3.2: Konrad Lorenz (1935) - Imprinting

Question 1

When did Konrad Lorenz first observe the phenomenon of imprinting?

Answer 1

Konrad Lorenz first observed the phenomenon of imprinting when:

1. He was a child
2. A neighbour gave him a newly hatched duckling that then followed him around

Question 2

When did Lorenz’s study of attachment take place?

Answer 2

Lorenz’s study of attachment took place in 1935

Question 3

What was the aim of Lorenz’s study of attachment?

Answer 3

The aim of Lorenz’s study of attachment was to investigate the mechanisms of imprinting, where the youngsters:
1. Follow
2. Form an attachment to
the first large moving object that they meet

Question 4

What was the method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment?

Answer 4

The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches:

1. One which hatched naturally by the mother
2. The other hatched in an incubator

Question 5

The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that what?

Answer 5

The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches:
1. One which hatched naturally by the mother
2. The other hatched in an incubator
,with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered

Question 6

The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
What did he then do?

Answer 6

He then recorded their behaviour

Question 7

The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
He then recorded their behaviour.
Lorenz marked the goslings, so that he could determine what?

Answer 7

Lorenz marked the goslings, so that he could determine whether they were from the:
1. Naturally hatched
Or,
2. Incubated
ones

Question 8

The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
He then recorded their behaviour.
Lorenz marked the goslings, so that he could determine whether they were from the naturally hatched or incubated ones.
Lorenz placed them all where?

Answer 8

Lorenz placed them all under an upturned box

Question 9

The method and procedure of Lorenz’s study of attachment was that Lorenz split a large clutch of goose eggs into 2 batches, one which hatched naturally by the mother and the other hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure that he was the first moving object that the newly hatched goslings encountered.
He then recorded their behaviour.
Lorenz marked the goslings, so that he could determine whether they were from the naturally hatched or incubated ones.
Lorenz placed them all under an upturned box, then did what?

Answer 9

Lorenz placed them all under an upturned box, then:

1. Removed them
2. Recorded their behaviour

Question 10

What are the findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment?

Answer 10

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that immediately after birth:
1. The naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother
,while
2, The incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz

Question 11

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:

1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when?

Answer 11

This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box

Question 12

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:

1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no what to their natural mother?

Answer 12

This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings:

1. Going to Lorenz
2. Showing no bond to their natural mother

Question 13

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
What did these bonds prove?

Answer 13

These bonds proved irreversible

Question 14

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur when?

Answer 14

Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth

Question 15

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately how long)?

Answer 15

Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours)

Question 16

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms what and was what?

Answer 16

Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which:

1. He terms the critical period
2. Was permanent

Question 17

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms the critical period and was permanent (the goslings would always be what)?

Answer 17

Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which:

1. He terms the critical period
2. Was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans)

Question 18

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms the critical period and was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans) and so was what?

Answer 18

Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which:

1. He terms the critical period
2. Was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans) and so was irreversible

Question 19

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms the critical period and was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans) and so was irreversible.
4. Lorenz subsequently reported on what?

Answer 19

Lorenz subsequently reported on how goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans

Question 20

The findings of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Immediately after birth, the naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother, while the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz.
2. This pattern of behaviour was the same when they were released from the upturned box, with the incubator hatched goslings going to Lorenz and showing no bond to their natural mother.
These bonds proved irreversible.
3. Lorenz also noted how imprinting would only occur within the first few hours after birth (approximately 4 - 25 hours), which he terms the critical period and was permanent (the goslings would always be imprinted onto humans) and so was irreversible.
4. Lorenz subsequently reported on how goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (what)?

Answer 20

Lorenz subsequently reported on how goslings imprinted onto humans would, as matured adult birds, attempt to mate with humans (sexual imprinting)

Question 21

Sexual imprinting

Answer 21

Sexual imprinting is how later mates are chosen based upon the object they imprinted on

Question 22

The conclusions of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:

1. Imprinting is a type of attachment.
2. Imprinting has a critical period and is needed to form an attachment.
3. What is kept with the first large moving object?

Answer 22

Close contact is kept with the first large moving object

Question 23

The conclusions of Lorenz’s study of attachment are that:
1. Imprinting is a type of attachment.
2. Imprinting has a critical period and is needed to form an attachment.
3. Close contact is kept with the first large moving object.
4. If a goose didn’t attach during the critical period, it would not attach to a mother figure.
If no attachment has developed within 32 hours, it is unlikely that what?

Answer 23

If no attachment has developed within 32 hours, it is unlikely that any attachment will ever develop

Question 24

Imprinting is very similar to attachment in that it does what?

Answer 24

Imprinting is very similar to attachment in that it binds the young to a caregiver

Question 25

Imprinting has consequences both for short-term survival and in the long-term for forming what?

Answer 25

Imprinting has consequences both for:

1. Short-term survival
2. In the long-term for forming internal templates for later relationships

Question 26

What is the evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment?

Answer 26

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control

Question 27

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, why?

Answer 27

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience

Question 28

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that:

1. The fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience.
2. The fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced what?

Answer 28

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies

Question 29

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that:

1. The fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience.
2. The fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies - A specific time period within which what must form?

Answer 29

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies - A specific time period within which an attachment between:
1. Infant
2. Carer
must form

Question 30

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that:

1. The fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience.
2. The fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies - A specific time period within which an attachment between infant and carer must form.
3. The fact that goslings imprinted onto humans exhibit sexual advances to humans when adult birds shows the importance of the behaviour upon what?

Answer 30

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that goslings imprinted onto humans exhibit sexual advances to humans when adult birds shows the importance of the behaviour upon future relationships

Question 31

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that:

1. The fact that imprinting is irreversible suggests that the ability is under biological control, because learned behaviours can be changed by experience.
2. The fact that imprinting only occurs within a brief, set time period influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies - A specific time period within which an attachment between infant and carer must form.
3. The fact that goslings imprinted onto humans exhibit sexual advances to humans when adult birds shows the importance of the behaviour upon future relationships, something that Bowlby did what with?

Answer 31

The evaluation of Lorenz’s study of attachment is that the fact that goslings imprinted onto humans exhibit sexual advances to humans when adult birds shows the importance of the behaviour upon future relationships, something that Bowlby incorporated into his continuity hypothesis

Question 32

AO3:

Who (what year) found that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove?

Answer 32

Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove

Question 33

AO3:
Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove.
The chicks also tried to do what?

Answer 33

The chicks also tried to mate with the glove

Question 34

AO3:
Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove.
The chicks also tried to mate with the glove, supporting what?

Answer 34

The chicks also tried to mate with the glove, supporting sexual imprinting

Question 35

AO3:
Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove.
The chicks also tried to mate with the glove, supporting sexual imprinting.
However, what did they also find?

Answer 35

They also found that it could be reversed by spending time with their own species

Question 36

AO3:
Guiton et al. (1966) that chicks could imprint on an inflated yellow rubber glove.
The chicks also tried to mate with the glove, supporting sexual imprinting.
However, they also found that it could be reversed by spending time with their own species.
What does this mean?

Answer 36

This means that:
1. The critical period isn’t true
2. Lorenz isn’t fully correct in the view that imprinting is irreversible
,but
2. It supports Lorenz’s idea of sexual imprinting

Question 37

AO3:
Who (what year) described a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo, where the first moving object the peacock saw was a tortoise?

Answer 37

Lorenz (1952) described a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo, where the first moving object the peacock saw was a tortoise

Question 38

AO3:
Lorenz (1952) described a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo, where the first moving object the peacock saw was a tortoise.
As an adult, what would the bird only do?

Answer 38

As an adult, the bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises

Question 39

AO3:
Lorenz (1952) described a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo, where the first moving object the peacock saw was a tortoise.
As an adult, the bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises, supporting what?

Answer 39

As an adult, the bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises, supporting sexual imprinting

Question 40

AO3:

What is a weakness of Lorenz’s study of attachment?

Answer 40

A weakness of Lorenz’s study of attachment is challenging research

Question 41

AO3:
A weakness of Lorenz’s study of attachment is challenging research.
Guiton et al. (1966) found that chickens that imprinted on inflated yellow rubber gloves would try to mate with them as adults (as Lorenz predicted), but in the end they found that with experience they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens.
What does this suggest?

Answer 41

This suggests that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as believed

Question 42

AO3:

Imprinting is Lorenz’s own concept, so he could go out of his way to prove it by creating evidence by doing what?

Answer 42

Imprinting is Lorenz’s own concept, so he could go out of his way to prove it by creating evidence by interpreting the behaviours to provide support for his theory

Question 43

AO3:
Imprinting is Lorenz’s own concept, so he could go out of his way to prove it by creating evidence by interpreting the behaviours to provide support for his theory, so what?

Answer 43

Imprinting is Lorenz’s own concept, so he could go out of his way to prove it by creating evidence by interpreting the behaviours to provide support for his theory, so researcher bias:

1. Is an issue
2. Could undermine the internal validity of his study

Question 44

AO3:

Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack what?

Answer 44

Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability

Question 45

AO3:

Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, why?

Answer 45

Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese)

Question 46

AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of what?

Answer 46

Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of the target population

Question 47

AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of the target population.
What might be different?

Answer 47

The attachment systems in:
1. Mammals
2. Humans in particular
might be different

Question 48

AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of the target population.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
Example

Answer 48

For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds

Question 49

AO3:
Lorenz’s study of attachment may lack generalisability, because the sample used was birds (geese) that are not representative of the target population.
The attachment systems in mammals and humans in particular might be different.
For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds, therefore what?

Answer 49

For example, mammals show more emotional attachment than birds, therefore it is not appropriate to generalise Lorenz’s ideas to humans