1.8: Social support Flashcards
Resistance to social influence
Resistance to social influence is the ways in which individuals attempt to withstand perceived attempts to threaten freedom of choice
Resistance to social influence involves what?
Resistance to social influence involves:
- Disobedience
- Non-conformity
Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring how?
Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring in 2 ways:
- Independence
- Anti-conformity
Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring in 2 ways - independence and anti-conformity.
1. Independence involves what?
Independence involves a lack of consistent movement either: 1. Towards Or, 2. Away from social expectancy (doing your own thing)
Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring in 2 ways - independence and anti-conformity.
- Independence involves a lack of consistent movement either towards or away from social expectancy (doing your own thing).
- Anti-conformity involves what?
Anti-conformity involves a consistent movement away from social conformity
Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring in 2 ways - independence and anti-conformity.
1. Independence involves a lack of consistent movement either towards or away from social expectancy (doing your own thing).
2. Anti-conformity involves a consistent movement away from social conformity.
Example
For example, adopting the:
1. Behaviour
2. Norms
of a minority group
The ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both what factors?
The ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both:
1. Situational
2. Dispositional
factors
The ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both situational and dispositional factors.
The 2 explanations for resistance to social influence are what?
The 2 explanations for resistance to social influence are:
- Social support
- Locus of control (LOC)
Social support
Social support is the perception of:
1. Assistance
2. Solidarity
available from others
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do what?
The presence of people who resist pressures to: 1. Conform Or, 2. Obey can help others to do the same
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as what?
These people act as models
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that what is possible?
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who what has proven to be a strong source of what?
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with what?
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give what?
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give what?
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of what?
The dissenter represents a form of social support
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of social support.
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break what?
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of social support.
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority - if they do not all agree, their impact is what?
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority - if they do not all agree, their impact is greatly reduced
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of social support.
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority - if they do not all agree, their impact is greatly reduced.
It also seems that what is more influential?
It also seems that early social support is more influential
Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of social support.
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority - if they do not all agree, their impact is greatly reduced.
It also seems that early social support is more influential.
If an individual finds themselves in a situation in which pressures towards conformity are increasing and they feel that they should be resisted, they should try to speak out as soon as possible.
The sooner they do, the greater their chances of doing what?
The sooner they do, the greater their chances of:
- Rallying others
- Resisting the majority
Conformity:
1. Conformity is reduced by a what?
- Conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer
Conformity:
- Conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer.
- The effect is not what?
- The effect is not long-lasting
Conformity: 1. Conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer. 2. The effect is not long-lasting. Obedience: 1. Obedience is reduced by what?
- Obedience is reduced by one other dissenting peer
Conformity:
1. Conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer.
2. The effect is not long-lasting.
Obedience:
1. Obedience is reduced by one other dissenting peer.
2. The dissenting peer’s disobedience frees the participant to act from their own what?
- The dissenting peer’s disobedience frees the participant to act from their own conscience
Who (what year) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving what if there was a dissenter?
Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter
Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter, even if the dissenting ‘partner’ did what?
Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter, even if the dissenting ‘partner:’
- Wore glasses with thick lenses
- Admitted to having a sight problem
Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter, even if the dissenting ‘partner’ wore glasses with thick lenses and admitted to having a sight problem.
This suggests that dissenters help resist social influence even when dissenters are what?
This suggests that dissenters help resist social influence even when dissenters are not skilled in particular situations
Asch (what year) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from when, conformity does what?
Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%
Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity does what?
Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity only drops to 8.5%
Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity only drops to 8.5%.
This suggests that social support received earlier is more what than support received later?
This suggests that social support received earlier is more effective than support received later
Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity only drops to 8.5%.
This suggests that social support received earlier is more effective than support received later.
This was true even when the confederate’s answer was what?
This was true even when the confederate’s answer was a different wrong answer to the others in the group
Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity only drops to 8.5%.
This suggests that social support received earlier is more effective than support received later.
This was true even when the confederate’s answer was a different wrong answer to the others in the group.
Social support breaks the what position of the majority?
Social support breaks the unanimous position of the majority
Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter, even if the dissenting ‘partner’ wore glasses with thick lenses and admitted to having a sight problem.
This suggests that dissenters help resist social influence even when dissenters are not skilled in particular situations.
Resistance is not motivated by following what someone else says, but it enables someone to be free of what from the group?
Resistance is not motivated by following what someone else says, but it enables someone to be free of the pressure from the group
With obedience, the presence of what has been shown to be a powerful source of social support?
With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support
With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support.
Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the what of a group?
Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group
With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support.
Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act how?
Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently
With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support.
Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently.
Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually what?
Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible
With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support.
Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently.
Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible, as well as what?
Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible, as well as how to do it
With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support.
Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently.
Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible, as well as how to do it.
In one of Milgram’s variations, after who had refused to obey, a real participant commented what?
In one of Milgram’s variations, after confederate teachers had refused to obey, a real participant commented, ‘I didn’t realise I could refuse to obey’
With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support.
Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently.
Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible, as well as how to do it.
In one of Milgram’s variations, after confederate teachers had refused to obey, a real participant commented, ‘I didn’t realise I could refuse to obey.’
Disobedient models can additionally be seen as a form of conformity, because they create what?
Disobedient models can additionally be seen as a form of conformity, because they create a group norm for individuals to follow suit
Milgram (1974) found that when what, declaring that they would go no further, obedience did what from 65% (the percentage of participants giving the maximum 450 volt shock)?
Milgram (1974) found that when 2 confederates paired with the real participant left the study early on, declaring that they would go no further, obedience dropped to only 10% from 65% (the percentage of participants giving the maximum 450 volt shock)
Milgram (1974) found that when 2 confederates paired with the real participant left the study early on, declaring that they would go no further, obedience dropped to only 10% from 65% (the percentage of participants giving the maximum 450 volt shock).
This suggests that the creating of a group norm of disobedience put the participants under pressure to do what?
This suggests that the creating of a group norm of disobedience put the participants under pressure to conform to the behaviour of the confederates
Milgram (1974) found that when 2 confederates paired with the real participant left the study early on, declaring that they would go no further, obedience dropped to only 10% from 65% (the percentage of participants giving the maximum 450 volt shock).
This suggests that the creating of a group norm of disobedience put the participants under pressure to conform to the behaviour of the confederates.
This is an example of social support - People are more likely to conform to resist obedience if they can find an ally who is willing to do what?
This is an example of social support - People are more likely to conform to resist obedience if they can find an ally who is willing to join them
Who (what year) found that when disobedient models broke the law by jay-walking (crossing roads illegally), participants were more likely to jay-walk themselves than when disobedient models weren’t present?
Mullen et al. (1990) found that when disobedient models broke the law by jay-walking (crossing roads illegally), participants were more likely to jay-walk themselves than when disobedient models weren’t present
Mullen et al. (1990) found that when disobedient models broke the law by jay-walking (crossing roads illegally), participants were more likely to jay-walk themselves than when disobedient models weren’t present, supporting the idea of disobedient models increasing what?
Mullen et al. (1990) found that when disobedient models broke the law by jay-walking (crossing roads illegally), participants were more likely to jay-walk themselves than when disobedient models weren’t present, supporting the idea of disobedient models increasing resistance to social influence
Who (what year) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram?
Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram
Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram.
This was probably because the participants were in what?
This was probably because the participants were in groups
Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram.
This was probably because the participants were in groups.
They had to produce evidence to help what?
The participants had to produce evidence to help an oil company run a ‘smear campaign’
Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram.
This was probably because the participants were in groups.
The participants had to produce evidence to help an oil company run a ‘smear campaign.’
How many out of 33 groups of participants (what percentage) rebelled?
29 out of 33 groups of participants (88%) rebelled
Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram.
This was probably because the participants were in groups.
The participants had to produce evidence to help an oil company run a ‘smear campaign.’
29 out of 33 groups of participants (88%) rebelled.
This shows that peer support is linked to what?
This shows that peer support is linked to greater resistance
