3.3: Learning theory

Question 1

What are 2 explanations for attachment?

Answer 1

2 explanations for attachment are:

1. The learning theory
2. Bowlby’s monotropic theory

Question 2

What is the learning theory also known as?

Answer 2

The learning theory is also known as behaviourism

Question 3

Learning theory

Answer 3

The learning theory is the belief that attachments develop through conditioning processes

Question 4

How many types of learning theory apply to the development of attachments?

Answer 4

2 types of learning theory apply to the development of attachments:

1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

Classical conditioning occurs when a response produced naturally by a certain stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that is not normally associated with that particular response

Question 6

Classical conditioning:
Unconditional stimuli (UCS)

Answer 6

Unconditional stimuli (UCS) is something that naturally causes you to respond in some way (unconditioned response or UCR)

Question 7

Classical conditioning:
Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

Neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus that you feel fairly natural towards

Question 8

Classical conditioning:
Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

Conditioned stimulus (CS) is something that:
1. You would not normally respond to
,but
2. Since being paired with an unconditioned stimuli (UCS), makes you respond in a certain way (conditioned response or CR)

Question 9

Classical conditioning:
How attachments form because of classical conditioning:
Before learning: Food (UCS) = What?

Answer 9

Before learning: Food (UCS) = Pleasure (UCR)

Question 10

Classical conditioning:
How attachments form because of classical conditioning:
Before learning: Food (UCS) = Pleasure (UCR).
During learning: Mother (NS) + Food (UCS) = What?

Answer 10

During learning: Mother (NS) + Food (UCS) = Pleasure (UCR)

Question 11

Classical conditioning:
How attachments form because of classical conditioning:
Before learning: Food (UCS) = Pleasure (UCR).
During learning: Mother (NS) + Food (UCS) = Pleasure (UCR).
After learning: Mother (CS) = What?

Answer 11

Mother (CS) = Pleasure (CR)

Question 12

Classical conditioning:
How attachments form because of classical conditioning:
Before learning: Food (UCS) = Pleasure (UCR).
During learning: Mother (NS) + Food (UCS) = Pleasure (UCR).
After learning: Mother (CS) = Pleasure (CR).
After several paired presentations of food and the caregiver, what does the infant learn to do?

Answer 12

After several paired presentations of:
1. Food
2. The caregiver
,the infant learns to associate pleasure solely with the caregiver

Question 13

Classical conditioning:
How attachments form because of classical conditioning:
Before learning: Food (UCS) = Pleasure (UCR).
During learning: Mother (NS) + Food (UCS) = Pleasure (UCR).
After learning: Mother (CS) = Pleasure (CR).
After several paired presentations of food and the caregiver, the infant learns to associate pleasure solely with the caregiver, without any need for what?

Answer 13

After several paired presentations of:
1. Food
2. The caregiver
,the infant learns to associate pleasure solely with the caregiver, without any need for food

Question 14

There are 2 main types of learning - Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning is learning by what?

Answer 14

Classical conditioning is learning by association

Question 15

There are 2 main types of learning - Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning is learning by association and people are more likely to do what?

Answer 15

Classical conditioning is learning by association and people are more likely to repeat the behaviour

Question 16

There are 2 main types of learning - Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning is learning as a result of what?

Answer 16

Operant conditioning is learning as a result of the consequences of your actions

Question 17

There are 2 main types of learning - Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning is learning as a result of the consequences of your actions and people are less likely to do what?

Answer 17

Operant conditioning is learning as a result of the consequences of your actions and people are less likely to repeat the behaviour

Question 18

Who (what year) was classical conditioning first investigated by?

Answer 18

Classical conditioning was first investigated by Pavlov (1927)

Question 19

Classical conditioning was first investigated by Pavlov (1927), who looked at what?

Answer 19

Classical conditioning was first investigated by Pavlov (1927), who looked at dogs

Question 20

The learning theory:

How do we arrive in the world?

Answer 20

We arrive in the world a blank state

Question 21

The learning theory:
We arrive in the world a blank state.
What isn’t innate?

Answer 21

1. Learning
2. Attachment
   isn’t innate

Question 22

The learning theory:
We arrive in the world a blank state.
Learning and attachment isn’t innate.
We learn how to behave and respond because of what?

Answer 22

We learn how to:
1. Behave
2. Respond
because of how we are brought up

Question 23

The learning theory:
We arrive in the world a blank state.
Learning and attachment isn’t innate.
We learn how to behave and respond because of how we are brought up, nothing is what?

Answer 23

We learn how to:
1. Behave
2. Respond
because of how we are brought up, nothing is innate

Question 24

The learning theory:
We arrive in the world a blank state.
Learning and attachment isn’t innate.
We learn how to behave and respond because of how we are brought up, nothing is innate.
Who demonstrated that we can learn to respond with fear?

Answer 24

Watson and Raynor demonstrated that we can learn to respond with fear

Question 25

The learning theory:
We arrive in the world a blank state.
Learning and attachment isn’t innate.
We learn how to behave and respond because of how we are brought up, nothing is innate.
Watson and Raynor demonstrated that we can learn to respond with fear (what)?

Answer 25

Watson and Raynor demonstrated that we can learn to respond with fear (conditioning)

Question 26

The learning theory:
We arrive in the world a blank state.
Learning and attachment isn’t innate.
We learn how to behave and respond because of how we are brought up, nothing is innate.
Watson and Raynor demonstrated that we can learn to respond with fear (conditioning).
What does this do?

Answer 26

This supports the learning theory

Question 27

Who carried out the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?

Answer 27

Watson carried out the ‘Little Albert’ experiment

Question 28

Watson carried out the ‘Little Albert’ experiment.

At first, what was Albert not afraid of?

Answer 28

At first, Albert was not afraid of:
1. A burning newspaper
Or,
2. A white rat

Question 29

Watson carried out the ‘Little Albert’ experiment.
At first, Albert was not afraid of a burning newspaper or a white rat, but then becomes afraid not only of the white rat, but what?

Answer 29

At first, Albert was not afraid of a burning newspaper or a white rat, but then becomes afraid:
1. Not only of the white rat
,but
2. All furry things

Question 30

Watson carried out the ‘Little Albert’ experiment.
At first, Albert was not afraid of a burning newspaper or a white rat, but then becomes afraid not only of the white rat, but all furry things.
Albert never had the fear before and so was what?

Answer 30

Albert never had the fear before and so was conditioned into a fear of white rats

Question 31

Watson carried out the ‘Little Albert’ experiment.
At first, Albert was not afraid of a burning newspaper or a white rat, but then becomes afraid not only of the white rat, but all furry things.
Albert never had the fear before and so was conditioned into a fear of white rats.
Why did Albert learn to associate white fluffy things with fear?

Answer 31

Albert learned to associate white fluffy things with fear, because every time he saw a white rat, a loud, frightening noise was made

Question 32

How can you link classical conditioning to attachment?

Infants associate feeding/comfort with their primary caregiver, which gives them what?

Answer 32

Infants associate feeding/comfort with their primary caregiver, which gives them pleasure

Question 33

How can you link classical conditioning to attachment?
Infants associate feeding/comfort with their primary caregiver, which gives them pleasure and so why do they gain an attachment figure?

Answer 33

Infants associate feeding/comfort with their primary caregiver:

1. Which gives them pleasure
2. So they gain an attachment figure, because that attachment figure is associated with pleasure

Question 34

How can you link classical conditioning to attachment?
Infants associate feeding/comfort with their primary caregiver, which gives them pleasure and so they gain an attachment figure, because that attachment figure is associated with pleasure.
Who said that a baby gains pleasure from feeding and learns to associate the caregiver with the pleasure gained from feeding and therefore becomes attached?

Answer 34

Dollard and Miller said that a baby:

1. Gains pleasure from feeding and learns to associate the caregiver with the pleasure gained from feeding
2. Therefore becomes attached

Question 35

How can you link classical conditioning to attachment?
Infants associate feeding/comfort with their primary caregiver, which gives them pleasure and so they gain an attachment figure, because that attachment figure is associated with pleasure.
Dollard and Miller said that a baby gains pleasure from feeding and learns to associate the caregiver with the pleasure gained from feeding and therefore becomes attached.
This is a concept also known as what?

Answer 35

This is a concept also known as the cupboard love theory

Question 36

How can you link classical conditioning to attachment?
Infants associate feeding/comfort with their primary caregiver, which gives them pleasure and so they gain an attachment figure, because that attachment figure is associated with pleasure.
Dollard and Miller said that a baby gains pleasure from feeding and learns to associate the caregiver with the pleasure gained from feeding and therefore becomes attached.
This is a concept also known as the cupboard love theory, why?

Answer 36

This is a concept also known as the cupboard love theory, because when you open a cupboard/fridge, you know there’s food in there, so it gives you pleasure

Question 37

Operant conditioning

Answer 37

Operant conditioning is learning occurring via reinforcement of behaviour

Question 38

Operant conditioning is learning occurring via reinforcement of behaviour.
What is operant conditioning based on?

Answer 38

Operant conditioning is based on the ‘Law of Effect’

Question 39

Operant conditioning is learning occurring via reinforcement of behaviour.
Operant conditioning is based on the ‘Law of Effect,’ where what?

Answer 39

Operant conditioning is based on the ‘Law of Effect,’ where any action that has a pleasurable outcome will be repeated again in similar circumstances

Question 40

Operant conditioning is learning occurring via reinforcement of behaviour.
Operant conditioning is based on the ‘Law of Effect,’ where any action that has a pleasurable outcome will be repeated again in similar circumstances.
What are pleasurable outcomes known as?

Answer 40

Pleasurable outcomes are known as reinforcements

Question 41

Operant conditioning is learning occurring via reinforcement of behaviour.
Operant conditioning is based on the ‘Law of Effect,’ where any action that has a pleasurable outcome will be repeated again in similar circumstances.
Pleasurable outcomes are known as reinforcements, why?

Answer 41

Pleasurable outcomes are known as reinforcements, because they strengthen the behaviour, making it more likely to occur again

Question 42

Operant conditioning is learning occurring via reinforcement of behaviour.
Operant conditioning is based on the ‘Law of Effect,’ where any action that has a pleasurable outcome will be repeated again in similar circumstances.
Pleasurable outcomes are known as reinforcements, because they strengthen the behaviour, making it more likely to occur again.
Positive reinforcements involve receiving something pleasurable for performing a certain behaviour, while negative reinforcements involve not receiving something non-pleasurable for performing a certain behaviour.
Therefore, attachments occur through caregivers becoming associated with doing what?

Answer 42

Therefore, attachments occur through caregivers becoming associated with reducing the unpleasant feeling of hunger (a negative reinforcement)

Question 43

Operant conditioning is learning occurring via reinforcement of behaviour.
Operant conditioning is based on the ‘Law of Effect,’ where any action that has a pleasurable outcome will be repeated again in similar circumstances.
Pleasurable outcomes are known as reinforcements, because they strengthen the behaviour, making it more likely to occur again.
Positive reinforcements involve receiving something pleasurable for performing a certain behaviour, while negative reinforcements involve not receiving something non-pleasurable for performing a certain behaviour.
Therefore, attachments occur through caregivers becoming associated with reducing the unpleasant feeling of hunger (a negative reinforcement), so that the caregiver becomes a source of what themselves?

Answer 43

Therefore, attachments occur through caregivers becoming associated with reducing the unpleasant feeling of hunger (a negative reinforcement), so that the caregiver becomes a source of reinforcement (reward) themself

Question 44

The learning theory sees attachments as forming due to what?

Answer 44

The learning theory sees attachments as forming due to an association being developed between:

1. Mother
2. Feeding

Question 45

Cupboard love theory

Answer 45

The cupboard love theory is the belief that attachments are formed with people who feed infants

Question 46

Operant conditioning:

If behaviour is rewarded, we are more likely to do what?

Answer 46

If behaviour is rewarded, we are more likely to repeat it

Question 47

Operant conditioning:
If behaviour is rewarded, we are more likely to repeat it.
If our behaviour is ‘reinforced,’ it makes it more likely that we will repeat that behaviour.
For example, if a baby boy cried in the middle of the night, he would know that he would get to sleep with his mum and dad in their bed, rather than alone in his cot, so what would he do?

Answer 47

For example, if a baby boy cried in the middle of the night, he would know that he would get to sleep with his mum and dad in their bed, rather than alone in his cot, so he would do it again

Question 48

Operant conditioning:
For example, a baby cries and the caregiver gives the baby attention.
What does the baby learn?

Answer 48

The baby learns that every time it cries, it gets a positive response from carers

Question 49

Operant conditioning:
For example, a baby cries and the caregiver gives the baby attention.
The baby learns that every time it cries, it gets a positive response from carers.
Why are the carers reinforced?

Answer 49

The carers are reinforced, because they are able to stop the crying

Question 50

Operant conditioning:

Who (what year) performed the ‘Skinner Box’ experiment?

Answer 50

Skinner (1938) performed the ‘Skinner Box’ experiment

Question 51

Operant conditioning:
Skinner (1938) performed the ‘Skinner Box’ experiment.
What did a rat do?

Answer 51

A rat moved around a cage

Question 52

Operant conditioning:
Skinner (1938) performed the ‘Skinner Box’ experiment.
A rat moved around a cage.
When the rat accidently pressed a lever, what happened?

Answer 52

When the rat accidently pressed a lever, food was released (a reinforcer)

Question 53

Operant conditioning:
Skinner (1938) performed the ‘Skinner Box’ experiment.
A rat moved around a cage.
When the rat accidently pressed a lever, food was released (a reinforcer).
What did the rat learn to do?

Answer 53

The rat learned to press the lever to release food

Question 54

Operant conditioning:
Skinner (1938) performed the ‘Skinner Box’ experiment.
A rat moved around a cage.
When the rat accidently pressed a lever, food was released (a reinforcer).
The rat learned to press the lever to release food.
If food stopped coming when the lever was pressed, after a few times what happened?

Answer 54

If food stopped coming when the lever was pressed, after a few times it was abandoned (extinction)

Question 55

Operant conditioning:

Most carers dislike hearing a baby cry, so what is the cessation of crying?

Answer 55

Most carers dislike hearing a baby cry, so the cessation of crying is a negative reinforcer

Question 56

Operant conditioning:
Most carers dislike hearing a baby cry, so the cessation of crying is a negative reinforcer, encouraging the carer to do what?

Answer 56

Most carers dislike hearing a baby cry, so the cessation of crying is a negative reinforcer, encouraging the carer to behave in such a way that the child stops crying

Question 57

Operant conditioning:
Most carers dislike hearing a baby cry, so the cessation of crying is a negative reinforcer, encouraging the carer to behave in such a way that the child stops crying.
What is very rewarding?

Answer 57

Smiling at the child is very rewarding

Question 58

Operant conditioning:
Most carers dislike hearing a baby cry, so the cessation of crying is a negative reinforcer, encouraging the carer to behave in such a way that the child stops crying.
Smiling at the child is very rewarding and is therefore a what?

Answer 58

Smiling at the child is:

1. Very rewarding
2. Therefore a positive reinforcer

Question 59

Operant conditioning:
Most carers dislike hearing a baby cry, so the cessation of crying is a negative reinforcer, encouraging the carer to behave in such a way that the child stops crying.
Smiling at the child is very rewarding and is therefore a positive reinforcer, so the carer behaves in such a way as to do what?

Answer 59

Smiling at the child is:
1. Very rewarding
2. Therefore a positive reinforcer
,so the carer behaves in such a way as to evoke smiling

Question 60

Operant conditioning:
Most carers dislike hearing a baby cry, so the cessation of crying is a negative reinforcer, encouraging the carer to behave in such a way that the child stops crying.
Smiling at the child is very rewarding and is therefore a positive reinforcer, so the carer behaves in such a way as to evoke smiling.
In these ways, what is formed between a carer and a child?

Answer 60

In these ways, an attachment bond is formed between a:

1. Carer
2. Child

Question 61

Who (what year) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory?

Answer 61

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of:

1. Attachment
2. The ‘drive’ reduction theory

Question 62

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
What is a ‘drive?’

Answer 62

A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour

Question 63

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce what?

Answer 63

For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort

Question 64

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort.
What drive does a hungry infant have?

Answer 64

A hungry infant has a drive to reduce hunger

Question 65

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort.
A hungry infant has a drive to reduce hunger.
Why does attachment happen?

Answer 65

Attachment happens, because the child seeks out the person who supplies the reward

Question 66

Positive reinforcement

Answer 66

Positive reinforcement is something that rewards behaviour

Question 67

Positive reinforcement is something that rewards behaviour.

Example

Answer 67

For example, a baby crying causes the caregiver to feed them, so the crying behaviour is useful, because it reduces hunger

Question 68

Negative reinforcement

Answer 68

Negative reinforcement is when a response switches off something unpleasant

Question 69

Negative reinforcement is when a response switches off something unpleasant.
Example

Answer 69

For example, the sound of a baby crying is unpleasant for its mother

Question 70

Negative reinforcement is when a response switches off something unpleasant.
For example, the sound of a baby crying is unpleasant for its mother, so what will the mother attempt to do?

Answer 70

For example, the sound of a baby crying is unpleasant for its mother, so the mother will attempt to stop the baby crying by:
1. Feeding
2. Comforting
it

Question 71

Negative reinforcement is when a response switches off something unpleasant.
For example, the sound of a baby crying is unpleasant for its mother, so the mother will attempt to stop the baby crying by feeding and comforting it.
What does the parent learn to do to stop the crying?

Answer 71

The parent learns to:
1. Feed
2. Cuddle
the baby to stop the crying

Question 72

The learning theory sees attachments as forming due to an association being developed between mother and feeding.
What should attachment behaviour do from birth?

Answer 72

Attachment behaviour should increase steadily from birth

Question 73

The learning theory sees attachments as forming due to an association being developed between mother and feeding.
Attachment behaviour should increase steadily from birth.
Who will the strongest attachments be with?

Answer 73

The strongest attachments will be with those who feed the child the most

Question 74

Who (what year) argued that in their first year, babies are fed how many times?

Answer 74

Dollard and Miller (1950) argued that in their first year, babies are fed 2,000 times

Question 75

Dollard and Miller (1950) argued that in their first year, babies are fed 2,000 times, generally by their main carer, which creates ample opportunity for what?

Answer 75

Dollard and Miller (1950) argued that in their first year, babies are fed 2,000 times, generally by their main carer, which creates ample opportunity for the carer to become associated with the removal of the unpleasant feeling of hunger

Question 76

Dollard and Miller (1950) argued that in their first year, babies are fed 2,000 times, generally by their main carer, which creates ample opportunity for the carer to become associated with the removal of the unpleasant feeling of hunger, a form of what?

Answer 76

Dollard and Miller (1950) argued that in their first year, babies are fed 2,000 times, generally by their main carer, which creates ample opportunity for the carer to become associated with the removal of the unpleasant feeling of hunger, a form of negative reinforcement

Question 77

Dollard and Miller (1950) argued that in their first year, babies are fed 2,000 times, generally by their main carer, which creates ample opportunity for the carer to become associated with the removal of the unpleasant feeling of hunger, a form of negative reinforcement.
What does this give support to?

Answer 77

This gives support to the idea that attachments are learned through operant conditioning

Question 78

Who (what year) found that 39% of the babies in their study formed their attachment with someone other than the person who fed them (for example, their grandparent)?

Answer 78

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that 39% of the babies in their study formed their attachment with someone other than the person who fed them (for example, their grandparent)

Question 79

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that 39% of the babies in their study formed their attachment with someone other than the person who fed them (for example, their grandparent).
What does this suggest?

Answer 79

This suggests that feeding is not the main requirement for forming attachments

Question 80

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that 39% of the babies in their study formed their attachment with someone other than the person who fed them (for example, their grandparent).
This suggests that feeding is not the main requirement for forming attachments, as who suggest?

Answer 80

This suggests that feeding is not the main requirement for forming attachments, as the behaviourists suggest

Question 81

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that 39% of the babies in their study formed their attachment with someone other than the person who fed them (for example, their grandparent).
This suggests that feeding is not the main requirement for forming attachments, as the behaviourists suggest.
What appeared to be key to attachment?

Answer 81

Sensitive responsiveness appeared to be key to attachment

Question 82

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that 39% of the babies in their study formed their attachment with someone other than the person who fed them (for example, their grandparent).
This suggests that feeding is not the main requirement for forming attachments, as the behaviourists suggest.
Sensitive responsiveness appeared to be key to attachment.
What does this do?

Answer 82

This goes against the learning theory

Question 83

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort.
A hungry infant has a drive to reduce hunger.
Attachment happens, because the child seeks out the person who supplies the reward.

Evaluation:
When was the drive reduction theory very popular?

Answer 83

The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s

Question 84

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort.
A hungry infant has a drive to reduce hunger.
Attachment happens, because the child seeks out the person who supplies the reward.

Evaluation:
The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s, but it is no longer what?

Answer 84

The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s, but it is no longer used by psychologists

Question 85

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort.
A hungry infant has a drive to reduce hunger.
Attachment happens, because the child seeks out the person who supplies the reward.

Evaluation:
The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s, but it is no longer used by psychologists, why?

Answer 85

The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s, but it is no longer used by psychologists, because it can only explain a limited number of behaviours

Question 86

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort.
A hungry infant has a drive to reduce hunger.
Attachment happens, because the child seeks out the person who supplies the reward.

Evaluation:
The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s, but it is no longer used by psychologists, because it can only explain a limited number of behaviours - there are many things that people do that have nothing to do with what?

Answer 86

The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s, but it is no longer used by psychologists, because it can only explain a limited number of behaviours - there are many things that people do that have nothing to do with reducing discomfort

Question 87

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort.
A hungry infant has a drive to reduce hunger.
Attachment happens, because the child seeks out the person who supplies the reward.

Evaluation:
The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s, but it is no longer used by psychologists, because it can only explain a limited number of behaviours - there are many things that people do that have nothing to do with reducing discomfort.
The drive reduction theory also does not adequately explain what?

Answer 87

The drive reduction theory also does not adequately explain how secondary reinforcers work

Question 88

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort.
A hungry infant has a drive to reduce hunger.
Attachment happens, because the child seeks out the person who supplies the reward.

Evaluation:
The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s, but it is no longer used by psychologists, because it can only explain a limited number of behaviours - there are many things that people do that have nothing to do with reducing discomfort.
The drive reduction theory also does not adequately explain how secondary reinforcers work.
Example

Answer 88

For example, money is a secondary reinforcer

Question 89

Dollard and Miller (1950) explain operant conditioning in terms of attachment and the ‘drive’ reduction theory.
A ‘drive’ is something that motivates behaviour.
For example, a mother has a drive to reduce discomfort.
A hungry infant has a drive to reduce hunger.
Attachment happens, because the child seeks out the person who supplies the reward.

Evaluation:
The drive reduction theory was very popular in the 1940s, but it is no longer used by psychologists, because it can only explain a limited number of behaviours - there are many things that people do that have nothing to do with reducing discomfort.
The drive reduction theory also does not adequately explain how secondary reinforcers work.
For example, money is a secondary reinforcer.
In itself it does not reduce discomfort, but yet we know what?

Answer 89

In itself it does not reduce discomfort, but yet we know that money is:

1. Motivating
2. Therefore a reinforcer

Question 90

Evaluation:

An alternative, better theory was proposed by who?

Answer 90

An alternative, better theory was proposed by Bowlby

Question 91

Evaluation:

Evidence suggests that what, rather than food, is more important in nurturing an attachment?

Answer 91

Evidence suggests that:
1. Warmth
2. Comfort
,rather than food, is more important in nurturing an attachment

Question 92

Evaluation:
Evidence suggests that warmth and comfort, rather than food, is more important in nurturing an attachment and provided scientific evidence against what?

Answer 92

Evidence suggests that warmth and comfort, rather than food, is more important in nurturing an attachment and provided scientific evidence against the:
1. Behaviourist
2. Psychodynamic
cupboard love theories

Question 93

Evaluation:

Learning theory is based on what research?

Answer 93

Learning theory is based on animal research

Question 94

Evaluation:
Learning theory is based on animal research.
What do behaviourists believe?

Answer 94

Behaviourists believe that humans are no different from animals in terms of how they learn

Question 95

Evaluation:
Learning theory is based on animal research.
Behaviourists believe that humans are no different from animals in terms of how they learn.
They believe that our behavioural patterns are constructed from the same what?

Answer 95

They believe that our behavioural patterns are constructed from the same building blocks of:

1. Stimulus
2. Response

Question 96

Evaluation:
Learning theory is based on animal research.
Behaviourists believe that humans are no different from animals in terms of how they learn.
They believe that our behavioural patterns are constructed from the same building blocks of stimulus and response and that is it therefore legitimate to do what?

Answer 96

They believe that:

1. Our behavioural patterns are constructed from the same building blocks of stimulus and response
2. It is therefore legitimate to generalise from animal studies

Question 97

Evaluation:
Learning theory is based on animal research.
Behaviourists believe that humans are no different from animals in terms of how they learn.
They believe that our behavioural patterns are constructed from the same building blocks of stimulus and response and that is it therefore legitimate to generalise from animal studies.
What do non-behaviourists argue?

Answer 97

Non-behaviourists argue that attachment involves innate:
1. Predispositions
2. Mental activity
that could be explained in terms of conditioning

Question 98

Metapelets

Answer 98

Metapelets are specially trained, full-time carers of newborn children

Question 99

Metapelets are specially trained, full-time carers of newborn children, allowing mothers to do what?

Answer 99

Metapelets are specially trained, full-time carers of newborn children, allowing mothers to work

Question 100

Metapelets are specially trained, full-time carers of newborn children, allowing mothers to work, although some time is spent with who?

Answer 100

Metapelets are specially trained, full-time carers of newborn children, allowing mothers to work, although some time is spent with parents

Question 101

Who (what year) studied attachment bonds between mothers, babies and metapelets on Israeli communal farms?

Answer 101

Fox (1977) studied attachment bonds between:
1. Mothers
2. Babies
3. Metapelets
on Israeli communal farms

Question 102

Fox (1977) studied attachment bonds between mothers, babies and metapelets on Israeli communal farms.
Generally, children were more attached to who than metapelets?

Answer 102

Generally, children were more attached to their mothers than metapelets

Question 103

Fox (1977) studied attachment bonds between mothers, babies and metapelets on Israeli communal farms.
Generally, children were more attached to their mothers than metapelets.
Why does this suggest that the learning theory is invalid?

Answer 103

This suggests that the learning theory is invalid, because the metapelets did the majority of the feeding

Question 104

Evaluation:
Conditioning best explains the learning of simple behaviours, but attachments are more what behaviours with an intense what component?

Answer 104

Conditioning best explains the learning of simple behaviours, but attachments are more complex behaviours with an intense emotional component

Question 105

Evaluation:
Conditioning best explains the learning of simple behaviours, but attachments are more complex behaviours with an intense emotional component.
This, coupled with what, casts doubt on the learning theory?

Answer 105

This, coupled with the fact that attachments develop with people who do not feed babies, casts doubt on the learning theory

Question 106

Evaluation:

Who (what year) commented that ‘cupboard love’ theories put things the wrong way round?

Answer 106

Schaffer (1971) commented that ‘cupboard love’ theories put things the wrong way round

Question 107

Evaluation:
Schaffer (1971) commented that ‘cupboard love’ theories put things the wrong way round.
Babies do not do what, but what?

Answer 107

Babies do not:
1. ‘Live to eat’
,but
2. ‘ Eat to live’

Question 108

Evaluation:
Schaffer (1971) commented that ‘cupboard love’ theories put things the wrong way round.
Babies do not ‘live to eat,’ but ‘eat to live,’ thus they what?

Answer 108

Babies do not ‘live to eat,’ but ‘eat to live,’ thus they:
1. Actively seek stimulation
,not
2. Passively receive nutrition

Question 109

Evaluation:
Evidence suggests that warmth and comfort, rather than food, is more important in nurturing an attachment and provided scientific evidence against the behaviourist and psychodynamic cupboard love theories.
Who (what year) argued that babies only need food occasionally, but constantly require the emotional security that closeness to an attachment figure provides?

Answer 109

Bowlby (1973) argued that babies:
1. Only need food occasionally
,but
2. Constantly require the emotional security that closeness to an attachment figure provides

Question 110

Evaluation:
Evidence suggests that warmth and comfort, rather than food, is more important in nurturing an attachment and provided scientific evidence against the behaviourist and psychodynamic cupboard love theories.
Bowlby (1973) argued that babies only need food occasionally, but constantly require the emotional security that closeness to an attachment figure provides.
What does this suggest?

Answer 110

This suggests that:
1. Food
2. Therefore the learning theory
is not the main reason for formation of attachments

Question 111

Evaluation:
Evidence suggests that warmth and comfort, rather than food, is more important in nurturing an attachment and provided scientific evidence against the behaviourist and psychodynamic cupboard love theories.
Bowlby (1973) argued that babies only need food occasionally, but constantly require the emotional security that closeness to an attachment figure provides.
This suggests that food and therefore the learning theory is not the main reason for formation of attachments.
What probably do play a part in helping form attachments?

Answer 111

1. Conditioning
2. Reinforcement through feeding
   probably do play a part in helping form attachments

Question 112

Evaluation:
Evidence suggests that warmth and comfort, rather than food, is more important in nurturing an attachment and provided scientific evidence against the behaviourist and psychodynamic cupboard love theories.
Bowlby (1973) argued that babies only need food occasionally, but constantly require the emotional security that closeness to an attachment figure provides.
This suggests that food and therefore the learning theory is not the main reason for formation of attachments.
Conditioning and reinforcement through feeding
probably do play a part in helping form attachments, but as Bowlby says, they’re not what?

Answer 112

1. Conditioning
2. Reinforcement through feeding
   probably do play a part in helping form attachments, but as Bowlby says, they’re not the main reason

Question 113

Evaluation:

Behaviourist explanations are reductionist, as they do what?

Answer 113

Behaviourist explanations are reductionist, as they explain complex behaviours in the simplest way possible

Question 114

Evaluation:
Behaviourist explanations are reductionist, as they explain complex behaviours in the simplest way possible.
When explaining attachments as simply down to feeding, what does the learning theory not consider?

Answer 114

When explaining attachments as simply down to feeding, the learning theory does not consider:
1. Internal cognitive (mental) processes
Or,
2. The emotional nature of attachments

Question 115

Evaluation:

What is there from animal research?

Answer 115

There is counter-evidence from animal research

Question 116

Evaluation:
There is counter-evidence from animal research.
What did Lorenz’s geese study show?

Answer 116

Lorenz’s geese study showed that they:

1. Imprinted before they were fed
2. Maintained these attachments regardless of who fed them

Question 117

Evaluation:
There is counter-evidence from animal research.
Lorenz’s geese study showed that they imprinted before they were fed and maintained these attachments regardless of who fed them.
What does this show?

Answer 117

This shows that actually young animals do not necessarily attach to (or imprint on) those who feed them

Question 118

Evaluation:
There is counter-evidence from animal research.
Lorenz’s geese study showed that they imprinted before they were fed and maintained these attachments regardless of who fed them.
This shows that actually young animals do not necessarily attach to (or imprint on) those who feed them.
Furthermore, what did Harlow’s research on deprived monkeys demonstrate?

Answer 118

Furthermore, Harlow’s research on deprived monkeys demonstrated that separated infant rhesus monkeys would show attachment behaviours towards a:
1. Cloth-covered surrogate mother when frightened
,rather than
2. Food-dispensing surrogate mother

Question 119

Evaluation:
There is counter-evidence from animal research.
Lorenz’s geese study showed that they imprinted before they were fed and maintained these attachments regardless of who fed them.
This shows that actually young animals do not necessarily attach to (or imprint on) those who feed them.
Furthermore, Harlow’s research on deprived monkeys demonstrated that separated infant rhesus monkeys would show attachment behaviours towards a cloth-covered surrogate mother when frightened, rather than a food-dispensing surrogate mother.
What does this show?

Answer 119

This shows that ‘contact comfort’ was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour

Question 120

Evaluation:
There is counter-evidence from animal research.
Lorenz’s geese study showed that they imprinted before they were fed and maintained these attachments regardless of who fed them.
This shows that actually young animals do not necessarily attach to (or imprint on) those who feed them.
Furthermore, Harlow’s research on deprived monkeys demonstrated that separated infant rhesus monkeys would show attachment behaviours towards a cloth-covered surrogate mother when frightened, rather than a food-dispensing surrogate mother.
This shows that ‘contact comfort’ was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour.
In both of these animal studies, what is clear?

Answer 120

In both of these animal studies, it is clear that attachment does not develop as a result of feeding

Question 121

Evaluation:
There is counter-evidence from animal research.
Lorenz’s geese study showed that they imprinted before they were fed and maintained these attachments regardless of who fed them.
This shows that actually young animals do not necessarily attach to (or imprint on) those who feed them.
Furthermore, Harlow’s research on deprived monkeys demonstrated that separated infant rhesus monkeys would show attachment behaviours towards a cloth-covered surrogate mother when frightened, rather than a food-dispensing surrogate mother.
This shows that ‘contact comfort’ was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour.
In both of these animal studies, it is clear that attachment does not develop as a result of feeding.
The same must be true for humans - that what?

Answer 121

The same must be true for humans - that food does not create the attachment bond

Question 122

Evaluation:

What is there from human research?

Answer 122

There is counter-evidence from human research

Question 123

Evaluation:
There is counter-evidence from human research.
Research with human infants also shows that feeding does not appear to be an important factor in what?

Answer 123

Research with human infants also shows that feeding does not appear to be an important factor in humans

Question 124

Evaluation:
There is counter-evidence from human research.
Research with human infants also shows that feeding does not appear to be an important factor in humans.
Example

Answer 124

For example, Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that 39% of the babies in their study formed their attachment with someone other than the person who fed them (for example, their grandparent)

Question 125

Evaluation:
There is counter-evidence from human research.
Research with human infants also shows that feeding does not appear to be an important factor in humans.
For example, Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that 39% of the babies in their study formed their attachment with someone other than the person who fed them (for example, their grandparent).
Why is this finding a problem for the learning theory?

Answer 125

This finding is a problem for the learning theory, because it shows that:

1. Feeding is not the key element to attachment
2. So there is no unconditioned stimulus or primary drive involved

Question 126

Evaluation:
Behaviourist explanations are reductionist, as they explain complex behaviours in the simplest way possible.
When explaining attachments as simply down to feeding, the learning theory does not consider Internal cognitive (mental) processes or the emotional nature of attachments.
The learning theory ignores other factors such as what?

Answer 126

The learning theory ignores other factors such as:

1. Personality
2. Culture
3. Social factors
4. Family situation
5. Environment

Question 127

Evaluation:
Behaviourist explanations are reductionist, as they explain complex behaviours in the simplest way possible.
When explaining attachments as simply down to feeding, the learning theory does not consider Internal cognitive (mental) processes or the emotional nature of attachments.
The learning theory ignores other factors such as personality, culture, social factors, family situation and environment, all of which can do what?

Answer 127

The learning theory ignores other factors such as:
1. Personality
2. Culture
3. Social factors
4. Family situation
5. Environment
,all of which can influence attachment

Question 128

Evaluation:
Research into early infant-caregiver interaction suggests that the quality of attachment is associated with factors like what?

Answer 128

Research into early infant-caregiver interaction suggests that the quality of attachment is associated with factors like:

1. Developing reciprocity
2. Good levels of interactional synchrony

Question 129

Evaluation:
Research into early infant-caregiver interaction suggests that the quality of attachment is associated with factors like developing reciprocity and good levels of interactional synchrony (for example what)?

Answer 129

Research into early infant-caregiver interaction suggests that the quality of attachment is associated with factors like:
1. Developing reciprocity
2. Good levels of interactional synchrony
(for example Meltzoff and Moore, 1997 and Isabella et al, 1989)

Question 130

Evaluation:
Research into early infant-caregiver interaction suggests that the quality of attachment is associated with factors like developing reciprocity and good levels of interactional synchrony (for example Meltzoff and Moore, 1997 and Isabella et al, 1989).
As well as this, studies have shown that the best quality attachments are with sensitive carers that pick up infant signals and do what?

Answer 130

As well as this, studies have shown that the best quality attachments are with sensitive carers that:

1. Pick up infant signals
2. Respond appropriately