1.5: Methodological criticisms Flashcards
Several methodological criticisms have been made about Milgram’s study concerning both what?
Several methodological criticisms have been made about Milgram’s study concerning both:
- How the study itself was conducted
- The usefulness of the results it generated
Several methodological criticisms have been made about Milgram’s study concerning both how the study itself was conducted and the usefulness of the results it generated.
What allow us to assess these criticisms?
Subsequent studies allow us to assess these criticisms
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns what?
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe what?
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Who criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study?
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew what?
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, what percentage of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real?
75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, 75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real.
What also suggest that they believed them to be real?
The extreme physical reactions and responses of many of the participants also suggest that they believed them to be real
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, 75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real.
The extreme physical reactions and responses of many of the participants also suggest that they believed them to be real.
However, who traced as many original participants as she could?
Perry (2012) traced as many original participants as she could
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, 75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real.
The extreme physical reactions and responses of many of the participants also suggest that they believed them to be real.
However, Perry (2012) traced as many original participants as she could and claimed that the true figure was what?
Perry (2012):
- Traced as many original participants as she could
- Claimed that the true figure was only about 50%
External validity:
Can the results of Milgram’s study be what?
Can the results of Milgram’s study be generalised beyond the experimental setting?
External validity:
Can the results of Milgram’s study be generalised beyond the experimental setting?
The findings have been criticised in terms of what?
The findings have been criticised in terms of whether they are representative of:
- Females
- Other cultures
- People of today
Androcentrism
Androcentrism is a bias in psychological research in which a male perspective is over-emphasised at the expense of a female one
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were who?
The participants were 40 males aged between:
- 20
- 50
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is what?
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be what?
As only males were used in Milgram’s study:
- It is androcentric
- So the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be what to orders with destructive consequences?
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that what?
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that the opposite is indeed true
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that the opposite is indeed true.
Maybe females can be more obedient and unquestioning of orders, because what?
Maybe females can be more:
1. Obedient
2. Unquestioning of orders
,because their gender roles may dictate that they be more submissive
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that the opposite is indeed true.
Maybe females can be more obedient and unquestioning of orders, because their gender roles may dictate that they be more submissive, especially to what?
Maybe females can be more:
1. Obedient
2. Unquestioning of orders
,because their gender roles may dictate that they be more submissive, especially to assertive males
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Who got male and female participants to do what?
Sheridan and King (1972) got:
1. Male
2. Female
participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks what?
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only what?
The shocks were actually only mild ones
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to do what?
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies:
- Jump
- Howl