequences of your actions would be much plainer to see.
Milgram (1974) found that when the teacher and learner were in the same room as each other, so that the teacher could see what, obedience did what from 65%?

Answer 9

Milgram (1974) found that when the:
1. Teacher
2. Learner
were in the same room as each other, so that the teacher could see the learner’s distress, obedience dropped to 40% from 65%

Question 10

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Proximity:
Proximity involves how aware individuals are of the consequences of their actions in obeying authority figures.
When the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram’s study was made closer, participants were less able to divorce themselves from the consequences of their actions and so obedience rates were lower.
In a war situation, it could be argued that obeying an order to press a button from a remote location that releases a missile which would kill thousands in a distant country is easier to do than obeying an order to shoot a single person standing next to you, where the consequences of your actions would be much plainer to see.
Milgram (1974) found that when the teacher and learner were in the same room as each other, so that the teacher could see the learner’s distress, obedience dropped to 40% from 65%.
When the teacher had to do what, increasing the what of their actions, obedience did what further to what?

Answer 10

When the teacher had to force the learner’s hand onto an apparent shock plate, increasing the realisation of their actions, obedience dropped further to 30%

Question 11

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Proximity:
Proximity involves how aware individuals are of the consequences of their actions in obeying authority figures.
When the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram’s study was made closer, participants were less able to divorce themselves from the consequences of their actions and so obedience rates were lower.
In a war situation, it could be argued that obeying an order to press a button from a remote location that releases a missile which would kill thousands in a distant country is easier to do than obeying an order to shoot a single person standing next to you, where the consequences of your actions would be much plainer to see.
Milgram (1974) found that when the teacher and learner were in the same room as each other, so that the teacher could see the learner’s distress, obedience dropped to 40% from 65%.
When the teacher had to force the learner’s hand onto an apparent shock plate, increasing the realisation of their actions, obedience dropped further to 30%.
This illustrates what?

Answer 11

This illustrates the effect proximity has on obedience levels

Question 12

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Location:
The location of an environment can be relevant to what?

Answer 12

The location of an environment can be relevant to the amount of perceived legitimate authority a person giving orders is seen to have

Question 13

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Location:
The location of an environment can be relevant to the amount of perceived legitimate authority a person giving orders is seen to have.
In locations that add to the perceived legitimacy of an authority figure, obedience rates will be what?

Answer 13

In locations that add to the perceived legitimacy of an authority figure, obedience rates will be higher

Question 14

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Location:
The location of an environment can be relevant to the amount of perceived legitimate authority a person giving orders is seen to have.
In locations that add to the perceived legitimacy of an authority figure, obedience rates will be higher.
Obedience rates are often highest in what settings?

Answer 14

Obedience rates are often highest in institutionalised settings

Question 15

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Location:
The location of an environment can be relevant to the amount of perceived legitimate authority a person giving orders is seen to have.
In locations that add to the perceived legitimacy of an authority figure, obedience rates will be higher.
Obedience rates are often highest in institutionalised settings, where obedience to authority figures is what?

Answer 15

Obedience rates are often highest in institutionalised settings, where obedience to authority figures is instilled into members

Question 16

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Location:
The location of an environment can be relevant to the amount of perceived legitimate authority a person giving orders is seen to have.
In locations that add to the perceived legitimacy of an authority figure, obedience rates will be higher.
Obedience rates are often highest in institutionalised settings, where obedience to authority figures is instilled into members.
For example, in the army when a commanding officer orders a soldier to jump in the air, the expected response is ‘how high?’ not ‘why?’
It could be argued that a contributory factor to the high obedience rate seen in Milgram’s study was the fact that the study took place at Yale University, a what?

Answer 16

It could be argued that a contributory factor to the high obedience rate seen in Milgram’s study was the fact that the study took place at Yale University, an:
1. Ivy League
2. High-status
institution

Question 17

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Location:
The location of an environment can be relevant to the amount of perceived legitimate authority a person giving orders is seen to have.
In locations that add to the perceived legitimacy of an authority figure, obedience rates will be higher.
Obedience rates are often highest in institutionalised settings, where obedience to authority figures is instilled into members.
For example, in the army when a commanding officer orders a soldier to jump in the air, the expected response is ‘how high?’ not ‘why?’
It could be argued that a contributory factor to the high obedience rate seen in Milgram’s study was the fact that the study took place at Yale University, an Ivy League, high-status institution.
Milgram (1974) performed a variation of his study in a what in a run-down part of town?

Answer 17

Milgram (1974) performed a variation of his study in an office block in a run-down part of town

Question 18

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Location:
The location of an environment can be relevant to the amount of perceived legitimate authority a person giving orders is seen to have.
In locations that add to the perceived legitimacy of an authority figure, obedience rates will be higher.
Obedience rates are often highest in institutionalised settings, where obedience to authority figures is instilled into members.
For example, in the army when a commanding officer orders a soldier to jump in the air, the expected response is ‘how high?’ not ‘why?’
It could be argued that a contributory factor to the high obedience rate seen in Milgram’s study was the fact that the study took place at Yale University, an Ivy League, high-status institution.
Milgram (1974) performed a variation of his study in an office block in a run-down part of town and found that obedience did what from 65%?

Answer 18

Milgram (1974) performed a variation of his study in an office block in a run-down part of town and found that obedience dropped to 45% from 65%

Question 19

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Location:
The location of an environment can be relevant to the amount of perceived legitimate authority a person giving orders is seen to have.
In locations that add to the perceived legitimacy of an authority figure, obedience rates will be higher.
Obedience rates are often highest in institutionalised settings, where obedience to authority figures is instilled into members.
For example, in the army when a commanding officer orders a soldier to jump in the air, the expected response is ‘how high?’ not ‘why?’
It could be argued that a contributory factor to the high obedience rate seen in Milgram’s study was the fact that the study took place at Yale University, an Ivy League, high-status institution.
Milgram (1974) performed a variation of his study in an office block in a run-down part of town and found that obedience dropped to 45% from 65%, which suggests that the change in location from Yale University reduced what?

Answer 19

Milgram (1974) performed a variation of his study in an office block in a run-down part of town and found that obedience dropped to 45% from 65%, which suggests that the change in location from Yale University reduced the perceived legitimacy of the authority figure giving the orders

Question 20

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Location:
The location of an environment can be relevant to the amount of perceived legitimate authority a person giving orders is seen to have.
In locations that add to the perceived legitimacy of an authority figure, obedience rates will be higher.
Obedience rates are often highest in institutionalised settings, where obedience to authority figures is instilled into members.
For example, in the army when a commanding officer orders a soldier to jump in the air, the expected response is ‘how high?’ not ‘why?’
It could be argued that a contributory factor to the high obedience rate seen in Milgram’s study was the fact that the study took place at Yale University, an Ivy League, high-status institution.
Milgram (1974) performed a variation of his study in an office block in a run-down part of town and found that obedience dropped to 45% from 65%, which suggests that the change in location from Yale University reduced the perceived legitimacy of the authority figure giving the orders, leading to a what in the obedience rate?

Answer 20

Milgram (1974) performed a variation of his study in an office block in a run-down part of town and found that obedience dropped to 45% from 65%, which suggests that the change in location from Yale University reduced the perceived legitimacy of the authority figure giving the orders, leading to a significant drop in the obedience rate

Question 21

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Uniform:
The wearing of uniforms can give a perception of what to authority figures when delivering orders?

Answer 21

The wearing of uniforms can give a perception of added legitimacy to authority figures when delivering orders

Question 22

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Uniform:
The wearing of uniforms can give a perception of added legitimacy to authority figures when delivering orders, therefore increasing obedience rates.
In Milgram’s experiment, the confederate researcher wore a what to give him an air of authority?

Answer 22

In Milgram’s experiment, the confederate researcher wore a lab coat to give him an air of authority

Question 23

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Uniform:
The wearing of uniforms can give a perception of added legitimacy to authority figures when delivering orders, therefore increasing obedience rates.
In Milgram’s experiment, the confederate researcher wore a lab coat to give him an air of authority (he was also chosen for his what, which was thought to add to his status)?

Answer 23

In Milgram’s experiment, the confederate researcher wore a lab coat to give him an air of authority (he was also chosen for his tall height, which was thought to add to his status)

Question 24

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Uniform:
The wearing of uniforms can give a perception of added legitimacy to authority figures when delivering orders, therefore increasing obedience rates.
In Milgram’s experiment, the confederate researcher wore a lab coat to give him an air of authority (he was also chosen for his tall height, which was thought to add to his status).
Bickman (1974) found that when ordering people on a New York street to do what, what percentage would obey his research assistant when he was dressed in civilian clothes?

Answer 24

Bickman (1974) found that when ordering people on a New York street to:
1. Pick up rubbish
2. Loan a coin to a stranger
Or,
2. Move away from a bus stop
,19% would obey his research assistant when he was dressed in civilian clothes

Question 25

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Uniform:
The wearing of uniforms can give a perception of added legitimacy to authority figures when delivering orders, therefore increasing obedience rates.
In Milgram’s experiment, the confederate researcher wore a lab coat to give him an air of authority (he was also chosen for his tall height, which was thought to add to his status).
Bickman (1974) found that when ordering people on a New York street to pick up rubbish, loan a coin to a stranger or move away from a bus stop, 19% would obey his research assistant when he was dressed in civilian clothes and what percentage when dressed as a milkman?

Answer 25

Bickman (1974) found that when ordering people on a New York street to pick up rubbish, loan a coin to a stranger or move away from a bus stop:

1. 19% would obey his research assistant when he was dressed in civilian clothes
2. 14% when dressed as a milkman

Question 26

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Uniform:
The wearing of uniforms can give a perception of added legitimacy to authority figures when delivering orders, therefore increasing obedience rates.
In Milgram’s experiment, the confederate researcher wore a lab coat to give him an air of authority (he was also chosen for his tall height, which was thought to add to his status).
Bickman (1974) found that when ordering people on a New York street to pick up rubbish, loan a coin to a stranger or move away from a bus stop, 19% would obey his research assistant when he was dressed in civilian clothes, 14% when dressed as a milkman, but what percentage when he wore a security guard’s uniform?

Answer 26

Bickman (1974) found that when ordering people on a New York street to pick up rubbish, loan a coin to a stranger or move away from a bus stop:
1. 19% would obey his research assistant when he was dressed in civilian clothes
2. 14% when dressed as a milkman
,but
3. 38% when he wore a security guard’s uniform

Question 27

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Uniform:
The wearing of uniforms can give a perception of added legitimacy to authority figures when delivering orders, therefore increasing obedience rates.
In Milgram’s experiment, the confederate researcher wore a lab coat to give him an air of authority (he was also chosen for his tall height, which was thought to add to his status).
Bickman (1974) found that when ordering people on a New York street to pick up rubbish, loan a coin to a stranger or move away from a bus stop, 19% would obey his research assistant when he was dressed in civilian clothes, 14% when dressed as a milkman, but 38% when he wore a security guard’s uniform.
In a variation of the study, Bickman found that people would even obey the guard when he did what?

Answer 27

In a variation of the study, Bickman found that people would even obey the guard when he walked away after giving the order

Question 28

Milgram’s variations of his procedure, performed after his main study, identified several important situational factors - proximity, location and uniform.
Uniform:
The wearing of uniforms can give a perception of added legitimacy to authority figures when delivering orders, therefore increasing obedience rates.
In Milgram’s experiment, the confederate researcher wore a lab coat to give him an air of authority (he was also chosen for his tall height, which was thought to add to his status).
Bickman (1974) found that when ordering people on a New York street to pick up rubbish, loan a coin to a stranger or move away from a bus stop, 19% would obey his research assistant when he was dressed in civilian clothes, 14% when dressed as a milkman, but 38% when he wore a security guard’s uniform.
In a variation of the study, Bickman found that people would even obey the guard when he walked away after giving the order, which suggests that they obeyed, not because they felt what, but because they believed what?

Answer 28

In a variation of the study, Bickman found that people would even obey the guard when he walked away after giving the order, which suggests that they obeyed:
1. Not because they felt forced
,but because
2. They believed he had legitimate authority