1.8: Social support

Question 1

Resistance to social influence

Answer 1

Resistance to social influence is the ways in which individuals attempt to withstand perceived attempts to threaten freedom of choice

Question 2

Resistance to social influence involves what?

Answer 2

Resistance to social influence involves:

1. Disobedience
2. Non-conformity

Question 3

Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring how?

Answer 3

Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring in 2 ways:

1. Independence
2. Anti-conformity

Question 4

Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring in 2 ways - independence and anti-conformity.
1. Independence involves what?

Answer 4

Independence involves a lack of consistent movement either:
1. Towards
Or,
2. Away from
social expectancy (doing your own thing)

Question 5

Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring in 2 ways - independence and anti-conformity.

1. Independence involves a lack of consistent movement either towards or away from social expectancy (doing your own thing).
2. Anti-conformity involves what?

Answer 5

Anti-conformity involves a consistent movement away from social conformity

Question 6

Resistance to social influence involves disobedience and non-conformity, with non-conformity occurring in 2 ways - independence and anti-conformity.
1. Independence involves a lack of consistent movement either towards or away from social expectancy (doing your own thing).
2. Anti-conformity involves a consistent movement away from social conformity.
Example

Answer 6

For example, adopting the:
1. Behaviour
2. Norms
of a minority group

Question 7

The ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both what factors?

Answer 7

The ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both:
1. Situational
2. Dispositional
factors

Question 8

The ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both situational and dispositional factors.
The 2 explanations for resistance to social influence are what?

Answer 8

The 2 explanations for resistance to social influence are:

1. Social support
2. Locus of control (LOC)

Question 9

Social support

Answer 9

Social support is the perception of:
1. Assistance
2. Solidarity
available from others

Question 10

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do what?

Answer 10

The presence of people who resist pressures to:
1. Conform
Or,
2. Obey
can help others to do the same

Question 11

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as what?

Answer 11

These people act as models

Question 12

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that what is possible?

Answer 12

These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible

Question 13

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who what has proven to be a strong source of what?

Answer 13

With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance

Question 14

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with what?

Answer 14

Dissenters provide the participant with moral support

Question 15

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give what?

Answer 15

Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority

Question 16

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give what?

Answer 16

Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer

Question 17

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of what?

Answer 17

The dissenter represents a form of social support

Question 18

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of social support.
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break what?

Answer 18

So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority

Question 19

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of social support.
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority - if they do not all agree, their impact is what?

Answer 19

So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority - if they do not all agree, their impact is greatly reduced

Question 20

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of social support.
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority - if they do not all agree, their impact is greatly reduced.
It also seems that what is more influential?

Answer 20

It also seems that early social support is more influential

Question 21

Social support - The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.
These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible.
With conformity, the presence of others who dissent has been proven to be a strong source of defiance.
Dissenters provide the participant with moral support, even if they give a different wrong answer from the majority, ‘freeing’ the participant to give the correct answer.
The dissenter represents a form of social support.
So, a major way of resisting conformity is to break the agreement of the majority - if they do not all agree, their impact is greatly reduced.
It also seems that early social support is more influential.
If an individual finds themselves in a situation in which pressures towards conformity are increasing and they feel that they should be resisted, they should try to speak out as soon as possible.
The sooner they do, the greater their chances of doing what?

Answer 21

The sooner they do, the greater their chances of:

1. Rallying others
2. Resisting the majority

Question 22

Conformity:

1. Conformity is reduced by a what?

Answer 22

1. Conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer

Question 23

Conformity:

1. Conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer.
2. The effect is not what?

Answer 23

2. The effect is not long-lasting

Question 24

Conformity:
1. Conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer.
2. The effect is not long-lasting.
Obedience:
1. Obedience is reduced by what?

Answer 24

1. Obedience is reduced by one other dissenting peer

Question 25

Conformity: 1. Conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer. 2. The effect is not long-lasting. Obedience: 1. Obedience is reduced by one other dissenting peer. 2. The dissenting peer's disobedience frees the participant to act from their own what?

Answer 25

2. The dissenting peer's disobedience frees the participant to act from their own conscience

Question 26

Who (what year) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving what if there was a dissenter?

Answer 26

Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter

Question 27

Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter, even if the dissenting 'partner' did what?

Answer 27

Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter, even if the dissenting 'partner:' 1. Wore glasses with thick lenses 2. Admitted to having a sight problem

Question 28

Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter, even if the dissenting 'partner' wore glasses with thick lenses and admitted to having a sight problem. This suggests that dissenters help resist social influence even when dissenters are what?

Answer 28

This suggests that dissenters help resist social influence even when dissenters are not skilled in particular situations

Question 29

Asch (what year) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from when, conformity does what?

Answer 29

Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%

Question 30

Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity does what?

Answer 30

Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity only drops to 8.5%

Question 31

Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity only drops to 8.5%. This suggests that social support received earlier is more what than support received later?

Answer 31

This suggests that social support received earlier is more effective than support received later

Question 32

Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity only drops to 8.5%. This suggests that social support received earlier is more effective than support received later. This was true even when the confederate's answer was what?

Answer 32

This was true even when the confederate's answer was a different wrong answer to the others in the group

Question 33

Asch (1956) found that if there is a dissenter who answers correctly from the start of the study, conformity drops to 5.5% from 32%, but if the confederate only starts to dissent later in the study, conformity only drops to 8.5%. This suggests that social support received earlier is more effective than support received later. This was true even when the confederate's answer was a different wrong answer to the others in the group. Social support breaks the what position of the majority?

Answer 33

Social support breaks the unanimous position of the majority

Question 34

Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements if there was a dissenter, even if the dissenting 'partner' wore glasses with thick lenses and admitted to having a sight problem. This suggests that dissenters help resist social influence even when dissenters are not skilled in particular situations. Resistance is not motivated by following what someone else says, but it enables someone to be free of what from the group?

Answer 34

Resistance is not motivated by following what someone else says, but it enables someone to be free of the pressure from the group

Question 35

With obedience, the presence of what has been shown to be a powerful source of social support?

Answer 35

With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support

Question 36

With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support. Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the what of a group?

Answer 36

Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group

Question 37

With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support. Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act how?

Answer 37

Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently

Question 38

With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support. Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently. Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually what?

Answer 38

Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible

Question 39

With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support. Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently. Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible, as well as what?

Answer 39

Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible, as well as how to do it

Question 40

With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support. Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently. Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible, as well as how to do it. In one of Milgram's variations, after who had refused to obey, a real participant commented what?

Answer 40

In one of Milgram's variations, after confederate teachers had refused to obey, a real participant commented, 'I didn't realise I could refuse to obey'

Question 41

With obedience, the presence of disobedient models has been shown to be a powerful source of social support. Similarly to dissenters with conformity, disobedient models reduce the unanimity of a group, making it easier for individuals to act independently. Such people also seem to demonstrate that disobedience is actually possible, as well as how to do it. In one of Milgram's variations, after confederate teachers had refused to obey, a real participant commented, 'I didn't realise I could refuse to obey.' Disobedient models can additionally be seen as a form of conformity, because they create what?

Answer 41

Disobedient models can additionally be seen as a form of conformity, because they create a group norm for individuals to follow suit

Question 42

Milgram (1974) found that when what, declaring that they would go no further, obedience did what from 65% (the percentage of participants giving the maximum 450 volt shock)?

Answer 42

Milgram (1974) found that when 2 confederates paired with the real participant left the study early on, declaring that they would go no further, obedience dropped to only 10% from 65% (the percentage of participants giving the maximum 450 volt shock)

Question 43

Milgram (1974) found that when 2 confederates paired with the real participant left the study early on, declaring that they would go no further, obedience dropped to only 10% from 65% (the percentage of participants giving the maximum 450 volt shock). This suggests that the creating of a group norm of disobedience put the participants under pressure to do what?

Answer 43

This suggests that the creating of a group norm of disobedience put the participants under pressure to conform to the behaviour of the confederates

Question 44

Milgram (1974) found that when 2 confederates paired with the real participant left the study early on, declaring that they would go no further, obedience dropped to only 10% from 65% (the percentage of participants giving the maximum 450 volt shock). This suggests that the creating of a group norm of disobedience put the participants under pressure to conform to the behaviour of the confederates. This is an example of social support - People are more likely to conform to resist obedience if they can find an ally who is willing to do what?

Answer 44

This is an example of social support - People are more likely to conform to resist obedience if they can find an ally who is willing to join them

Question 45

Who (what year) found that when disobedient models broke the law by jay-walking (crossing roads illegally), participants were more likely to jay-walk themselves than when disobedient models weren't present?

Answer 45

Mullen et al. (1990) found that when disobedient models broke the law by jay-walking (crossing roads illegally), participants were more likely to jay-walk themselves than when disobedient models weren't present

Question 46

Mullen et al. (1990) found that when disobedient models broke the law by jay-walking (crossing roads illegally), participants were more likely to jay-walk themselves than when disobedient models weren't present, supporting the idea of disobedient models increasing what?

Answer 46

Mullen et al. (1990) found that when disobedient models broke the law by jay-walking (crossing roads illegally), participants were more likely to jay-walk themselves than when disobedient models weren't present, supporting the idea of disobedient models increasing resistance to social influence

Question 47

Who (what year) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram?

Answer 47

Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram

Question 48

Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram. This was probably because the participants were in what?

Answer 48

This was probably because the participants were in groups

Question 49

Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram. This was probably because the participants were in groups. They had to produce evidence to help what?

Answer 49

The participants had to produce evidence to help an oil company run a 'smear campaign'

Question 50

Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram. This was probably because the participants were in groups. The participants had to produce evidence to help an oil company run a 'smear campaign.' How many out of 33 groups of participants (what percentage) rebelled?

Answer 50

29 out of 33 groups of participants (88%) rebelled

Question 51

Gamson et al. (1982) found higher levels of resistance in their study than Milgram. This was probably because the participants were in groups. The participants had to produce evidence to help an oil company run a 'smear campaign.' 29 out of 33 groups of participants (88%) rebelled. This shows that peer support is linked to what?

Answer 51

This shows that peer support is linked to greater resistance