1.5: Methodological criticisms Flashcards
Several methodological criticisms have been made about Milgram’s study concerning both what?
Several methodological criticisms have been made about Milgram’s study concerning both:
- How the study itself was conducted
- The usefulness of the results it generated
Several methodological criticisms have been made about Milgram’s study concerning both how the study itself was conducted and the usefulness of the results it generated.
What allow us to assess these criticisms?
Subsequent studies allow us to assess these criticisms
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns what?
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe what?
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Who criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study?
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew what?
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, what percentage of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real?
75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, 75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real.
What also suggest that they believed them to be real?
The extreme physical reactions and responses of many of the participants also suggest that they believed them to be real
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, 75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real.
The extreme physical reactions and responses of many of the participants also suggest that they believed them to be real.
However, who traced as many original participants as she could?
Perry (2012) traced as many original participants as she could
Internal validity:
Internal validity concerns the degree to which findings are attributable to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Milgram’s study would lack internal validity if participants didn’t believe the shocks were real.
Orne and Holland (1968) criticized the internal validity of Milgram’s study, because they believed that participants delivered the shocks because they knew they were not real.
However, 75% of participants in post-study interviews said they believed the electric shocks to be real.
The extreme physical reactions and responses of many of the participants also suggest that they believed them to be real.
However, Perry (2012) traced as many original participants as she could and claimed that the true figure was what?
Perry (2012):
- Traced as many original participants as she could
- Claimed that the true figure was only about 50%
External validity:
Can the results of Milgram’s study be what?
Can the results of Milgram’s study be generalised beyond the experimental setting?
External validity:
Can the results of Milgram’s study be generalised beyond the experimental setting?
The findings have been criticised in terms of what?
The findings have been criticised in terms of whether they are representative of:
- Females
- Other cultures
- People of today
Androcentrism
Androcentrism is a bias in psychological research in which a male perspective is over-emphasised at the expense of a female one
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were who?
The participants were 40 males aged between:
- 20
- 50
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is what?
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be what?
As only males were used in Milgram’s study:
- It is androcentric
- So the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be what to orders with destructive consequences?
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that what?
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that the opposite is indeed true
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that the opposite is indeed true.
Maybe females can be more obedient and unquestioning of orders, because what?
Maybe females can be more:
1. Obedient
2. Unquestioning of orders
,because their gender roles may dictate that they be more submissive
External validity:
Androcentrism:
The participants were 40 males aged between 20 and 50.
As only males were used in Milgram’s study, it is androcentric and so the accusation is that these results cannot be generalised to females.
Many people would imagine that females would be much less obedient to orders with destructive consequences, yet research often surprisingly suggests that the opposite is indeed true.
Maybe females can be more obedient and unquestioning of orders, because their gender roles may dictate that they be more submissive, especially to what?
Maybe females can be more:
1. Obedient
2. Unquestioning of orders
,because their gender roles may dictate that they be more submissive, especially to assertive males
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Who got male and female participants to do what?
Sheridan and King (1972) got:
1. Male
2. Female
participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks what?
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only what?
The shocks were actually only mild ones
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to do what?
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies:
- Jump
- Howl
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, what was pumped in?
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to do what?
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think what?
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think that they had killed it
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think that they had killed it.
Although what, what percentage of the males and what percentage of the females obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts?
Although visibly upset:
1. 54% of the males
2. 100% of the females
obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think that they had killed it.
Although visibly upset, 54% of the males and 100% of the females obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts, supporting the idea that what?
Although visibly upset:
1. 54% of the males
2. 100% of the females
obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts, supporting the idea that Milgram’s study was androcentric
External validity:
Androcentrism:
Research:
Sheridan and King (1972) got male and female participants to give real electric shocks to a puppy every time it responded to a command incorrectly.
The participants believed that the shocks increased by 15 volts each time.
The shocks were actually only mild ones, though severe enough to make the puppies jump and howl.
Eventually, an undetectable anaesthetic gas was pumped in to render the puppy unconscious, making the participants think that they had killed it.
Although visibly upset, 54% of the males and 100% of the females obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts, supporting the idea that Milgram’s study was androcentric, because females can be what?
Although visibly upset:
1. 54% of the males
2. 100% of the females
obeyed up to an apparent 450 volts, supporting the idea that Milgram’s study was androcentric, because females can be more obedient
External validity:
Cultural bias:
As Milgram’s study only used what participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily what?
As Milgram’s study only used American participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily generalisable to people of other cultures
External validity:
Cultural bias:
As Milgram’s study only used American participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily generalisable to people of other cultures.
Indeed, research has backed up this criticism, with varying levels of obedience found between what?
Indeed, research has backed up this criticism, with varying levels of obedience found between different cultures
External validity:
Cultural bias:
As Milgram’s study only used American participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily generalisable to people of other cultures.
Indeed, research has backed up this criticism, with varying levels of obedience found between different cultures.
It may be that different cultures obey to what?
It may be that different cultures obey to different levels
External validity:
Cultural bias:
As Milgram’s study only used American participants, the results can be said to be not necessarily generalisable to people of other cultures.
Indeed, research has backed up this criticism, with varying levels of obedience found between different cultures.
It may be that different cultures obey to different levels, because of what?
It may be that different cultures obey to different levels, because of cultural differences regarding authority
External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Who found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants?
Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants
External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants, while who used the Milgram paradigm to find what?
- Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants
,while - Kilham and Mann (1974) used the Milgram paradigm to find the lowest cultural obedience rate of 28% among Australians
External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants, while Kilham and Mann (1974) used the Milgram paradigm to find the lowest cultural obedience rate of 28% among Australians.
This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting what?
This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting cultural attitudes to authority
External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants, while Kilham and Mann (1974) used the Milgram paradigm to find the lowest cultural obedience rate of 28% among Australians.
This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting cultural attitudes to authority, because Australians have what?
This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting cultural attitudes to authority, because Australians have a traditionally negative view of authority
External validity:
Cultural bias:
Research:
Meeus and Raaijimakers (1986) found the highest recorded obedience level with the Milgram paradigm of 90% in Spanish participants, while Kilham and Mann (1974) used the Milgram paradigm to find the lowest cultural obedience rate of 28% among Australians.
This backs up the idea of obedience levels reflecting cultural attitudes to authority, because Australians have a traditionally negative view of authority.
Interestingly, who used the Milgram paradigm to find what in Germany?
Interestingly, Mantell (1971) used the Milgram paradigm to find a relatively high obedience rate of 80% in Germany
External validity:
Historical validity:
It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of what?
It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of American culture being very:
1. Authoritarian
2. Obedient
during the early 1960s
External validity:
Historical validity:
It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of American culture being very authoritarian and obedience during the early 1960s and, as such, doesn’t reflect what?
It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of American culture being very:
1. Authoritarian
2. Obedient
during the early 1960s and, as such, doesn’t reflect obedience levels today
External validity:
Historical validity:
It has been suggested that the high rate of obedience found in the Milgram study was a product of American culture being very authoritarian and obedient during the early 1960s and, as such, doesn’t reflect obedience levels today.
Who used an adaptation of the procedure to do what?
Burger (2009) used an adaptation of the procedure to investigate whether this criticism is valid
External validity:
Ecological validity:
Milgram’s paradigm has been criticised for how what it is of real-life occurrences (giving electric shocks to people)?
Milgram’s paradigm has been criticised for how unrepresentative it is of real-life occurrences (giving electric shocks to people)
External validity:
Ecological validity:
Milgram’s paradigm has been criticised for how unrepresentative it is of real-life occurrences (giving electric shocks to people).
Who performed a study to see if this was true?
Hofling et al. (1966) performed a study to see if this was true
External validity:
Can the results of Milgram’s study be generalised beyond the experimental setting?
The findings have been criticised in terms of whether they are representative of females, other cultures and people of today and whether the results what?
The findings have been criticised in terms of whether:
- They are representative of females, other cultures and people of today
- The results relate to real-life settings
