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A Level AQA Psychology COPY > 1.7: The internal explanation > Flashcards

1.7: The internal explanation Flashcards

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1
Q

Dispositional explanation

A

The dispositional explanation is the perception of behaviour as caused by internal characteristics of individuals

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2
Q

The dispositional explanation is a what explanation for obedience?

A

The dispositional explanation is an internal explanation for obedience

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3
Q

The dispositional explanation is an internal explanation for obedience, because the focus is on the idea that certain personality characteristics are associated with what?

A

The dispositional explanation is an internal explanation for obedience, because the focus is on the idea that certain personality characteristics are associated with higher levels of obedience

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4
Q

The dispositional explanation is an internal explanation for obedience, because the focus is on the idea that certain personality characteristics are associated with higher levels of obedience.
This formed the basis of Milgram’s research aim - To investigate whether Germans had a different what that made them unquestioningly obedient to authority figures?

A

This formed the basis of Milgram’s research aim - To investigate whether Germans had a different personality type that made them unquestioningly obedient to authority figures

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5
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

The authoritarian personality is a description of a person who:

  1. Holds rigid beliefs
  2. Is intolerant of ambiguity
  3. Submissive to authority
  4. Hostile to those of lower status or members of an out-group
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6
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by who (what year)?

A

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941)

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7
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain who?

A

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding:
1. Right-wing
2. Conservative
views

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8
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute what, submission to what and domination of what?

A

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in:

  1. Absolute obedience
  2. Submission to authority
  3. Domination of minorities
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9
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by what phrase?

A

The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right’

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10
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Who (what year) saw people of this type as having insecurities?

A

Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities

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11
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to who?

A

Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people

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12
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for what?

A

Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for:

  1. Power
  2. Toughness
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13
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly what to authority figures?

A

Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to:

  1. Be hostile to non-conventional people
  2. Having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures
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14
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped when?

A

Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood

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15
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by what?

A

Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by:
1. Hierarchical
2. Authoritarian
parenting

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16
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s what, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire?

A

To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire

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17
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has how many questions assessing what?

A

To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions

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18
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions.
The ‘F’ stands for what?

A

The ‘F’ stands for ‘fascist’

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19
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions.
More recently, who (what year) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by what?

A

More recently, Jost et al. (2003) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by thought processes

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20
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions.
More recently, Jost et al. (2003) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by thought processes that underpin what?

A

More recently, Jost et al. (2003) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by thought processes that underpin a desire to reduce the:
1. Fears
2. Anxieties
that social change brings

21
Q

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions.
More recently, Jost et al. (2003) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by thought processes that underpin a desire to reduce the fears and anxieties that social change brings.
Strict obedience to authority is seen as helping to prevent what?

A

Strict obedience to authority is seen as helping to prevent disruptive social change

22
Q

Who (what year) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on what?

A

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions

23
Q

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not what (as was expected)?

A

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected)

24
Q

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only what for the concept?

A

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept

25
Q

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept.
Who (what year) found that participants in Milgram’s study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more what?

A

Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram’s study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants

26
Q

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept.
Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram’s study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants, supporting the idea of a link between what?

A

Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram’s study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants, supporting the idea of a link between:

  1. Authoritarian personality type
  2. Obedience
27
Q

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept.
Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram’s study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants, supporting the idea of a link between authoritarian personality type and obedience.
Further support came from who (what year)?

A

Further support came from Altemeyer (1988)

28
Q

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept.
Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram’s study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants, supporting the idea of a link between authoritarian personality type and obedience.
Further support came from Altemeyer (1988), who reported that participants with an authoritarian personality type who were ordered to give themselves shocks, did what than those without the personality type?

A

Further support came from Altemeyer (1988), who reported that participants with an authoritarian personality type who were ordered to give themselves shocks, gave higher shocks than those without the personality type

29
Q

Characteristics of the authoritarian personality:

People with the authoritarian personality are what with their outlook (no grey areas)?

A

People with the authoritarian personality are inflexible with their outlook (no grey areas)

30
Q

Characteristics of the authoritarian personality:
People with the authoritarian personality are inflexible with their outlook (no grey areas).
They believe that society is what?

A

People with the authoritarian personality believe that society is ‘going to the dogs’

31
Q

Characteristics of the authoritarian personality:
People with the authoritarian personality are inflexible with their outlook (no grey areas).
People with the authoritarian personality believe that society is ‘going to the dogs’ and so that strong and powerful leaders are needed to do what?

A

People with the authoritarian personality believe that:

  1. Society is ‘going to the dogs’
  2. So that strong and powerful leaders are needed to enforce traditional values
32
Q

People have the authoritarian personality type, because of what?

A

People have the authoritarian personality type, because of:

  1. Strict discipline
  2. Expectations to be completely loyal
  3. High standards
  4. Unconditional love for their parents, even if they do not agree with them
33
Q

Evaluation:
Any explanation of obedience in terms of individual personality traits will find it difficult to explain obedient behaviour in what?

A

Any explanation of obedience in terms of individual personality traits will find it difficult to explain obedient behaviour in the majority of a country’s population

34
Q

Evaluation:

The measurement of authoritarian relies on what?

A

The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data

35
Q

Evaluation:

The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data, which may be what?

A

The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data, which may be invalid

36
Q

Evaluation:

The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data, which may be invalid, due to what?

A

The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data, which may be invalid, due to social desirability bias

37
Q

Evaluation:

Who (what year) said that the F scale is a ‘comedy of what?’

A

Greenstein (1969) said that the F scale is a ‘comedy of methodological errors’

38
Q

Evaluation:
Greenstein (1969) said that the F scale is a ‘comedy of methodological errors.’
Example

A

For example, every question is worded in the same direction, so you could tick the same box

39
Q

Evaluation:
Any explanation of obedience in terms of individual personality traits will find it difficult to explain obedient behaviour in the majority of a country’s population.
The internal explanation cannot easily account for obedience of what?

A

The internal explanation cannot easily account for obedience of active social groups/societies

40
Q

Evaluation:
Any explanation of obedience in terms of individual personality traits will find it difficult to explain obedient behaviour in the majority of a country’s population.
The internal explanation cannot easily account for obedience of active social groups/societies.
Who (what year) found that the authoritarian personality is more likely to exist among people who are what?

A

Hyman and Sheatsley (1954) found that the authoritarian personality is more likely to exist among people who are:

  1. Less well educated
  2. Of low economic social status
41
Q

Evaluation:
Although the F-scape has some research support, supposedly authoritarian individuals do not always do what, as the theory would predict?

A

Although the F-scape has some research support, supposedly authoritarian individuals do not always score highly on all the dimensions, as the theory would predict

42
Q

Evaluation:

The F-scale suffers from what?

A

The F-scale suffers from response bias

43
Q

Evaluation:

The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded how?

A

The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded in a confirming direction

44
Q

Evaluation:
The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded in a confirming direction.
Therefore, if individuals agree with items, they are rated as what?

A

Therefore, if individuals agree with items, they are rated as authoritarian

45
Q

Evaluation:
The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded in a confirming direction.
Therefore, if individuals agree with items, they are rated as authoritarian.
Who (what year) produced the less biased what scale?

A

Altemeyer (1981) produced the less biased Right Wing Authoritarianism scale (RWA)

46
Q

Evaluation:
The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded in a confirming direction.
Therefore, if individuals agree with items they are rated as authoritarian.
Altemeyer (1981) produced the less biased Right Wing Authoritarianism scale (RWA), which has an equal number of what?

A

Altemeyer (1981) produced the less biased Right Wing Authoritarianism scale (RWA), which has an equal number of:
1. Pro-
2. Anti-
statements

47
Q

Evaluation:

The theory is politically what?

A

The theory is politically biased

48
Q

Evaluation:
The theory is politically biased, because individuals with an authoritarian personality are seen as only existing on what?

A

The theory is politically biased, because individuals with an authoritarian personality are seen as only existing on the:
1. Conservative
2. Right wing
of political viewpoints

A Level AQA Psychology COPY (145 decks)

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