1.8: Other factors involved in the resistance of obedience

Question 1

Systematic processing

Answer 1

Systematic processing is analysis based upon critical thinking

Question 2

Systematic processing:

Individuals are less likely to obey orders that have negative outcomes if they are given time to consider what?

Answer 2

Individuals are less likely to obey orders that have negative outcomes if they are given time to consider the consequences of what they have been ordered to do

Question 3

Systematic processing:
Individuals are less likely to obey orders that have negative outcomes if they are given time to consider the consequences of what they have been ordered to do.
However, the expectation in many what, such as the armed forces, is that orders should be what?

Answer 3

The expectation in many institutional settings, such as the armed forces, is that orders should be complied with immediately without thought

Question 4

Systematic processing:
Individuals are less likely to obey orders that have negative outcomes if they are given time to consider the consequences of what they have been ordered to do.
However, the expectation in many institutional settings, such as the armed forces, is that orders should be complied with immediately without thought.
Much basic training in the armed forces is concerned with achieving such a what?

Answer 4

Much basic training in the armed forces is concerned with achieving such a mindset

Question 5

Systematic processing:
Individuals are less likely to obey orders that have negative outcomes if they are given time to consider the consequences of what they have been ordered to do.
However, the expectation in many institutional settings, such as the armed forces, is that orders should be complied with immediately without thought.
Much basic training in the armed forces is concerned with achieving such a mindset, because what situations would generally require what?

Answer 5

Much basic training in the armed forces is concerned with achieving such a mindset, because conflict situations would generally require immediate obedience

Question 6

Systematic processing:

Who (what year) found that when participants were what, they were less likely to obey?

Answer 6

Martin et al. (2007) found that when participants were:
1. Encouraged
2. Allowed
to consider the content of an unreasonable order, they were less likely to obey

Question 7

Systematic processing:
Martin et al. (2007) found that when participants were encouraged and allowed to consider the content of an unreasonable order, they were less likely to obey, demonstrating the power of what in resisting social influence?

Answer 7

Martin et al. (2007) found that when participants were:
1. Encouraged
2. Allowed
to consider the content of an unreasonable order, they were less likely to obey, demonstrating the power of systematic processing in resisting social influence

Question 8

Systematic processing:
Who (what year) reported that disobedience increases when people are encouraged to question the what of the authority figure issuing an order?

Answer 8

Taylor et al. (1997) reported that disobedience increases when people are encouraged to question the motives of the authority figure issuing an order

Question 9

Systematic processing:
Taylor et al. (1997) reported that disobedience increases when people are encouraged to question the motives of the authority figure issuing an order.
This suggests that systematic processing helps resist obedience by doing what?

Answer 9

This suggests that systematic processing helps resist obedience by lessening the legitimacy of authority figures

Question 10

Morality

Answer 10

Morality is:
1. Decisions
2. Behaviour
based upon the perception of proper conduct

Question 11

Morality:
Research has shown that individuals who make decisions on whether to obey or not based on what are more resistant to obedience than those who do not?

Answer 11

Research has shown that individuals who make decisions on whether to:
1. Obey
Or,
2. Not
based on moral considerations are more resistant to obedience than those who do not

Question 12

Morality:

Who (what year) reported that one participant who did not fully obey stated in a what that he was a what?

Answer 12

Milgram (1974) reported that one participant who did not fully obey stated in a post-study interview that he was a vicar

Question 13

Morality:
Milgram (1974) reported that one participant who did not fully obey stated in a post-study interview that he was a vicar and his disobedience had been based on him doing what?

Answer 13

Milgram (1974) reported that one participant who did not fully obey stated in a post-study interview that:

1. He was a vicar
2. His disobedience had been based on him ‘obeying a higher authority’ (God)

Question 14

Morality:
Milgram (1974) reported that one participant who did not fully obey stated in a post-study interview that he was a vicar and his disobedience had been based on him ‘obeying a higher authority’ (God).
In other ways, his what had helped him resist what?

Answer 14

In other ways, the participant’s religious morality had helped him resist the authority figure’s commands to deliver the electric shocks

Question 15

Moral dilemma

Answer 15

A moral dilemma is a choice between 2 alternatives involving a moral decision

Question 16

A moral dilemma is a choice between 2 alternatives involving a moral decision.
Example

Answer 16

For example, whether to:
1. Keep
Or,
2. Hand in
money found on the street to the police

Question 17

Morality:

Who (what year) gave moral dilemmas to participants from the Milgram study?

Answer 17

Kohlberg (1969) gave moral dilemmas to participants from the Milgram study

Question 18

Kohlberg (1969) gave moral dilemmas to participants from the Milgram study, finding that those who based decisions on what were less obedient?

Answer 18

Kohlberg (1969) gave moral dilemmas to participants from the Milgram study, finding that those who based decisions on moral principles were less obedient

Question 19

Kohlberg (1969) gave moral dilemmas to participants from the Milgram study, finding that those who based decisions on moral principles were less obedient, supporting the idea that morality can be used to do what?

Answer 19

Kohlberg (1969) gave moral dilemmas to participants from the Milgram study, finding that those who based decisions on moral principles were less obedient, supporting the idea that morality can be used to resist social influence

Question 20

Personality

Answer 20

Personality is the combination of characteristics that forms an individual’s distinctive nature

Question 21

Personality:
Although there is little evidence to support the idea of there being personality characteristics that help resist social influence, research does suggest that individuals who can do what are more able to resist orders with destructive consequences?

Answer 21

Although there is little evidence to support the idea of there being personality characteristics that help resist social influence, research does suggest that individuals who can empathise with the feelings of others are more able to resist orders with destructive consequences

Question 22

Personality:
? and ? (what year) compared a sample of how many people who had sheltered Jews in Nazi Europe to a sample of how many people who had what?

Answer 22

Oliner and Oliner (1988) compared a sample of:
1. 406 people who had sheltered Jews in Nazi Europe
to a
2. 126 people who had also lived through the war, but hadn’t sheltered Jews

Question 23

Personality:
Oliner and Oliner (1988) compared a sample of 406 people who had sheltered Jews in Nazi Europe
to a sample of 126 people who had also lived through the war, but hadn’t sheltered Jews.
It was found that those who rescued Jews reported an upbringing that did what?

Answer 23

It was found that those who rescued Jews reported an upbringing that:

1. Stressed social norms of helping others
2. Emphasised their empathy with the suffering of Jewish people

Question 24

Personality:
Oliner and Oliner (1988) compared a sample of 406 people who had sheltered Jews in Nazi Europe
to a sample of 126 people who had also lived through the war, but hadn’t sheltered Jews.
It was found that those who rescued Jews reported an upbringing that stressed social norms of helping others and emphasised their empathy with the suffering of Jewish people.
As sheltering Jews was against the law in Nazi-occupied countries, it illustrates the importance of what as a personality characteristic that helps resist destructive obedience?

Answer 24

As sheltering Jews was against the law in Nazi-occupied countries, it illustrates the importance of empathy as a personality characteristic that helps resist destructive obedience