3.2: Harry Harlow (1959) - Even baby monkeys need comfort more than food Flashcards
What was the aim of Harlow’s study of attachment?
The aim of Harlow's study of attachment was to investigate whether: 1. Food Or, 2. Comfort was more important in forming a bond
What was the method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment?
The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed:
- A harsh ‘wire mother’
- A soft ‘towelling mother’
The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
How many baby monkeys were used?
16 baby monkeys were used
The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
16 baby monkeys were used, how?
16 baby monkeys were used, 4 in each of 4 conditions:
- A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a towelling mother producing no milk
- A cage containing a wire mother producing no milk and a towelling mother producing milk
- A cage containing a wire mother producing milk
- A cage containing a towelling mother producing milk
The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
16 baby monkeys were used, 4 in each of 4 conditions - A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a towelling mother producing no milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing no milk and a towelling mother producing milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a cage containing a towelling mother producing milk.
What was recorded?
- The amount of time spent with each mother
,as well as - Feeding time
,was recorded
The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
16 baby monkeys were used, 4 in each of 4 conditions - A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a towelling mother producing no milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing no milk and a towelling mother producing milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a cage containing a towelling mother producing milk.
The amount of time spent with each mother, as well as feeding time, was recorded.
What happened to test for mother preference during stress?
The monkeys were frightened with a loud noise to test for mother preference during stress
The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
16 baby monkeys were used, 4 in each of 4 conditions - A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a towelling mother producing no milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing no milk and a towelling mother producing milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a cage containing a towelling mother producing milk.
The amount of time spent with each mother, as well as feeding time, was recorded.
The monkeys were frightened with a loud noise to test for mother preference during stress.
A larger cage was also used to do what?
A larger cage was also used to test the monkeys’ degree of exploration
The are the findings of Harlow’s study of attachment?
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of what?
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even did what, while still clinging to the towelling mother?
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. What did monkeys with only a wire surrogate have?
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of what?
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress.
3. When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was what?
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress.
3. When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she did what?
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress.
3. When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.
What does this show?
This shows that ‘contact comfort’ was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress.
3. When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.
This shows that ‘contact comfort’ was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour.
4. In the larger cage conditions, what did the monkeys with towelling mothers do?
The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that in the larger cage conditions, the monkeys with towelling mothers:
- Explored more
- Visited their surrogate mother more often
What are the conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment?
The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort
The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort, suggesting what?
The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort, suggesting that attachment concerns:
1. Emotional security
more than
2. Food
The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
- Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort, suggesting that attachment concerns emotional security more than food.
- What is contact comfort associated with?
Contact comfort is associated with:
- Lower levels of stress
- A willingness to explore
The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
- Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort, suggesting that attachment concerns emotional security more than food.
- Contact comfort is associated with lower levels of stress and a willingness to explore, indicating what?
Contact comfort is associated with:
1. Lower levels of stress
2. A willingness to explore
,indicated emotional security
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been what into adulthood?
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see what?
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
What did Harlow find?
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with what did not develop normal social behaviour?
Harlow found that:
1. The monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional
,however
2. Even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were what than other monkeys?
They were:
1. More aggressive
2. Less sociable
than other monkeys
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they did what than is typical for monkeys?
They:
- Were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys
- Bred less often than is typical for monkeys
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they bred less often than is typical for monkeys, being what?
They:
- Were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys
- Bred less often than is typical for monkeys, being unskilled at mating
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they bred less often than is typical for monkeys, being unskilled at mating.
As mothers, what did some of the deprived monkeys do?
As mothers, some of the deprived monkeys neglected their young
Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they bred less often than is typical for monkeys, being unskilled at mating.
As mothers, some of the deprived monkeys neglected their young and others did what, even doing what in some cases?
As mothers:
- Some of the deprived monkeys neglected their young
- Others attacked their children, even killing them in some cases
What is the evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment?
The evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment is that interestingly, over time, Harlow publicly distanced himself from the work of:
- Bowlby
- Ainsworth
The evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment is that interestingly, over time, Harlow publicly distanced himself from the work of Bowlby and Ainsworth, as well as what?
The evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment is that interestingly, over time, Harlow publicly distanced himself from
1. The work of Bowlby and Ainsworth
,as well as
2. Lorenz’s views on imprinting
The evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment is that interestingly, over time, Harlow publicly distanced himself from the work of Bowlby and Ainsworth, as well as Lorenz’s views on imprinting.
Harlow especially did not believe what?
Harlow especially did not believe that his work supported Bowlby’s belief of a child’s innate need for mother love
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks what?
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, why?
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys, that are not what?
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys, that are not representative of humans
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys, that are not representative of humans.
What might be different?
The attachment with humans might be different
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys, that are not representative of humans.
The attachment with humans might be different.
Therefore, we shouldn’t do what?
Therefore, we shouldn’t generalise findings onto human attachment
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving what?
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving:
- The separation of baby monkeys
- The stress caused to them
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against what)?
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm)
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, why?
The baby monkeys:
1. Suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm)
,but they also
2. Suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
Example
For example:
- The monkeys showed aggressive behaviour
- Some monkeys even killed their babies
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered what to generalise the results to us?
Monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us.
This therefore does what?
This therefore justifies the ‘cost’
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us.
This therefore justifies the ‘cost,’ why?
This therefore justifies the ‘cost,’ because we have learnt a lot about attachment from it
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us.
This therefore justifies the ‘cost,’ because we have learnt a lot about attachment from it.
Example
For example, comfort is:
- Key
- Very important for individuals
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us.
This therefore justifies the ‘cost,’ because we have learnt a lot about attachment from it.
For example, comfort is key and very important for individuals.
How did this help in improving care for humans?
This helped in improving care for humans, because it helped with raising children
AO3:
A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is what use in zoos?
A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is practical use in zoos
AO3:
A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is practical use in zoos.
How can the study be applied to real life situations?
The study can be applied to real life situations, because of the importance in the care of captive monkeys
AO3:
A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is practical use in zoos.
The study can be applied to real life situations, because of the importance in the care of captive monkeys.
What do we now understand?
We now understand the importance of proper attachment figures for baby monkeys
AO3:
A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is practical use in zoos.
The study can be applied to real life situations, because of the importance in the care of captive monkeys.
We now understand the importance of proper attachment figures for baby monkeys, therefore what can we now do?
We now understand the importance of proper attachment figures for baby monkeys, therefore we can care more appropriately for them in zoos
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that is lacked control, why?
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that is lacked control, because there were confounding variables present
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that is lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had what?
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads’
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that is lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
Why was this a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled?
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that is lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results.
The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers, but the mothers had different faces.
Arguably, the comfort mother looked more what?
Arguably, the comfort mother looked more:
- Comforting
- Monkey-like
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that is lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results.
The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers, but the mothers had different faces.
Arguably, the comfort mother looked more comforting and monkey-like.
The cloth vs the wire was an important difference, but the confounding variable of the mothers having different heads might’ve been the reason why the monkeys what?
The cloth vs the wire was an important difference, but the confounding variable of the mothers having different heads might’ve been the reason why the monkeys preferred:
1. The cloth mother
Over
2. The wire mother
AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that is lacked control, because there were confounding variables present.
Harlow used 2 different monkeys (cloth and wire), which had ‘different heads.’
This was a confounding variable that should’ve been controlled, because it could’ve had a huge impact on the results.
The monkeys had a choice of 2 mothers, but the mothers had different faces.
Arguably, the comfort mother looked more comforting and monkey-like.
The cloth vs the wire was an important difference, but the confounding variable of the mothers having different heads might’ve been the reason why the monkeys preferred the cloth mother over the wire mother.
Therefore, what does Harlow’s study lack?
Therefore, Harlow’s study lacks internal validity
