1.4: Conformity to social roles and Philip Zimbardo (1973) Flashcards
1
Q
Social roles
A
Social roles are the parts individuals play as members of a social group that meet the expectations of that situation
2
Q
Each social situation has its own social norms, expected ways for individuals to behave, which will what from situation to situation?
A
Each social situation has its own social norms, expected ways for individuals to behave, which will vary from situation to situation
3
Q
Each social situation has its own social norms, expected ways for individuals to behave, which will vary from situation to situation.
Example
A
For example, joining the back of a queue when arriving at the till in a shop
4
Q
Each social situation has its own social norms, expected ways for individuals to behave, which will vary from situation to situation.
For example, joining the back of a queue when arriving at the till in a shop.
Individuals learn how to behave by doing what?
A
Individuals learn how to behave by:
- Looking at the social roles other people play in such situations
- Then conforming to them
5
Q
Each social situation has its own social norms, expected ways for individuals to behave, which will vary from situation to situation.
For example, joining the back of a queue when arriving at the till in a shop.
Individuals learn how to behave by looking at the social roles other people play in such situations and then conforming to them.
These learned social roles become like what?
A
These learned social roles become like internal mental scripts
6
Q
Each social situation has its own social norms, expected ways for individuals to behave, which will vary from situation to situation.
For example, joining the back of a queue when arriving at the till in a shop.
Individuals learn how to behave by looking at the social roles other people play in such situations and then conforming to them.
These learned social roles become like internal mental scripts, allowing individuals to do what in different settings?
A
These learned social roles become like internal mental scripts, allowing individuals to behave appropriately in different settings
7
Q
Each social situation has its own social norms, expected ways for individuals to behave, which will vary from situation to situation.
For example, joining the back of a queue when arriving at the till in a shop.
Individuals learn how to behave by looking at the social roles other people play in such situations and then conforming to them.
These learned social roles become like internal mental scripts, allowing individuals to behave appropriately in different settings.
Conformity to social roles therefore involves what?
A
Conformity to social roles therefore involves identification
8
Q
Each social situation has its own social norms, expected ways for individuals to behave, which will vary from situation to situation.
For example, joining the back of a queue when arriving at the till in a shop.
Individuals learn how to behave by looking at the social roles other people play in such situations and then conforming to them.
These learned social roles become like internal mental scripts, allowing individuals to behave appropriately in different settings.
Conformity to social roles therefore involves identification, which is stronger than compliance, involving both what of the behaviour and attitudes exhibited?
A
Conformity to social roles therefore involves identification, which is stronger than compliance, involving both:
1. Public
2. Private
acceptance of the behaviour and attitudes exhibited
9
Q
Conformity to social roles therefore involves identification, which is stronger than compliance, involving both public and private acceptance of the behaviour and attitudes exhibited.
Conformity to social roles isn’t as strong as internalisation though, because individuals do what and only conform to what when?
A
Conformity to social roles isn’t as strong as internalisation though, because individuals:
- Adopt different roles for different social situations
- Only conform to particular roles whilst in those particular social situations
10
Q
Conformity to social roles therefore involves identification, which is stronger than compliance, involving both public and private acceptance of the behaviour and attitudes exhibited.
Conformity to social roles isn’t as strong as internalisation though, because individuals adopt different roles for different social situations and only conform to particular roles whilst in those particular social situations.
With each social role adopted, behaviour does what?
A
With each social role adopted, behaviour changes
11
Q
Conformity to social roles therefore involves identification, which is stronger than compliance, involving both public and private acceptance of the behaviour and attitudes exhibited.
Conformity to social roles isn’t as strong as internalisation though, because individuals adopt different roles for different social situations and only conform to particular roles whilst in those particular social situations.
With each social role adopted, behaviour changes to do what?
A
With each social role adopted, behaviour changes to fit the social norms of that situation
12
Q
With each social role adopted, behaviour changes to fit the social norms of that situation, so as an individual moves to another social situation, what will happen?
A
With each social role adopted, behaviour changes to fit the social norms of that situation, so as an individual moves to another social situation, their behaviour will change to suit the new social norms
13
Q
With each social role adopted, behaviour changes to fit the social norms of that situation, so as an individual moves to another social situation, their behaviour will change to suit the new social norms, played out through a different what?
A
With each social role adopted, behaviour changes to fit the social norms of that situation, so as an individual moves to another social situation, their behaviour will change to suit the new social norms, played out through a different social role
14
Q
With each social role adopted, behaviour changes to fit the social norms of that situation, so as an individual moves to another social situation, their behaviour will change to suit the new social norms, played out through a different social role.
Conformity to social roles is therefore a useful way of doing what?
A
Conformity to social roles is therefore a useful way of:
1. Understanding
2. Predicting
social behaviour
15
Q
With each social role adopted, behaviour changes to fit the social norms of that situation, so as an individual moves to another social situation, their behaviour will change to suit the new social norms, played out through a different social role.
Conformity to social roles is therefore a useful way of understanding and predicting social behaviour, which brings a reassuring sense of what to what?
A
Conformity to social roles is therefore a useful way of:
1. Understanding
2. Predicting
social behaviour
,which brings a reassuring sense of order to our social interactions
16
Q
What perfectly illustrates the role of social roles in conformity?
A
Philip Zimbardo’s study of:
1. Prisoners
2. Guards
in a simulated prison (1973) perfectly illustrates the role of social roles in conformity
17
Q
Philip Zimbardo’s study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Zimbardo’s study was an attempt to understand what?
A
Zimbardo’s study was an attempt to understand the brutal and dehumanising behaviour:
- Found in prisons
- Reported on a regular basis in the American media
18
Q
Philip Zimbardo’s study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Zimbardo’s study was an attempt to understand the brutal and dehumanising behaviour found in prisons and reported on a regular basis in the American media.
What were to be explored?
A
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored
19
Q
Philip Zimbardo’s study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Zimbardo’s study was an attempt to understand the brutal and dehumanising behaviour found in prisons and reported on a regular basis in the American media.
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
Firstly, there was the what hypothesis that the violence and degradation of prisons was due to what?
A
Firstly, there was the dispositional hypothesis that the:
1. Violence
2. Degradation of prisons
was due to the ‘nature’ of the people found within the prison system
20
Q
Philip Zimbardo’s study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Zimbardo’s study was an attempt to understand the brutal and dehumanising behaviour found in prisons and reported on a regular basis in the American media.
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
Firstly, there was the dispositional hypothesis that the violence and degradation of prisons was due to the ‘nature’ of the people found within the prison system.
This meant that both guards and prisoners were what?
A
This meant that both:
1. Guards
2. Prisoners
were ‘bad seeds’ possessed of sadistic, aggressive characteristics
21
Q
Philip Zimbardo’s study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Zimbardo’s study was an attempt to understand the brutal and dehumanising behaviour found in prisons and reported on a regular basis in the American media.
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
Firstly, there was the dispositional hypothesis that the violence and degradation of prisons was due to the ‘nature’ of the people found within the prison system.
This meant that both guards and prisoners were ‘bad seeds’ possessed of sadistic, aggressive characteristics, which naturally led to what?
A
This meant that both:
1. Guards
2. Prisoners
were ‘bad seeds’ possessed of sadistic, aggressive characteristics, which naturally led to endless brutality
22
Q
Philip Zimbardo’s study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Zimbardo’s study was an attempt to understand the brutal and dehumanising behaviour found in prisons and reported on a regular basis in the American media.
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
Firstly, there was the dispositional hypothesis that the violence and degradation of prisons was due to the ‘nature’ of the people found within the prison system.
This meant that both guards and prisoners were ‘bad seeds’ possessed of sadistic, aggressive characteristics, which naturally led to endless brutality.
Secondly, there was the what hypothesis that saw violence and degradation as what?
A
Secondly, there was the situational hypothesis that saw:
1. Violence
2. Degradation
as a product of the ‘prison soil’
23
Q
Philip Zimbardo’s study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Zimbardo’s study was an attempt to understand the brutal and dehumanising behaviour found in prisons and reported on a regular basis in the American media.
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
Firstly, there was the dispositional hypothesis that the violence and degradation of prisons was due to the ‘nature’ of the people found within the prison system.
This meant that both guards and prisoners were ‘bad seeds’ possessed of sadistic, aggressive characteristics, which naturally led to endless brutality.
Secondly, there was the situational hypothesis that saw violence and degradation as a product of the ‘prison soil,’ which is what?
A
Secondly, there was the situational hypothesis that saw:
1. Violence
2. Degradation
as a product of the ‘prison soil,’ which is the interactions between environmental factors that supported such behaviour
24
Q
Philip Zimbardo’s study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Zimbardo’s study was an attempt to understand the brutal and dehumanising behaviour found in prisons and reported on a regular basis in the American media.
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
Firstly, there was the dispositional hypothesis that the violence and degradation of prisons was due to the ‘nature’ of the people found within the prison system.
This meant that both guards and prisoners were ‘bad seeds’ possessed of sadistic, aggressive characteristics, which naturally led to endless brutality.
Secondly, there was the situational hypothesis that saw violence and degradation as a product of the ‘prison soil,’ which is the interactions between environmental factors that supported such behaviour.
This situational hypothesis means what?
A
This situational hypothesis means that the:
1. Brutalising
2. Dehumanising
conditions of prison led to the brutal behaviour of all concerned
25
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Zimbardo's study was an attempt to understand the brutal and dehumanising behaviour found in prisons and reported on a regular basis in the American media.
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
To separate the effects of what from what, Zimbardo built what?
```
To separate the effects of:
1. The prison environment
from
2. Those within the prison system
,Zimbardo built a mock prison
```
26
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
To separate the effects of the prison environment from those within the prison system, Zimbardo built a mock prison that used who to play both prisoners and guards?
```
To separate the effects of the prison environment from those within the prison system, Zimbardo built a mock prison that used 'average' people with no record of:
1. Violence
Or,
2. Criminality
to play both prisoners and guards
```
27
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
To separate the effects of the prison environment from those within the prison system, Zimbardo built a mock prison that used 'average' people with no record of violence or criminality to play both prisoners and guards - roles that were determined how?
To separate the effects of the prison environment from those within the prison system, Zimbardo built a mock prison that used 'average' people with no record of:
1. Violence
Or,
2. Criminality
to play both prisoners and guards - roles that were determined completely randomly
28
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
Firstly, there was the dispositional hypothesis that the violence and degradation of prisons was due to the 'nature' of the people found within the prison system.
This meant that both guards and prisoners were 'bad seeds' possessed of sadistic, aggressive characteristics, which naturally led to endless brutality.
Secondly, there was the situational hypothesis that saw violence and degradation as a product of the 'prison soil,' which is the interactions between environmental factors that supported such behaviour.
This situational hypothesis means that the brutalising and dehumanising conditions of prison led to the brutal behaviour of all concerned.
To separate the effects of the prison environment from those within the prison system, Zimbardo built a mock prison that used 'average' people with no record of violence or criminality to play both prisoners and guards - roles that were determined completely randomly.
The dispositional hypothesis would be supported if what?
The dispositional hypothesis would be supported if no brutality occurred
29
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
2 widely differing explanations were to be explored.
Firstly, there was the dispositional hypothesis that the violence and degradation of prisons was due to the 'nature' of the people found within the prison system.
This meant that both guards and prisoners were 'bad seeds' possessed of sadistic, aggressive characteristics, which naturally led to endless brutality.
Secondly, there was the situational hypothesis that saw violence and degradation as a product of the 'prison soil,' which is the interactions between environmental factors that supported such behaviour.
This situational hypothesis means that the brutalising and dehumanising conditions of prison led to the brutal behaviour of all concerned.
To separate the effects of the prison environment from those within the prison system, Zimbardo built a mock prison that used 'average' people with no record of violence or criminality to play both prisoners and guards - roles that were determined completely randomly.
The dispositional hypothesis would be supported if no brutality occurred, but if brutality was seen, then it must be what that were driving what people to such behaviour?
The dispositional hypothesis would be supported if no brutality occurred, but if brutality was seen, then it must be situational factors that were driving:
1. Normal
2. Law-abiding
people to such behaviour
30
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The aims of Zimbardo's prison simulation study were to:
1. Investigate what?
The aims of Zimbardo's prison simulation study were to investigate the extent to which people would conform to the roles of:
1. Guard
2. Prisoner
in a role-playing simulation of prison life
31
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The aims of Zimbardo's prison simulation study were to:
1. Investigate the extent to which people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing simulation of prison life.
2. Test what?
The aims of Zimbardo's prison simulation study were to test the dispositional vs situational hypotheses
32
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The aims of Zimbardo's prison simulation study were to:
1. Investigate the extent to which people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing simulation of prison life.
2. Test the dispositional vs situational hypotheses, that saw prison violence as either due to what?
The aims of Zimbardo's prison simulation study were to test the dispositional vs situational hypotheses, that saw prison violence as either due to the:
1. Sadistic personalities of guards and prisoners
Or,
2. Brutal conditions of the prison environment
33
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. Who responded to a newspaper advertisement?
The:
2. Method
3. Procedure
of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement
34
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for what?
The:
1. Method
2. Procedure
of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day
35
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
How many students rated as the most what were used?
```
21 students rated as the most:
1. Physically and mentally stable
2. Mature
3. Free from anti-social and criminal tendencies
were used
```
36
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as what and 11 as what?
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used:
1. 10 as guards
2. 11 as prisoners
37
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a what basis?
Selection as to who would be:
1. Guards
2. Prisoners
was on a random basis
38
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially did what?
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners
39
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself did what?
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent
40
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. What was converted into a mock prison?
The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison
41
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as what as possible?
The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible
42
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being what and then what?
The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners:
1. Being arrested by the real local police
2. Then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused
43
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing what?
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing:
1. Numbered smocks
2. Nylon stocking caps
3. A chain around one ankle
44
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing numbered smocks, nylon stocking caps (to simulate what) and a change around one ankle?
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing:
1. Numbered smocks
2. Nylon stocking caps (to simulate shaved heads)
3. A chain around one ankle
45
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing numbered smocks, nylon stocking caps (to simulate shaved heads) and a chain around one ankle.
Guards wore what?
Guards wore:
1. Khaki uniforms
2. Reflective sunglasses
46
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing numbered smocks, nylon stocking caps (to simulate shaved heads) and a chain around one ankle.
Guards wore khaki uniforms and reflective sunglasses (to prevent what)?
Guards wore:
1. Khaki uniforms
2. Reflective sunglasses (to prevent eye-contact)
47
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing numbered smocks, nylon stocking caps (to simulate shaved heads) and a chain around one ankle.
Guards wore khaki uniforms and reflective sunglasses (to prevent eye-contact) and were issued with what?
Guards wore khaki uniforms and reflective sunglasses (to prevent eye-contact) and were issued with:
1. Handcuffs
2. Keys
3. Truncheons
48
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing numbered smocks, nylon stocking caps (to simulate shaved heads) and a chain around one ankle.
Guards wore khaki uniforms and reflective sunglasses (to prevent eye-contact) and were issued with handcuffs, keys and truncheons (although what was not permitted)?
Guards:
1. Wore khaki uniforms and reflective sunglasses (to prevent eye-contact)
2. Were issued with handcuffs, keys and truncheons (although physical punishment was not permitted)
49
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing numbered smocks, nylon stocking caps (to simulate shaved heads) and a chain around one ankle.
Guards wore khaki uniforms and reflective sunglasses (to prevent eye-contact) and were issued with handcuffs, keys and truncheons (although physical punishment was not permitted).
3. How many prisoners were placed how many to a cell?
9 prisoners were placed 3 to a cell
50
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing numbered smocks, nylon stocking caps (to simulate shaved heads) and a chain around one ankle.
Guards wore khaki uniforms and reflective sunglasses (to prevent eye-contact) and were issued with handcuffs, keys and truncheons (although physical punishment was not permitted).
3. 9 prisoners were placed 3 to a cell and a what of what was established?
9 prisoners were placed 3 to a cell and a regular routine of:
1. Shifts
2. Meal times
ect, was established
51
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing numbered smocks, nylon stocking caps (to simulate shaved heads) and a chain around one ankle.
Guards wore khaki uniforms and reflective sunglasses (to prevent eye-contact) and were issued with handcuffs, keys and truncheons (although physical punishment was not permitted).
3. 9 prisoners were placed 3 to a cell and a regular routine of shifts, meal times, ect, was established, as well as what?
9 prisoners were placed 3 to a cell and a regular routine of shifts, meal times, ect, was established, as well as:
1. Visiting times
2. A parole and disciplinary board
3. A prison chaplain
52
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The method and procedure of Zimbardo's prison simulation study was that:
1. 75 male university students responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study of prison life paying $15 a day.
21 students rated as the most physically and mentally stable, mature and free from anti-social and criminal tendencies were used, 10 as guards and 11 as prisoners.
Selection as to who would be guards and who would be prisoners was on a random basis.
All participants initially expressed a desire to be prisoners.
Zimbardo himself played the role of the prison superintendent.
2. The basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison and the experience was made as realistic as possible, with the prisoners being arrested by the real local police and then fingerprinted, stripped and deloused.
Dehumanisation, the removal of human identity, was increased by prisoners wearing numbered smocks, nylon stocking caps (to simulate shaved heads) and a chain around one ankle.
Guards wore khaki uniforms and reflective sunglasses (to prevent eye-contact) and were issued with handcuffs, keys and truncheons (although physical punishment was not permitted).
3. 9 prisoners were placed 3 to a cell and a regular routine of shifts, meal times, ect, was established, as well as visiting times, a parole and disciplinary board and a prison chaplain.
The study was planned to run for how long?
The study was planned to run for 2 weeks
53
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that both guards and prisoners did what?
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that both:
1. Guards
2. Prisoners
settled quickly into their social roles
54
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial what was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more what?
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic
55
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, doing what?
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic:
1. Taunting the prisoners
2. Giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do
56
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became what of the guards' behaviour?
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became:
1. Submissive
2. Unquestioning
of the guards' behaviour
57
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners did what against any prisoners who dared to protest?
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest
58
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest.
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners doing what?
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners referring to:
1. Each other
2. Themselves
by their prison numbers instead of their names
59
Dehumanisation
Dehumanisation is degrading people by lessening of their human qualities
60
De-individualisation
De-individualisation is a state in which individuals have:
1. Lower self-awareness
2. A weaker sense of personal responsibility
for their actions, when they become so immersed in the norms of the group
61
De-individualisation is a state in which individuals have lower self-awareness and a weaker sense of personal responsibility for their actions, when they become so immersed in the norms of the group.
This may result from what?
This may result from the relative anonymity of being part of a crowd
62
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest.
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners referring to each other and themselves by their prison numbers instead of their names.
2. After how long, one prisoner was released because of what?
After 36 hours, one prisoner was released because of fits of:
1. Crying
2. Rage
63
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest.
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners referring to each other and themselves by their prison numbers instead of their names.
2. After 36 hours, one prisoner was released because of fits of crying and rage.
How many more prisoners developed what?
3 more prisoners developed similar symptoms
64
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest.
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners referring to each other and themselves by their prison numbers instead of their names.
2. After 36 hours, one prisoner was released because of fits of crying and rage.
3 more prisoners developed similar symptoms and were released when?
3 more prisoners:
1. Developed similar symptoms
2. Were released on successive days
65
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest.
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners referring to each other and themselves by their prison numbers instead of their names.
2. After 36 hours, one prisoner was released because of fits of crying and rage.
3 more prisoners developed similar symptoms and were released on successive days.
A 5th prisoner developed what when his parole was denied?
A 5th prisoner developed a severe rash when his parole was denied
66
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest.
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners referring to each other and themselves by their prison numbers instead of their names.
2. After 36 hours, one prisoner was released because of fits of crying and rage.
3 more prisoners developed similar symptoms and were released on successive days.
A 5th prisoner developed a severe rash when his parole was denied.
3. Scheduled to run for 14 days, the study was stopped after how long?
Scheduled to run for 14 days, the study was stopped after 6 days
67
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest.
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners referring to each other and themselves by their prison numbers instead of their names.
2. After 36 hours, one prisoner was released because of fits of crying and rage.
3 more prisoners developed similar symptoms and were released on successive days.
A 5th prisoner developed a severe rash when his parole was denied.
3. Scheduled to run for 14 days, the study was stopped after 6 days when Zimbardo realised what?
Scheduled to run for 14 days, the study was stopped after 6 days when Zimbardo realised the:
1. Extent of the harm that was occurring
2. Increasingly aggressive nature of the guards' behaviour
68
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest.
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners referring to each other and themselves by their prison numbers instead of their names.
2. After 36 hours, one prisoner was released because of fits of crying and rage.
3 more prisoners developed similar symptoms and were released on successive days.
A 5th prisoner developed a severe rash when his parole was denied.
3. Scheduled to run for 14 days, the study was stopped after 6 days when Zimbardo realised the extent of the harm that was occurring and the increasingly aggressive nature of the guards' behaviour.
The remaining prisoners were what, while the guards were what?
The:
1. Remaining prisoners were delighted at their sudden good fortune
,while
2. Guards were upset by Zimbardo's decision
69
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The findings of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. Both guards and prisoners settled quickly into their social roles.
After an initial prisoner 'rebellion' was crushed, dehumanisation was increasingly apparent with the guards becoming ever more sadistic, taunting the prisoners and giving them meaningless, boring tasks to do, while the prisoners became submissive and unquestioning of the guards' behaviour.
Some prisoners sided with the guards against any prisoners who dared to protest.
De-individualisation was noticeable by the prisoners referring to each other and themselves by their prison numbers instead of their names.
2. After 36 hours, one prisoner was released because of fits of crying and rage.
3 more prisoners developed similar symptoms and were released on successive days.
A 5th prisoner developed a severe rash when his parole was denied.
3. Scheduled to run for 14 days, the study was stopped after 6 days when Zimbardo realised the extent of the harm that was occurring and the increasingly aggressive nature of the guards' behaviour.
The remaining prisoners were delighted at their sudden good fortune, while the guards were upset by Zimbardo's decision.
4. In later interviews, both guards and prisoners said that they were surprised at what?
In later interviews, both:
1. Guards
2. Prisoners
said they were surprised at the uncharacteristic behaviours they had shown
70
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that what hypothesis is favoured over the what hypothesis?
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that the situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis
71
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. The situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, because none of the participants had ever done what?
```
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that the situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, because none of the participants had ever shown such:
1. Character traits
Or,
2. Behaviour
before the study
```
72
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. The situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, because none of the participants had ever shown such character traits or behaviour before the study.
It was the what that led to their uncharacteristic behaviour?
It was the:
1. Environment of the mock prison
2. Social roles that the participants had to play
that led to their uncharacteristic behaviour
73
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. The situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, because none of the participants had ever shown such character traits or behaviour before the study.
It was the environment of the mock prison and the social roles that the participants had to play that led to their uncharacteristic behaviour.
2. Individuals do what to the social roles demanded of a situation?
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that individuals conform readily to the social roles demanded of a situation
74
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. The situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, because none of the participants had ever shown such character traits or behaviour before the study.
It was the environment of the mock prison and the social roles that the participants had to play that led to their uncharacteristic behaviour.
2. Individuals conform readily to the social roles demanded of a situation, even when such roles do what?
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that individuals conform readily to the social roles demanded of a situation, even when such roles override an individual's moral beliefs about their personal behaviour
75
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. The situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, because none of the participants had ever shown such character traits or behaviour before the study.
It was the environment of the mock prison and the social roles that the participants had to play that led to their uncharacteristic behaviour.
2. Individuals conform readily to the social roles demanded of a situation, even when such roles override an individual's moral beliefs about their personal behaviour.
3. Both guards and prisoners demonstrated social roles gained from what?
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that both:
1. Guards
2. Prisoners
demonstrated social roles gained from media sources
76
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. The situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, because none of the participants had ever shown such character traits or behaviour before the study.
It was the environment of the mock prison and the social roles that the participants had to play that led to their uncharacteristic behaviour.
2. Individuals conform readily to the social roles demanded of a situation, even when such roles override an individual's moral beliefs about their personal behaviour.
3. Both guards and prisoners demonstrated social roles gained from media sources, for example what?
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that both:
1. Guards
2. Prisoners
demonstrated social roles gained from media sources, for example prison films
77
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. The situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, because none of the participants had ever shown such character traits or behaviour before the study.
It was the environment of the mock prison and the social roles that the participants had to play that led to their uncharacteristic behaviour.
2. Individuals conform readily to the social roles demanded of a situation, even when such roles override an individual's moral beliefs about their personal behaviour.
3. Both guards and prisoners demonstrated social roles gained from media sources, for example prison films, and learned what?
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that both guards and prisoners:
1. Demonstrated social roles gained from media sources, for example prison films
2. Learned models of social power
78
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that:
1. The situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, because none of the participants had ever shown such character traits or behaviour before the study.
It was the environment of the mock prison and the social roles that the participants had to play that led to their uncharacteristic behaviour.
2. Individuals conform readily to the social roles demanded of a situation, even when such roles override an individual's moral beliefs about their personal behaviour.
3. Both guards and prisoners demonstrated social roles gained from media sources, for example prison films, and learned models of social power, for example what?
The conclusions of Zimbardo's prison simulation study are that both guards and prisoners demonstrated social roles gained from media sources, for example prison films, and learned models of social power, for example:
1. Teacher-student
2. Parent-child
79
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The evaluation of Zimbardo's prison simulation study is that what are important, because not all guards behaved brutally?
The evaluation of Zimbardo's prison simulation study is that individual differences are important, because not all guards behaved brutally
80
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The evaluation of Zimbardo's prison simulation study is that:
1. Individual differences are important, because not all guards behaved brutally.
Some guards were what?
Some guards were:
1. Hard, but fair
2. Brutal
81
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The evaluation of Zimbardo's prison simulation study is that:
1. Individual differences are important, because not all guards behaved brutally.
Some guards were hard, but fair and some guards were brutal.
Other guards rarely did what?
Other guards rarely exerted control over the prisoners
82
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The evaluation of Zimbardo's prison simulation study is that:
1. Individual differences are important, because not all guards behaved brutally.
Some guards were hard, but fair and some guards were brutal.
Other guards rarely exerted control over the prisoners.
Prisoner behaviour was not what either?
Prisoner behaviour was not identical either
83
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The evaluation of Zimbardo's prison simulation study is that:
1. Individual differences are important, because not all guards behaved brutally.
Some guards were hard, but fair and some guards were brutal.
Other guards rarely exerted control over the prisoners.
Prisoner behaviour was not identical either.
2. Zimbardo hoped that his research would lead to what?
Zimbardo hoped that his research would lead to beneficial reforms within the prison system
84
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The evaluation of Zimbardo's prison simulation study is that:
1. Individual differences are important, because not all guards behaved brutally.
Some guards were hard, but fair and some guards were brutal.
Other guards rarely exerted control over the prisoners.
Prisoner behaviour was not identical either.
2. Zimbardo hoped that his research would lead to beneficial reforms within the prison system.
What did initially occur?
Beneficial reforms in the way prisoners were treated, especially juveniles, did initially occur
85
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
The evaluation of Zimbardo's prison simulation study is that:
1. Individual differences are important, because not all guards behaved brutally.
Some guards were hard, but fair and some guards were brutal.
Other guards rarely exerted control over the prisoners.
Prisoner behaviour was not identical either.
2. Zimbardo hoped that his research would lead to beneficial reforms within the prison system.
Beneficial reforms in the way prisoners were treated, especially juveniles, did initially occur.
However, Zimbardo regards his study as what?
Zimbardo regards his study as a failure in the sense that prison conditions in the USA are now even worse than when he performed his study
86
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Conclusion:
One explanation for why the participants' reactions were so extreme in this study could be that they conformed to what?
One explanation for why the participants' reactions were so extreme in this study could be that they conformed to social roles
87
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Conclusion:
One explanation for why the participants' reactions were so extreme in this study could be that they conformed to social roles.
A role is a part you play during your life.
Each role requires what?
Each role requires different behaviour
88
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Conclusion:
One explanation for why the participants' reactions were so extreme in this study could be that they conformed to social roles.
A role is a part you play during your life.
Each role requires different behaviour.
If you are given a new role, for example when you start a new what, you do what?
If you are given a new role, for example when you start a new job, you change your behaviour to suit it
89
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Conclusion:
One explanation for why the participants' reactions were so extreme in this study could be that they conformed to social roles.
A role is a part you play during your life.
Each role requires different behaviour.
If you are given a new role, for example when you start a new job, you change your behaviour to suit it.
In Zimbardo's study, the students were given new roles, prisoner or guard, and simply conformed to the what of these roles?
In Zimbardo's study, the students:
1. Were given new roles, prisoner or guard
2. Simply conformed to the behaviour of these roles
90
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Conclusion:
One explanation for why the participants' reactions were so extreme in this study could be that they conformed to social roles.
A role is a part you play during your life.
Each role requires different behaviour.
If you are given a new role, for example when you start a new job, you change your behaviour to suit it.
In Zimbardo's study, the students were given new roles, prisoner or guard, and simply conformed to the behaviour of these roles.
De-individuation may also help to explain the behaviour of the participants, especially the guards.
De-individualisation is a state in which individuals have lower self-awareness and a weaker sense of personal responsibility for their actions, when they become so immersed in the norms of the group.
The guards may have been so sadistic, because they did not feel what happened was what?
The guards may have been so sadistic, because they did not feel what happened was down to them personally
91
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Conclusion:
One explanation for why the participants' reactions were so extreme in this study could be that they conformed to social roles.
A role is a part you play during your life.
Each role requires different behaviour.
If you are given a new role, for example when you start a new job, you change your behaviour to suit it.
In Zimbardo's study, the students were given new roles, prisoner or guard, and simply conformed to the behaviour of these roles.
De-individuation may also help to explain the behaviour of the participants, especially the guards.
De-individualisation is a state in which individuals have lower self-awareness and a weaker sense of personal responsibility for their actions, when they become so immersed in the norms of the group.
The guards may have been so sadistic, because they did not feel what happened was down to them personally - it was what?
The guards may have been so sadistic, because they did not feel what happened was down to them personally - it was a group norm
92
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
The prison study has been criticized for not being realistic enough.
Example
For example, it was a laboratory experiment
93
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
The prison study has been criticized for not being realistic enough.
For example, it was a laboratory experiment, so what?
For example, it was a laboratory experiment, so the participants were well aware that research was being conducted
94
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
The prison study has been criticized for not being realistic enough.
For example, it was a laboratory experiment, so the participants were well aware that research was being conducted.
This means that it was low in what?
This means that it was low in:
1. Mundane realism
2. External (ecological) validity
95
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
The prison study has been criticized for not being realistic enough.
For example, it was a laboratory experiment, so the participants were well aware that research was being conducted.
This means that it was low in mundane realism and external (ecological) validity.
Zimbardo had what?
Zimbardo had some control over the participant variables
96
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
The prison study has been criticized for not being realistic enough.
For example, it was a laboratory experiment, so the participants were well aware that research was being conducted.
This means that it was low in mundane realism and external (ecological) validity.
Zimbardo had some control over the participant variables, because he had what?
Zimbardo had some control over the participant variables, because he had only selected 'emotionally stable' participants
97
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
Making some participants 'prisoners' and some participants 'guards' introduced what?
Making some participants:
1. 'Participants'
2. 'Guards'
introduced demand characteristics
98
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
Making some participants 'prisoners' and some participants 'guards' introduced demand characteristics.
Example
For example, Banuazizi and Movahedi (1975) argued that the participants were merely play-acting rather than genuinely conforming to social roles
99
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
Making some participants 'prisoners' and some participants 'guards' introduced demand characteristics.
For example, Banuazizi and Movahedi (1975) argued that the participants were merely play-acting rather than genuinely conforming to social roles.
Zimbardo what this?
Zimbardo disputes this
100
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
The ethical issues surrounding the study are clear to see.
For example, invasion of privacy, because what?
For example, invasion of privacy, because the footage of the participants can be viewed all across the world with their faces not blurred out
101
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
The ethical issues surrounding the study are clear to see.
For example, invasion of privacy, because the footage of the participants can be viewed all across the world with their faces not blurred out, so there is no what?
For example, invasion of privacy, because the footage of the participants can be viewed all across the world with their faces not blurred out, so there is no anonymity
102
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
There are many what of the prison study and it raises what that are important even today?
There are many implications of the prison study and it raises important issues that are important even today
103
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
There are many implications of the prison study and it raises important issues that are important even today.
Example
For example, the guards at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq (2004) were similarly affected by an 'evil situation'
104
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
There are many implications of the prison study and it raises important issues that are important even today.
For example, the guards at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq (2004) were similarly affected by an 'evil situation,' which led them to do what?
For example, the guards at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq (2004) were similarly affected by an 'evil situation,' which led them to behave in ways they would normally reject
105
Philip Zimbardo's study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison (1973):
Evaluation:
There are many implications of the prison study and it raises important issues that are important even today.
For example, the guards at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq (2004) were similarly affected by an 'evil situation,' which led them to behave in ways they would normally reject.
Just like some of the guards in Zimbardo's prison study, the real-life guards at Abu Ghraib were what?
Just like some of the guards in Zimbardo's prison study, the real-life guards at Abu Ghraib were very creative in their evil behaviour
106
Abu Ghraib case study:
| Beginning in 2004, accounts of what of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention?
```
Beginning in 2004, accounts of:
1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Sexual
abuse of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention
```
107
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including what, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention?
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including:
1. Torture
2. Rape
3. Sodomy
4. Murder
,of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention
108
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when what emerged?
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including:
1. Torture
2. Rape
3. Sodomy
4. Murder
,of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged
109
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by who?
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army
110
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just what?
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders'
111
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army what who was seen worldwide where?
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs
112
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her doing what?
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her:
1. Smiling
2. Pointing
at naked Iraqi prisoners
113
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
She said she was ordered to do what for the photos?
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos
114
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos and felt how in doing so?
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she:
1. Was ordered to pose for the photos
2. Felt 'kind of weird' in doing so
115
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos and felt 'kind of weird' in doing so.
England, 21, repeatedly insisted that her actions were what?
England, 21, repeatedly insisted that her actions were dictated by 'persons in my higher chain of command'
116
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos and felt 'kind of weird' in doing so.
England, 21, repeatedly insisted that her actions were dictated by 'persons in my higher chain of command.'
In the photos, England is seen smiling, cigarette in her mouth, as she does what?
In the photos, England is seen smiling, cigarette in her mouth, as she:
1. Leans forward
2. Points at the genitals of a naked, hooded Iraqi
117
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos and felt 'kind of weird' in doing so.
England, 21, repeatedly insisted that her actions were dictated by 'persons in my higher chain of command.'
In the photos, England is seen smiling, cigarette in her mouth, as she leans forward and points at the genitals of a naked, hooded Iraqi.
Another photo taken at Abu Ghraib shows her holding what?
Another photo taken at Abu Ghraib shows her holding a leash that encircles the neck of a naked Iraqi man lying on his side
118
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos and felt 'kind of weird' in doing so.
England, 21, repeatedly insisted that her actions were dictated by 'persons in my higher chain of command.'
In the photos, England is seen smiling, cigarette in her mouth, as she leans forward and points at the genitals of a naked, hooded Iraqi.
Another photo taken at Abu Ghraib shows her holding a leash that encircles the neck of a naked Iraqi man lying on his side.
England said, ''I was instructed by persons in higher rank to stand there and hold this leash and look at the camera.
We thought that's how they did it.
Mind games, intimidation, it sounded pretty typical to us.''
England said that the actions depicted in the photos were intended to do what?
England said that the actions depicted in the photos were intended to put psychological pressure on the Iraqi prisoners
119
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos and felt 'kind of weird' in doing so.
England, 21, repeatedly insisted that her actions were dictated by 'persons in my higher chain of command.'
In the photos, England is seen smiling, cigarette in her mouth, as she leans forward and points at the genitals of a naked, hooded Iraqi.
Another photo taken at Abu Ghraib shows her holding a leash that encircles the neck of a naked Iraqi man lying on his side.
England said, ''I was instructed by persons in higher rank to stand there and hold this leash and look at the camera.
We thought that's how they did it.
Mind games, intimidation, it sounded pretty typical to us.''
England said that the actions depicted in the photos were intended to put psychological pressure on the Iraqi prisoners.
''So to us, we were doing what?''
''So to us, we were doing our job''
120
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos and felt 'kind of weird' in doing so.
England, 21, repeatedly insisted that her actions were dictated by 'persons in my higher chain of command.'
In the photos, England is seen smiling, cigarette in her mouth, as she leans forward and points at the genitals of a naked, hooded Iraqi.
Another photo taken at Abu Ghraib shows her holding a leash that encircles the neck of a naked Iraqi man lying on his side.
England said, ''I was instructed by persons in higher rank to stand there and hold this leash and look at the camera.
We thought that's how they did it.
Mind games, intimidation, it sounded pretty typical to us.''
England said that the actions depicted in the photos were intended to put psychological pressure on the Iraqi prisoners.
''So to us, we were doing our job.''
England said she has no regrets about how the prisoners were treated, because what?
England said she has no regrets about how the prisoners were treated, because ''it got information, some reliable and some of it was about future attacks on coalition forces''
121
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos and felt 'kind of weird' in doing so.
England, 21, repeatedly insisted that her actions were dictated by 'persons in my higher chain of command.'
In the photos, England is seen smiling, cigarette in her mouth, as she leans forward and points at the genitals of a naked, hooded Iraqi.
Another photo taken at Abu Ghraib shows her holding a leash that encircles the neck of a naked Iraqi man lying on his side.
England said, ''I was instructed by persons in higher rank to stand there and hold this leash and look at the camera.
We thought that's how they did it.
Mind games, intimidation, it sounded pretty typical to us.''
England said that the actions depicted in the photos were intended to put psychological pressure on the Iraqi prisoners.
''So to us, we were doing our job.''
England said she has no regrets about how the prisoners were treated, because ''it got information, some reliable and some of it was about future attacks on coalition forces.''
''We don't feel like we were doing things we weren't supposed to, because what?''
''We don't feel like we were doing things we weren't supposed to, because we were told to do them''
122
Abu Ghraib case study:
Beginning in 2004, accounts of physical, psychological and sexual abuse, including torture, rape, sodomy and murder, of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq came to public attention, when photos of the abuse emerged.
These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army, many of whom later argued that they were just 'following orders.'
Army Pfc. Lynndie England was seen worldwide in photographs that showed her smiling and pointing at naked Iraqi prisoners.
Army Pfc. Lynndie England said she was ordered to pose for the photos and felt 'kind of weird' in doing so.
England, 21, repeatedly insisted that her actions were dictated by 'persons in my higher chain of command.'
In the photos, England is seen smiling, cigarette in her mouth, as she leans forward and points at the genitals of a naked, hooded Iraqi.
Another photo taken at Abu Ghraib shows her holding a leash that encircles the neck of a naked Iraqi man lying on his side.
England said, ''I was instructed by persons in higher rank to stand there and hold this leash and look at the camera.
We thought that's how they did it.
Mind games, intimidation, it sounded pretty typical to us.''
England said that the actions depicted in the photos were intended to put psychological pressure on the Iraqi prisoners.
''So to us, we were doing our job.''
England said she has no regrets about how the prisoners were treated, because ''it got information, some reliable and some of it was about future attacks on coalition forces.''
''We don't feel like we were doing things we weren't supposed to, because we were told to do them.''
''We think everything was justified, because what?''
''We think everything was justified, because we were instructed to do:
1. This
2. That''
123
When did Zimbardo's prison simulation study take place?
Zimbardo's prison simulation study took place in 1973
124
Zimbardo's prison simulation study investigates what?
Zimbardo's prison simulation study investigates both:
1. Conformity to social roles
2. Obedience
125
Zimbardo's prison simulation study investigates both conformity to social roles and obedience.
The conformity to social roles comes in the form of what?
The conformity to social roles comes in the form of total acceptance of the role as prisoner/guard
126
Zimbardo has made very important contributions to our what?
Zimbardo has made very important contributions to our understanding of social influence
127
Zimbardo has made very important contributions to our understanding of social influence, because it what?
Zimbardo has made very important contributions to our understanding of social influence, because it provides explanations
128
Zimbardo has made very important contributions to our understanding of social influence, because it provides explanations, for example for what?
Zimbardo has made very important contributions to our understanding of social influence, because it provides explanations, for example for the guards at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq in 2004
129
Zimbardo's study was considered ethical, because he followed what?
Zimbardo's study was considered ethical, because he followed the guidelines of the Stanford University ethics committee
130
Zimbardo's study was considered ethical, because he followed the guidelines of the Stanford University ethics committee that had done what?
Zimbardo's study was considered ethical, because he followed the guidelines of the Stanford University ethics committee that had approved the research
131
Zimbardo's study was considered ethical, because he followed the guidelines of the Stanford University ethics committee that had done approved the research (it was funded with a what)?
Zimbardo's study was considered ethical, because he followed the guidelines of the Stanford University ethics committee that had approved the research (it was funded with a government grant)
132
As Zimbardo was also doing what, he was not able to fulfil his main what?
As Zimbardo was also conforming to the social role of prison superintendent, he was not able to fulfil his main ethical responsibility
133
As Zimbardo was also conforming to the social role of prison superintendent, he was not able to fulfil his main ethical responsibility, which should have been what?
As Zimbardo was also conforming to the social role of prison superintendent, he was not able to fulfil his main ethical responsibility, which should have been the welfare of his participants
134
Who carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK?
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK
135
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
Who were selected from how many volunteers from an advert?
15 males between:
1. 22
2. 44
were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert
136
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random what of what?
There was a random allocation of:
1. 9 prisoners
2. 6 guards
137
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place where?
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio
138
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were what to impose authority over the prisoners?
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam’s study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners
139
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners and the prisoners rapidly did what?
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the:
1. Guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners
2. Prisoners rapidly took charge
140
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners and the prisoners rapidly took charge.
Following the breakdown in authority, both groups attempted to do what?
Following the breakdown in authority, both groups attempted to establish an:
1. Equal
2. Fair
social system
141
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners and the prisoners rapidly took charge.
Following the breakdown in authority, both groups attempted to establish an equal and fair social system.
This failed and what happened?
This failed and:
1. Some prisoners took charge
2. The experiment was cancelled
142
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners and the prisoners rapidly took charge.
Following the breakdown in authority, both groups attempted to establish an equal and fair social system.
This failed and some prisoners took control and the experiment was cancelled.
Haslam suggests that tyranny may become acceptable when what happens?
Haslam suggests that tyranny may become acceptable when:
1. Law
2. Order
break down
143
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners and the prisoners rapidly took charge.
Following the breakdown in authority, both groups attempted to establish an equal and fair social system.
This failed and some prisoners took control and the experiment was cancelled.
Haslam suggests that tyranny may become acceptable when law and order break down.
Prisoners in Haslam's study were what?
Prisoners in Reicher and Haslam's study were:
1. Tougher
2. Streetwise
144
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners and the prisoners rapidly took charge.
Following the breakdown in authority, both groups attempted to establish an equal and fair social system.
This failed and some prisoners took control and the experiment was cancelled.
Haslam suggests that tyranny may become acceptable when law and order break down.
Prisoners in Reicher and Haslam's study were tougher and streetwise.
In this prison, all participants wore what and were aware that they were what?
In this prison, all participants:
1. Wore microphones
2. Were aware that they were being filmed
145
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners and the prisoners rapidly took charge.
Following the breakdown in authority, both groups attempted to establish an equal and fair social system.
This failed and some prisoners took control and the experiment was cancelled.
Haslam suggests that tyranny may become acceptable when law and order break down.
Prisoners in Reicher and Haslam's study were tougher and streetwise.
In this prison, all participants wore microphones and were aware that they were being filmed, rather than through what in Zimbardo's study?
In this prison, all participants:
1. Wore microphones
2. Were aware that they were being filmed
,rather than through hidden cameras in Zimbardo's study
146
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners and the prisoners rapidly took charge.
Following the breakdown in authority, both groups attempted to establish an equal and fair social system.
This failed and some prisoners took control and the experiment was cancelled.
Haslam suggests that tyranny may become acceptable when law and order break down.
Prisoners in Reicher and Haslam's study were tougher and streetwise.
In this prison, all participants wore microphones and were aware that they were being filmed, rather than through hidden cameras in Zimbardo's study.
However, the findings show that research can only be understood in the what?
The findings show that research can only be understood in the:
1. Social
2. Cultural
context that it takes place in
147
Reicher and Haslam (2002) carried out Zimbardo's prison simulation study in the UK.
15 males between 22 and 44 were selected from 500 volunteers from an advert.
There was a random allocation of 9 prisoners and 6 guards.
Reicher and Haslam's study took place in a purpose built prison in a film studio.
The findings and conclusions of Reicher and Haslam's study are that the guards were unwilling to impose authority over the prisoners and the prisoners rapidly took charge.
Following the breakdown in authority, both groups attempted to establish an equal and fair social system.
This failed and some prisoners took control and the experiment was cancelled.
Haslam suggests that tyranny may become acceptable when law and order break down.
Prisoners in Reicher and Haslam's study were tougher and streetwise.
In this prison, all participants wore microphones and were aware that they were being filmed, rather than through hidden cameras in Zimbardo's study.
However, the findings show that research can only be understood in the social and cultural context that it takes place in.
Social roles nowadays are different than in when?
Social roles nowadays are different than in the 1970s
