1.7: The internal explanation

Question 1

Dispositional explanation

Answer 1

The dispositional explanation is the perception of behaviour as caused by internal characteristics of individuals

Question 2

The dispositional explanation is a what explanation for obedience?

Answer 2

The dispositional explanation is an internal explanation for obedience

Question 3

The dispositional explanation is an internal explanation for obedience, because the focus is on the idea that certain personality characteristics are associated with what?

Answer 3

The dispositional explanation is an internal explanation for obedience, because the focus is on the idea that certain personality characteristics are associated with higher levels of obedience

Question 4

The dispositional explanation is an internal explanation for obedience, because the focus is on the idea that certain personality characteristics are associated with higher levels of obedience.
This formed the basis of Milgram’s research aim - To investigate whether Germans had a different what that made them unquestioningly obedient to authority figures?

Answer 4

This formed the basis of Milgram’s research aim - To investigate whether Germans had a different personality type that made them unquestioningly obedient to authority figures

Question 5

Authoritarian personality

Answer 5

The authoritarian personality is a description of a person who:

1. Holds rigid beliefs
2. Is intolerant of ambiguity
3. Submissive to authority
4. Hostile to those of lower status or members of an out-group

Question 6

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by who (what year)?

Answer 6

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941)

Question 7

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain who?

Answer 7

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding:
1. Right-wing
2. Conservative
views

Question 8

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute what, submission to what and domination of what?

Answer 8

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in:

1. Absolute obedience
2. Submission to authority
3. Domination of minorities

Question 9

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by what phrase?

Answer 9

The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right’

Question 10

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Who (what year) saw people of this type as having insecurities?

Answer 10

Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities

Question 11

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to who?

Answer 11

Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people

Question 12

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for what?

Answer 12

Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for:

1. Power
2. Toughness

Question 13

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly what to authority figures?

Answer 13

Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to:

1. Be hostile to non-conventional people
2. Having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures

Question 14

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped when?

Answer 14

Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood

Question 15

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by what?

Answer 15

Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by:
1. Hierarchical
2. Authoritarian
parenting

Question 16

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s what, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire?

Answer 16

To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire

Question 17

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has how many questions assessing what?

Answer 17

To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions

Question 18

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions.
The ‘F’ stands for what?

Answer 18

The ‘F’ stands for ‘fascist’

Question 19

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions.
More recently, who (what year) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by what?

Answer 19

More recently, Jost et al. (2003) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by thought processes

Question 20

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions.
More recently, Jost et al. (2003) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by thought processes that underpin what?

Answer 20

More recently, Jost et al. (2003) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by thought processes that underpin a desire to reduce the:
1. Fears
2. Anxieties
that social change brings

Question 21

The authoritarian personality was first proposed by Fromm (1941) as an attempt to explain those holding right-wing, conservative views and is a personality type characterised by a belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of minorities.
The authoritarian personality is probably best summed up by the phrase ‘Might is right.’
Adorno et al. (1950) saw people of this type as having insecurities that led them to be hostile to non-conventional people and having a belief in a need for power and toughness, which leads them to be highly obedient to authority figures.
Adorno actually saw the personality type as being shaped in early childhood by hierarchical, authoritarian parenting.
To measure an individual’s degree of authoritarian personality, Adorno constructed the F-scale questionnaire, which has 30 questions assessing 9 personality dimensions.
More recently, Jost et al. (2003) have claimed that the authoritarian personality is motivated by thought processes that underpin a desire to reduce the fears and anxieties that social change brings.
Strict obedience to authority is seen as helping to prevent what?

Answer 21

Strict obedience to authority is seen as helping to prevent disruptive social change

Question 22

Who (what year) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on what?

Answer 22

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions

Question 23

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not what (as was expected)?

Answer 23

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected)

Question 24

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only what for the concept?

Answer 24

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept

Question 25

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept. Who (what year) found that participants in Milgram's study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more what?

Answer 25

Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram's study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants

Question 26

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept. Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram's study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants, supporting the idea of a link between what?

Answer 26

Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram's study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants, supporting the idea of a link between: 1. Authoritarian personality type 2. Obedience

Question 27

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept. Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram's study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants, supporting the idea of a link between authoritarian personality type and obedience. Further support came from who (what year)?

Answer 27

Further support came from Altemeyer (1988)

Question 28

Zillmer et al. (1995) reported that 16 Nazi war criminals scored highly on 3 of the F-scale dimensions, but not all 9 (as was expected), giving only limited support for the concept. Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants in Milgram's study, who were highly obedient, were significantly more authoritarian on the F-scale than disobedient participants, supporting the idea of a link between authoritarian personality type and obedience. Further support came from Altemeyer (1988), who reported that participants with an authoritarian personality type who were ordered to give themselves shocks, did what than those without the personality type?

Answer 28

Further support came from Altemeyer (1988), who reported that participants with an authoritarian personality type who were ordered to give themselves shocks, gave higher shocks than those without the personality type

Question 29

Characteristics of the authoritarian personality: | People with the authoritarian personality are what with their outlook (no grey areas)?

Answer 29

People with the authoritarian personality are inflexible with their outlook (no grey areas)

Question 30

Characteristics of the authoritarian personality: People with the authoritarian personality are inflexible with their outlook (no grey areas). They believe that society is what?

Answer 30

People with the authoritarian personality believe that society is 'going to the dogs’

Question 31

Characteristics of the authoritarian personality: People with the authoritarian personality are inflexible with their outlook (no grey areas). People with the authoritarian personality believe that society is 'going to the dogs' and so that strong and powerful leaders are needed to do what?

Answer 31

People with the authoritarian personality believe that: 1. Society is 'going to the dogs' 2. So that strong and powerful leaders are needed to enforce traditional values

Question 32

People have the authoritarian personality type, because of what?

Answer 32

People have the authoritarian personality type, because of: 1. Strict discipline 2. Expectations to be completely loyal 3. High standards 4. Unconditional love for their parents, even if they do not agree with them

Question 33

Evaluation: Any explanation of obedience in terms of individual personality traits will find it difficult to explain obedient behaviour in what?

Answer 33

Any explanation of obedience in terms of individual personality traits will find it difficult to explain obedient behaviour in the majority of a country's population

Question 34

Evaluation: | The measurement of authoritarian relies on what?

Answer 34

The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data

Question 35

Evaluation: | The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data, which may be what?

Answer 35

The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data, which may be invalid

Question 36

Evaluation: | The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data, which may be invalid, due to what?

Answer 36

The measurement of authoritarian relies on self-report (F-scale) data, which may be invalid, due to social desirability bias

Question 37

Evaluation: | Who (what year) said that the F scale is a 'comedy of what?'

Answer 37

Greenstein (1969) said that the F scale is a 'comedy of methodological errors'

Question 38

Evaluation: Greenstein (1969) said that the F scale is a 'comedy of methodological errors.' Example

Answer 38

For example, every question is worded in the same direction, so you could tick the same box

Question 39

Evaluation: Any explanation of obedience in terms of individual personality traits will find it difficult to explain obedient behaviour in the majority of a country's population. The internal explanation cannot easily account for obedience of what?

Answer 39

The internal explanation cannot easily account for obedience of active social groups/societies

Question 40

Evaluation: Any explanation of obedience in terms of individual personality traits will find it difficult to explain obedient behaviour in the majority of a country's population. The internal explanation cannot easily account for obedience of active social groups/societies. Who (what year) found that the authoritarian personality is more likely to exist among people who are what?

Answer 40

Hyman and Sheatsley (1954) found that the authoritarian personality is more likely to exist among people who are: 1. Less well educated 2. Of low economic social status

Question 41

Evaluation: Although the F-scape has some research support, supposedly authoritarian individuals do not always do what, as the theory would predict?

Answer 41

Although the F-scape has some research support, supposedly authoritarian individuals do not always score highly on all the dimensions, as the theory would predict

Question 42

Evaluation: | The F-scale suffers from what?

Answer 42

The F-scale suffers from response bias

Question 43

Evaluation: | The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded how?

Answer 43

The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded in a confirming direction

Question 44

Evaluation: The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded in a confirming direction. Therefore, if individuals agree with items, they are rated as what?

Answer 44

Therefore, if individuals agree with items, they are rated as authoritarian

Question 45

Evaluation: The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded in a confirming direction. Therefore, if individuals agree with items, they are rated as authoritarian. Who (what year) produced the less biased what scale?

Answer 45

Altemeyer (1981) produced the less biased Right Wing Authoritarianism scale (RWA)

Question 46

Evaluation: The F-scale suffers from response bias, because the scale is worded in a confirming direction. Therefore, if individuals agree with items they are rated as authoritarian. Altemeyer (1981) produced the less biased Right Wing Authoritarianism scale (RWA), which has an equal number of what?

Answer 46

Altemeyer (1981) produced the less biased Right Wing Authoritarianism scale (RWA), which has an equal number of: 1. Pro- 2. Anti- statements

Question 47

Evaluation: | The theory is politically what?

Answer 47

The theory is politically biased

Question 48

Evaluation: The theory is politically biased, because individuals with an authoritarian personality are seen as only existing on what?

Answer 48

The theory is politically biased, because individuals with an authoritarian personality are seen as only existing on the: 1. Conservative 2. Right wing of political viewpoints