1.5: Methodological criticisms

Question 1

Several methodological criticisms have been made about Milgram’s study concerning both what?

Answer 1

Several methodological criticisms have been made about Milgram’s study concerning both:

1. How the study itself was conducted
2. The usefulness of the results it generated

Question 2

Several methodological criticisms have been made about Milgram’s study concerning both how the study itself was conducted and the usefulness of the results it generated.
What allow us to assess these criticisms?

Answer 2

Subsequent studies allow us to assess these criticisms

Question 3

Internal validity:

Internal validity concerns what?

Answer 3

Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

Question 4

Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe what?

Answer 4

Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real

Question 5

Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Who criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study?

Answer 5

Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study

Question 6

Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew what?

Answer 6

Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real

Question 7

Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, what percentage of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real?

Answer 7

75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real

Question 8

Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, 75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real.
What also suggest that they believed them to be real?

Answer 8

The extreme physical reactions and responses of many of the participants also suggest that they believed them to be real

Question 9

Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, 75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real.
The extreme physical reactions and responses of many of the participants also suggest that they believed them to be real.
However, who traced as many original participants as she could?

Answer 9

Perry (2012) traced as many original participants as she could

Question 10

Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, 75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real.
The extreme physical reactions and responses of many of the participants also suggest that they believed them to be real.
However, Perry (2012) traced as many original participants as she could and claimed that the true figure was what?

Answer 10

Perry (2012):

1. Traced as many original participants as she could
2. Claimed that the true figure was only about 50%

Question 11

External validity:

Can the results of Milgram’s study be what?

Answer 11

Can the results of Milgram’s study be generalised beyond the experimental setting?

Question 12

External validity:
Can the results of Milgram’s study be generalised beyond the experimental setting?
The findings have been criticised in terms of what?

Answer 12

The findings have been criticised in terms of whether they are representative of:

1. Females
2. Other cultures
3. People of today

Question 13

Androcentrism

Answer 13

Androcentrism is a bias in psychological research in which a male perspective is over-emphasised at the expense of a female one

Question 14

External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were who?

Answer 14

The participants were 40 males aged between:

1. 20
2. 50

Question 15

External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is what?

Answer 15

As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric

Question 16

External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be what?

Answer 16

As only males were used in Milgram’s study:

1. It is androcentric
2. So the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females

Question 17

External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be what to orders with destructive consequences?

Answer 17

Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences

Question 18

External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that what?

Answer 18

Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that the opposite is indeed true

Question 19

External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that the opposite is indeed true.
Maybe females can be more obedient and unquestioning of orders, because what?

Answer 19

Maybe females can be more:
1. Obedient
2. Unquestioning of orders
,because their gender roles may dictate that they be more submissive

Question 20

External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that the opposite is indeed true.
Maybe females can be more obedient and unquestioning of orders, because their gender roles may dictate that they be more submissive, especially to what?

Answer 20

Maybe females can be more:
1. Obedient
2. Unquestioning of orders
,because their gender roles may dictate that they be more submissive, especially to assertive males

Question 21

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Who got male and female participants to do what?

Answer 21

Sheridan and King (1972) got:
1. Male
2. Female
participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly

Question 22

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks what?

Answer 22

The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time

Question 23

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only what?

Answer 23

The shocks were actually only mild ones

Question 24

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to do what?

Answer 24

The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies:

1. Jump
2. Howl

Question 25

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, what was pumped in?

Answer 25

Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in

Question 26

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to do what?

Answer 26

Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious

Question 27

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think what?

Answer 27

Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think that they had killed it

Question 28

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think that they had killed it.
Although what, what percentage of the males and what percentage of the females obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts?

Answer 28

Although visibly upset:
1. 54% of the males
2. 100% of the females
obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts

Question 29

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think that they had killed it.
Although visibly upset, 54% of the males and 100% of the females obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts, supporting the idea that what?

Answer 29

Although visibly upset:
1. 54% of the males
2. 100% of the females
obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts, supporting the idea that Milgram’s study was androcentric

Question 30

External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think that they had killed it.
Although visibly upset, 54% of the males and 100% of the females obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts, supporting the idea that Milgram’s study was androcentric, because females can be what?

Answer 30

Although visibly upset:
1. 54% of the males
2. 100% of the females
obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts, supporting the idea that Milgram’s study was androcentric, because females can be more obedient

Question 31

External validity:
Cultural bias:
As Milgram’s study only used what participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily what?

Answer 31

As Milgram’s study only used American participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily generalisable to people of other cultures

Question 32

External validity:
Cultural bias:
As Milgram’s study only used American participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily generalisable to people of other cultures.
Indeed, research has backed up this criticism, with varying levels of obedience found between what?

Answer 32

Indeed, research has backed up this criticism, with varying levels of obedience found between different cultures

Question 33

External validity:
Cultural bias:
As Milgram’s study only used American participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily generalisable to people of other cultures.
Indeed, research has backed up this criticism, with varying levels of obedience found between different cultures.
It may be that different cultures obey to what?

Answer 33

It may be that different cultures obey to different levels

Question 34

External validity:
Cultural bias:
As Milgram’s study only used American participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily generalisable to people of other cultures.
Indeed, research has backed up this criticism, with varying levels of obedience found between different cultures.
It may be that different cultures obey to different levels, because of what?

Answer 34

It may be that different cultures obey to different levels, because of cultural differences regarding authority

Question 35

External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Who found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants?

Answer 35

Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants

Question 36

External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants, while who used the Milgram paradigm to find what?

Answer 36

1. Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants
   ,while
2. Kilham and Mann (1974) used the Milgram paradigm to find the lowest cultural obedience rate of 28% among Australians

Question 37

External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants, while Kilham and Mann (1974) used the Milgram paradigm to find the lowest cultural obedience rate of 28% among Australians.
This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting what?

Answer 37

This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting cultural attitudes to authority

Question 38

External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants, while Kilham and Mann (1974) used the Milgram paradigm to find the lowest cultural obedience rate of 28% among Australians.
This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting cultural attitudes to authority, because Australians have what?

Answer 38

This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting cultural attitudes to authority, because Australians have a traditionally negative view of authority

Question 39

External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants, while Kilham and Mann (1974) used the Milgram paradigm to find the lowest cultural obedience rate of 28% among Australians.
This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting cultural attitudes to authority, because Australians have a traditionally negative view of authority.
Interestingly, who used the Milgram paradigm to find what in Germany?

Answer 39

Interestingly, Mantell (1971) used the Milgram paradigm to find a relatively high obedience rate of 80% in Germany

Question 40

External validity:
Historical validity:
It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of what?

Answer 40

It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of American culture being very:
1. Authoritarian
2. Obedient
during the early 1960s

Question 41

External validity:
Historical validity:
It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of American culture being very authoritarian and obedience during the early 1960s and, as such, doesn’t reflect what?

Answer 41

It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of American culture being very:
1. Authoritarian
2. Obedient
during the early 1960s and, as such, doesn’t reflect obedience levels today

Question 42

External validity:
Historical validity:
It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of American culture being very authoritarian and obedient during the early 1960s and, as such, doesn’t reflect obedience levels today.
Who used an adaptation of the procedure to do what?

Answer 42

Burger (2009) used an adaptation of the procedure to investigate whether this criticism is valid

Question 43

External validity:
Ecological validity:
Milgram’s paradigm has been criticised for how what it is of real-life occurrences (giving electric shocks to people)?

Answer 43

Milgram’s paradigm has been criticised for how unrepresentative it is of real-life occurrences (giving electric shocks to people)

Question 44

External validity:
Ecological validity:
Milgram’s paradigm has been criticised for how unrepresentative it is of real-life occurrences (giving electric shocks to people).
Who performed a study to see if this was true?

Answer 44

Hofling et al. (1966) performed a study to see if this was true

Question 45

External validity:
Can the results of Milgram’s study be generalised beyond the experimental setting?
The findings have been criticised in terms of whether they are representative of females, other cultures and people of today and whether the results what?

Answer 45

The findings have been criticised in terms of whether:

1. They are representative of females, other cultures and people of today
2. The results relate to real-life settings