3.2: Konrad Lorenz (1935) - Imprinting Flashcards
When did Konrad Lorenz first observe the phenomenon of imprinting?
Konrad Lorenz first observed the phenomenon of imprinting when:
- He was a child
- A neighbour gave him a newly hatched duckling that then followed him around
When did Lorenz’s study of attachment take place?
Lorenz’s study of attachment took place in 1935
What was the aim of Lorenz’s study of attachment?
The aim of Lorenz’s study of attachment was to investigate the mechanisms of imprinting, where the youngsters:
1. Follow
2. Form an attachment to
the first large moving object that they meet
What was the method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment?
The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches:
- One which hatched naturally by the mother
- The other hatched in an incubator
The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that what?
The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches:
1. One which hatched naturally by the mother
2. The other hatched in an incubator
,with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered
The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
What did he then do?
He then recorded their behaviour
The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
He then recorded their behaviour.
Lorenz marked the goslings, so that he could determine what?
Lorenz marked the goslings, so that he could determine whether they were from the: 1. Naturally hatched Or, 2. Incubated ones
The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
He then recorded their behaviour.
Lorenz marked the goslings, so that he could determine whether they were from the naturally hatched or incubated ones.
Lorenz placed them all where?
Lorenz placed them all under an upturned box
The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
He then recorded their behaviour.
Lorenz marked the goslings, so that he could determine whether they were from the naturally hatched or incubated ones.
Lorenz placed them all under an upturned box, then did what?
Lorenz placed them all under an upturned box, then:
- Removed them
- Recorded their behaviour
What are the findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment?
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that immediately after birth:
1. The naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother
,while
2, The incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
- Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
- This pattern of behaviour was the same when?
This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
- Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
- This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no what to their natural mother?
This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings:
- Going to Lorenz
- Showing no bond to their natural mother
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
What did these bonds prove?
These bonds proved irreversible
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur when?
Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately how long)?
Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours)
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms what and was what?
Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which:
- He terms the critical period
- Was permanent
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms the critical period and was permanent (the goslings would always be what)?
Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which:
- He terms the critical period
- Was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans)
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms the critical period and was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans) and so was what?
Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which:
- He terms the critical period
- Was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans) and so was irreversible
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms the critical period and was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans) and so was irreversible.
4. Lorenz subsequently reported on what?
Lorenz subsequently reported on how goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans
The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms the critical period and was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans) and so was irreversible.
4. Lorenz subsequently reported on how goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (what)?
Lorenz subsequently reported on how goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting)
Sexual imprinting
Sexual imprinting is how later mates are chosen based upon the object they imprinted on
The conclusions of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
- Imprinting is a type of attachment.
- Imprinting has a critical period and is needed to form an attachment.
- What is kept with the first large moving object?
Close contact is kept with the first large moving object
The conclusions of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Imprinting is a type of attachment.
2. Imprinting has a critical period and is needed to form an attachment.
3. Close contact is kept with the first large moving object.
4. If a goose didn’t attach during the critical period, it would not attach to a mother figure.
If no attachment has developed within 32 hours, it is unlikely that what?
If no attachment has developed within 32 hours, it is unlikely that any attachment will ever develop
Imprinting is very similar to attachment in that it does what?
Imprinting is very similar to attachment in that it binds the young to a caregiver
Imprinting has consequences both for short-term survival and in the long-term for forming what?
Imprinting has consequences both for:
- Short-term survival
- In the long-term for forming internal templates for later relationships
What is the evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment?
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, why?
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that:
- The fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience.
- The fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced what?
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that:
- The fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience.
- The fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies - A specific time period within which what must form?
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies - A specific time period within which an attachment between:
1. Infant
2. Carer
must form
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that:
- The fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience.
- The fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies - A specific time period within which an attachment between infant and carer must form.
- The fact that goslings imprinted onto humans exhibit sexual advances to humans when adult birds shows the importance of the behaviour upon what?
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that goslings imprinted onto humans exhibit sexual advances to humans when adult birds shows the importance of the behaviour upon future relationships
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that:
- The fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience.
- The fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies - A specific time period within which an attachment between infant and carer must form.
- The fact that goslings imprinted onto humans exhibit sexual advances to humans when adult birds shows the importance of the behaviour upon future relationships, something that Bowlby did what with?
The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that goslings imprinted onto humans exhibit sexual advances to humans when adult birds shows the importance of the behaviour upon future relationships, something that Bowlby incorporated into his continuity hypothesis
AO3:
Who (what year) found that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove?
Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove
AO3:
Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove.
The chicks also tried to do what?
The chicks also tried to mate with the glove
AO3:
Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove.
The chicks also tried to mate with the glove, supporting what?
The chicks also tried to mate with the glove, supporting sexual imprinting
AO3:
Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove.
The chicks also tried to mate with the glove, supporting sexual imprinting.
However, what did they also find?
They also found that it could be reversed by spending time with their own species
AO3:
Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove.
The chicks also tried to mate with the glove, supporting sexual imprinting.
However, they also found that it could be reversed by spending time with their own species.
What does this mean?
This means that:
1. The critical period isn’t true
2. Lorenz isn’t fully correct in the view that imprinting is irreversible
,but
2. It supports Lorenz’s idea of sexual imprinting
AO3:
Who (what year) described a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo, where the first moving object the peacock saw was a tortoise?
Lorenz (1952) described a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo, where the first moving object the peacock saw was a tortoise
AO3:
Lorenz (1952) described a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo, where the first moving object the peacock saw was a tortoise.
As an adult, what would the bird only do?
As an adult, the bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises
AO3:
Lorenz (1952) described a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo, where the first moving object the peacock saw was a tortoise.
As an adult, the bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises, supporting what?
As an adult, the bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises, supporting sexual imprinting
AO3:
What is a weakness of Lorenz’s study of attachment?
A weakness of Lorenz’s study of attachment is challenging research
AO3:
A weakness of Lorenz’s study of attachment is challenging research.
Guiton et al. (1966) found that chickens that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz predicted), but in the end they found that with experience they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed
AO3:
Imprinting is Lorenz’s own concept, so he could go out of his way to prove it by creating evidence by doing what?
Imprinting is Lorenz’s own concept, so he could go out of his way to prove it by creating evidence by interpreting the behaviours to provide support for his theory
AO3:
Imprinting is Lorenz’s own concept, so he could go out of his way to prove it by creating evidence by interpreting the behaviours to provide support for his theory, so what?
Imprinting is Lorenz’s own concept, so he could go out of his way to prove it by creating evidence by interpreting the behaviours to provide support for his theory, so researcher bias:
- Is an issue
- Could undermine the internal validity of his study
AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack what?
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability
AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, why?
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese)
AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of what?
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of the target population
AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of the target population.
What might be different?
The attachment systems in:
1. Mammals
2. Humans in particular
might be different
AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of the target population.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
Example
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds
AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of the target population.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds, therefore what?
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds, therefore it is not appropriate to generalise Lorenz’s ideas to humans
