4.2: Depression Flashcards
1
Q
Depression
A
Depression is a mood disorder characterised by feelings of:
- Despondency
- Hopelessness
2
Q
Unipolar depression
A
Unipolar depression is a form of depression occurring without mania
3
Q
Bipolar depression
A
Bipolar depression is a form of depression characterised by:
- Periods of heightened moods
- Periods of despondency and hopelessness
4
Q
Depression is a mood disorder characterised by feelings of despondency, hopelessness.
An individual will feel sad and/or lack what?
A
An individual will:
1. Feel sad
And/Or,
2. Lack interest
5
Q
Depression is a mood disorder characterised by feelings of despondency, hopelessness.
An individual will feel sad and/or lack interest.
What may there be difficulties with?
A
There may be difficulties with:
- Sleep
- Eating
- Concentration
6
Q
According to the DSM, how many categories of depression are there?
A
According to the DSM, there are 5 categories of depression
7
Q
What % of people will suffer from some form of depression?
A
20% of people will suffer from some form of depression
8
Q
20% of people will suffer from some form of depression, with who twice as vulnerable as who?
A
20% of people will suffer from some form of depression, with women twice as vulnerable as men
9
Q
20% of people will suffer from some form of depression, with women twice as vulnerable as men.
When are females especially vulnerable to depression?
A
Females are especially vulnerable to depression in mid to late adolescence
10
Q
20% of people will suffer from some form of depression, with women twice as vulnerable as men.
Females are especially vulnerable to depression in mid to late adolescence, a time when many experience what?
A
Females are especially vulnerable to depression in mid to late adolescence, a time when many experience:
- Body dissatisfaction
- Low self-esteem
- Resistance to achieving
11
Q
20% of people will suffer from some form of depression, with women twice as vulnerable as men.
Females are especially vulnerable to depression in mid to late adolescence, a time when many experience body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem and resistance to achieving.
Depression can occur in cycles, what over time?
A
Depression can occur in cycles, symptoms coming and going over time
12
Q
20% of people will suffer from some form of depression, with women twice as vulnerable as men.
Females are especially vulnerable to depression in mid to late adolescence, a time when many experience body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem and resistance to achieving.
Depression can occur in cycles, symptoms coming and going over time, with an episode of depression generally lasting how long?
A
Depression can occur in cycles, symptoms coming and going over time, with an episode of depression generally lasting between:
1. 2
2. 6
months
13
Q
There is a high suicide rate among depressives - what?
A
There is a high suicide rate among depressives - 10% of severely depressed people commit suicide and 60% of all suicides are related to mood disorders
14
Q
Depression can begin any time from adolescence onwards, with the average age of onset being when?
A
Depression can begin any time from adolescence onwards, with the average age of onset being in the late twenties
15
Q
Depression can begin any time from adolescence onwards, with the average age of onset being in the late twenties.
However, what has happened to the age of onset over the past 50 years?
A
The age of onset has decreased over the past 50 years
16
Q
Depression can begin any time from adolescence onwards, with the average age of onset being in the late twenties.
However, the age of onset has decreased over the past 50 years, why?
A
The age of onset has decreased over the past 50 years, as the number of people will the disorder has increased
17
Q
What must happen for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor?
A
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor
18
Q
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other what?
A
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other:
1. Medical conditions
Or,
2. Events
19
Q
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other medical conditions or events, for example what?
A
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other: 1. Medical conditions Or, 2. Events ,for example mourning a loved one
20
Q
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other medical conditions or events, for example mourning a loved one.
What must happen, to be diagnosed with major depression?
A
To be diagnosed with major depression, one of the 5 symptoms must be:
1. A constant depressed mood
Or,
2. Lessened interest in daily activities
21
Q
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other medical conditions or events, for example mourning a loved one.
To be diagnosed with major depression, one of the 5 symptoms must be a constant depressed mood or lessened interest in daily activities.
What is a distinction made between?
A
A distinction is made between:
- Major depression
- Dysthymic depression (chronic depression)
22
Q
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other medical conditions or events, for example mourning a loved one.
To be diagnosed with major depression, one of the 5 symptoms must be a constant depressed mood or lessened interest in daily activities.
A distinction is made between major depression and dysthymic depression (chronic depression), with the difference being in what?
A
A distinction is made between major depression and dysthymic depression (chronic depression), with the difference being in the: 1. Duration 2. Type 3. Number of symptoms
23
Q
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other medical conditions or events, for example mourning a loved one.
To be diagnosed with major depression, one of the 5 symptoms must be a constant depressed mood or lessened interest in daily activities.
A distinction is made between major depression and dysthymic depression (chronic depression), with the difference being in the duration, type and number of symptoms.
What do patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression have?
A
Patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression have: 1. 3 Or, 2. More symptoms
24
Q
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other medical conditions or events, for example mourning a loved one.
To be diagnosed with major depression, one of the 5 symptoms must be a constant depressed mood or lessened interest in daily activities.
A distinction is made between major depression and dysthymic depression (chronic depression), with the difference being in the duration, type and number of symptoms.
Patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression have 3 or more symptoms, instead of what?
A
Patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression have:
1. 3
Or,
2. More
symptoms, instead of the 5 required for major depression
25
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other medical conditions or events, for example mourning a loved one.
To be diagnosed with major depression, one of the 5 symptoms must be a constant depressed mood or lessened interest in daily activities.
A distinction is made between major depression and dysthymic depression (chronic depression), with the difference being in the duration, type and number of symptoms.
Patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression have 3 or more symptoms, instead of the 5 required for major depression, including what?
Patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression have 3 or more symptoms, instead of the 5 required for major depression, including depressed mood
26
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other medical conditions or events, for example mourning a loved one.
To be diagnosed with major depression, one of the 5 symptoms must be a constant depressed mood or lessened interest in daily activities.
A distinction is made between major depression and dysthymic depression (chronic depression), with the difference being in the duration, type and number of symptoms.
Patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression have 3 or more symptoms, instead of the 5 required for major depression, including depressed mood, but not what?
Patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression have 3 or more symptoms, instead of the 5 required for major depression, including:
1. Depressed mood
,but
2. Not suicidal thoughts
27
At least 5 symptoms must be apparent every day for 2 weeks for depression to be diagnosed by a doctor, with an impairment in general functioning also evident that is not accountable for by other medical conditions or events, for example mourning a loved one.
To be diagnosed with major depression, one of the 5 symptoms must be a constant depressed mood or lessened interest in daily activities.
A distinction is made between major depression and dysthymic depression (chronic depression), with the difference being in the duration, type and number of symptoms.
Patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression have 3 or more symptoms, instead of the 5 required for major depression, including depressed mood, but not suicidal thoughts, and show these symptoms for how long?
Patients meeting the criteria for dysthymic depression:
1. Have 3 or more symptoms, instead of the 5 required for major depression, including depressed mood, but not suicidal thoughts
2. Show these symptoms for more than 2 months
28
How many main types is depression divisible into?
Depression is divisible into 2 main types:
1. Unipolar depression
2. Bipolar depression
29
Depression is divisible into 2 main types - Unipolar depression and bipolar depression.
What is bipolar depression also known as?
Bipolar depression is also known as manic depression
30
Depression is divisible into 2 main types - Unipolar depression and bipolar depression (also known as manic depression), but can also be broken down into what?
Depression is divisible into 2 main types - Unipolar depression and bipolar depression (also known as manic depression), but can also be broken down into:
1. Endogenous depression
2. Exogenous (reactive) depression
31
Depression is divisible into 2 main types - Unipolar depression and bipolar depression (also known as manic depression), but can also be broken down into endogenous depression, related to what, and exogenous (reactive) depression?
Depression is divisible into 2 main types - Unipolar depression and bipolar depression (also known as manic depression), but can also be broken down into:
1. Endogenous depression, related to internal biochemical and hormonal factors
2. Exogenous (reactive) depression
32
Depression is divisible into 2 main types - Unipolar depression and bipolar depression (also known as manic depression), but can also be broken down into endogenous depression, related to internal biochemical and hormonal factors, and exogenous (reactive) depression, related to what?
Depression is divisible into 2 main types - Unipolar depression and bipolar depression (also known as manic depression), but can also be broken down into:
1. Endogenous depression, related to internal biochemical and hormonal factors
2. Exogenous (reactive) depression, related to stressful experiences
33
Depression is divisible into 2 main types - Unipolar depression and bipolar depression (also known as manic depression), but can also be broken down into endogenous depression, related to internal biochemical and hormonal factors, and exogenous (reactive) depression, related to stressful experiences, but what can sufferers have?
Depression is divisible into 2 main types - Unipolar depression and bipolar depression (also known as manic depression), but can also be broken down into:
1. Endogenous depression, related to internal biochemical and hormonal factors
2. Exogenous (reactive) depression, related to stressful experiences
,but sufferers can have elements of endogenous and exogenous depression combined
34
According to the DSM, there are 5 categories of depression.
| Describe major depressive disorder
```
Major depressive disorder is:
1. Severe
,but
2. Short-term
depression
```
35
According to the DSM, there are 5 categories of depression.
| Describe persistent depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder is long-term or recurring depression, including:
1. Sustained major depression
2. What used to be called dysthymia
36
According to the DSM, there are 5 categories of depression.
| Describe disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is childhood temper tantrums
37
According to the DSM, there are 5 categories of depression.
| Describe premenstrual dysphoric disorder
```
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is disruption to mood:
1. Prior to
And/Or,
2. During
menstruation
```
38
What is unipolar depression also known as?
Unipolar depression is also known as major depression
39
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression how?
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing:
1. Depression
2. Not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience
40
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing depression and not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience.
What % of women will suffer from unipolar depression?
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression
41
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing depression and not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience.
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and what % of men?
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and 12% of men
42
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing depression and not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience.
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and 12% of men, with what % of women and what % of men suffering from it at any one time?
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and 12% of men, with:
1. Up to 9% of women
2. 3% of men
suffering from it at any one time
43
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing depression and not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience.
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and 12% of men, with up to 9% of women and 3% of men suffering from it at any one time.
Unipolar depression is characterised by clinical symptoms, usually occurring how?
Unipolar depression is characterised by clinical symptoms, usually occurring in cycles
44
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing depression and not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience.
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and 12% of men, with up to 9% of women and 3% of men suffering from it at any one time.
Unipolar depression is characterised by clinical symptoms, usually occurring in cycles.
What is a more severe version?
A more severe version is where sufferers also experience delusions
45
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing depression and not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience.
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and 12% of men, with up to 9% of women and 3% of men suffering from it at any one time.
Unipolar depression is characterised by clinical symptoms, usually occurring in cycles.
A more severe version is where sufferers also experience delusions.
What do these patients generally experience more of?
These patients generally experience more social impairment
46
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing depression and not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience.
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and 12% of men, with up to 9% of women and 3% of men suffering from it at any one time.
Unipolar depression is characterised by clinical symptoms, usually occurring in cycles.
A more severe version is where sufferers also experience delusions.
These patients generally experience more social impairment and what occur more frequently?
These patients generally experience more social impairment and episodes of depression occur more frequently
47
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing depression and not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience.
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and 12% of men, with up to 9% of women and 3% of men suffering from it at any one time.
Unipolar depression is characterised by clinical symptoms, usually occurring in cycles.
A more severe version is where sufferers also experience delusions.
These patients generally experience more social impairment and episodes of depression occur more frequently.
What do such sufferers not respond well to?
Such sufferers don't respond well to antidepressants
48
Unipolar polar depression (also known as major depression) is a form of depression occurring without mania that differs from bipolar depression by its sufferers only experiencing depression and not the manic episodes sufferers of bipolar depression experience.
Up to 25% of women will suffer from unipolar depression and 12% of men, with up to 9% of women and 3% of men suffering from it at any one time.
Unipolar depression is characterised by clinical symptoms, usually occurring in cycles.
A more severe version is where sufferers also experience delusions.
These patients generally experience more social impairment and episodes of depression occur more frequently.
Such sufferers don't respond well to antidepressants, but what do they respond favourably to?
Such sufferers don't respond well to antidepressants, but they respond favourably to a combination of:
1. Antidepressants
2. Antipsychotics
49
What changes when we suffer an episode of depression?
Behaviour changes when we suffer an episode of depression
50
What are the behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression?
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are:
1. Loss of energy (activity levels)
2. Social impairment
3. Weight changes
4. Poor personal hygiene
5. Sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour
6. Aggression and self-harm
51
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
1. Loss of energy (activity levels):
Depressed people can have what amounts of energy?
Depressed people can have reduced amounts of energy
52
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
1. Loss of energy (activity levels):
Depressed people can have reduced amounts of energy, resulting in what?
Depressed people can have reduced amounts of energy, resulting in:
1. Fatigue
2. Lethargy
3. High levels of inactivity
53
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
1. Loss of energy (activity levels):
Depressed people can have reduced amounts of energy, resulting in fatigue, lethargy and high levels of inactivity.
Typically, sufferers of depression have reduced levels of energy.
This has a knock-on effect, with sufferers tending to do what?
This has a knock-on effect, with sufferers tending to withdraw from:
1. Work
2. Education
3. Social life
54
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
1. Loss of energy (activity levels):
Depressed people can have reduced amounts of energy, resulting in fatigue, lethargy and high levels of inactivity.
Typically, sufferers of depression have reduced levels of energy.
This has a knock-on effect, with sufferers tending to withdraw from work, education and social life.
In extreme cases, this can be so severe that what?
In extreme cases, this can be so severe that the sufferer cannot get out of bed
55
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
1. Loss of energy (activity levels):
Depressed people can have reduced amounts of energy, resulting in fatigue, lethargy and high levels of inactivity.
Typically, sufferers of depression have reduced levels of energy.
This has a knock-on effect, with sufferers tending to withdraw from work, education and social life.
In extreme cases, this can be so severe that the sufferer cannot get out of bed.
In some cases, what can depression lead to?
In some cases, depression can lead to the opposite effect
56
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
1. Loss of energy (activity levels):
Depressed people can have reduced amounts of energy, resulting in fatigue, lethargy and high levels of inactivity.
Typically, sufferers of depression have reduced levels of energy.
This has a knock-on effect, with sufferers tending to withdraw from work, education and social life.
In extreme cases, this can be so severe that the sufferer cannot get out of bed.
In some cases, depression can lead to the opposite effect, known as what?
In some cases, depression can lead to the opposite effect, known as psychomotor agitation
57
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
1. Loss of energy (activity levels):
Depressed people can have reduced amounts of energy, resulting in fatigue, lethargy and high levels of inactivity.
Typically, sufferers of depression have reduced levels of energy.
This has a knock-on effect, with sufferers tending to withdraw from work, education and social life.
In extreme cases, this can be so severe that the sufferer cannot get out of bed.
In some cases, depression can lead to the opposite effect, known as psychomotor agitation.
What do agitated individuals do?
Agitated individuals:
1. Struggle to relax
2. May end up pacing up and down in a room
58
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
2. Social impairment:
What can there be reduced levels of?
There can be reduced levels of social interaction with:
1. Friends
2. Family
59
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
3. Weight changes:
What are often associated with depression?
```
Significant:
1. Decreases
Or,
2. Increases
in weight are often associated with depression
```
60
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
4. Poor personal hygiene:
What do depressed people often have reduced incidence of?
Depressed people often have reduced incidence of:
1. Washing
2. Wearing clean clothes
,ect
61
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
5. Sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour:
What is depression often characterised by?
Depression is often characterised by:
1. Constant insomnia, particularly premature waking
Or,
2. Oversleeping - An increased need to sleep (hypersomnia)
62
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
5. Sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour:
Depression is often characterised by constant insomnia, particularly premature waking, or oversleeping - an increasing need to sleep (hypersomnia).
Similarly, appetite and eating may increase of decrease, leading to what?
Similarly, appetite and eating may increase of decrease, leading to weight:
1. Gain
Or,
2. Loss
63
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
5. Sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour:
Depression is often characterised by constant insomnia, particularly premature waking, or oversleeping - an increasing need to sleep (hypersomnia).
Similarly, appetite and eating may increase of decrease, leading to weight gain or loss.
What is the key point?
The key point is that such behaviours are disrupted by depression
64
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
6. Aggression and self-harm:
What are sufferers of depression often?
Sufferers of depression are often irritable
65
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
6. Aggression and self-harm:
Sufferers of depression are often irritable and in some cases, what can they become?
```
Sufferers of depression are often irritable and in some cases, they can become:
1. Verbally
Or,
2. Physically
aggressive
```
66
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
6. Aggression and self-harm:
Sufferers of depression are often irritable and in some cases, they can become verbally or physically aggressive.
What can this do?
This can have serious knock-on effects on a number of aspects of their life
67
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
6. Aggression and self-harm:
Sufferers of depression are often irritable and in some cases, they can become verbally or physically aggressive.
This can have serious knock-on effects on a number of aspects of their life.
Example
For example, someone experiencing depression might display verbal aggression by:
1. Ending a relationship
Or,
2. Quitting a job
68
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
6. Aggression and self-harm:
Sufferers of depression are often irritable and in some cases, they can become verbally or physically aggressive.
This can have serious knock-on effects on a number of aspects of their life.
For example, someone experiencing depression might display verbal aggression by ending a relationship or quitting a job.
What can depression also lead to?
Depression can also lead to physical aggression directed against the self
69
The behavioural characteristics of unipolar depression are loss of energy (activity levels), social impairment, weight changes, poor personal hygiene, sleep pattern disturbance and disruption to eating behaviour and aggression and self-harm.
6. Aggression and self-harm:
Sufferers of depression are often irritable and in some cases, they can become verbally or physically aggressive.
This can have serious knock-on effects on a number of aspects of their life.
For example, someone experiencing depression might display verbal aggression by ending a relationship or quitting a job.
Depression can also lead to physical aggression directed against the self.
What does this include?
This includes self-harm, often in the form of:
1. Cutting
Or,
2. Suicide attempts
70
What are the emotional characteristics of unipolar depression?
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are:
1. Lowered mood (constant depressed mood)
2. Anger
3. Lowered self-esteem (worthlessness)
4. Loss of enthusiasm
71
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
1. Lowered mood (constant depressed mood):
What is a key characteristic of depression?
A key characteristic of depression is the:
1. Ever present
2. Overwhelming
feelings of sadness/hopelessness
72
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
1. Lowered mood (constant depressed mood):
A key characteristic of depression is the ever present and overwhelming feelings of sadness/hopelessness.
Lowered mood is still a defining emotional element of depression, but it is more what than in the daily kind of experience of feeling lethargic and sad?
Lowered mood:
1. Is still a defining emotional element of depression
,but
2. It is more pronounced than in the daily kind of experience of feeling lethargic and sad
73
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
1. Lowered mood (constant depressed mood):
A key characteristic of depression is the ever present and overwhelming feelings of sadness/hopelessness.
Lowered mood is still a defining emotional element of depression, but it is more pronounced than in the daily kind of experience of feeling lethargic and sad.
How do patients often describe themselves?
Patients often describe themselves as:
1. 'Worthless'
2. 'Empty'
74
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
2. Anger:
Although sufferers tend to experience more negative emotions and fewer positive ones during episodes of depression, what is this experience of negative emotion not limited to?
Although sufferers tend to experience:
1 More negative emotions
2. Fewer positive ones
during episodes of depression, this experience of negative emotion is not limited to sadness
75
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
2. Anger:
Although sufferers tend to experience more negative emotions and fewer positive ones during episodes of depression, this experience of negative emotion is not limited to sadness.
Sufferers of depression also frequently experience anger, sometimes what?
Sufferers of depression also frequently experience anger, sometimes extreme anger
76
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
2. Anger:
Although sufferers tend to experience more negative emotions and fewer positive ones during episodes of depression, this experience of negative emotion is not limited to sadness.
Sufferers of depression also frequently experience anger, sometimes extreme anger
Who can this be directed at?
This can be directed at:
1. The self
Or,
2. Others
77
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
2. Anger:
Although sufferers tend to experience more negative emotions and fewer positive ones during episodes of depression, this experience of negative emotion is not limited to sadness.
Sufferers of depression also frequently experience anger, sometimes extreme anger
This can be directed at the self or others.
On occasion, what can such emotions lead to?
```
On occasion, such emotions can lead to:
1. Aggressive
Or,
2. Self-harming
behaviour
```
78
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
3. Lowered self-esteem (worthlessness):
What do those suffering from depression often have?
Those suffering from depression often have:
1. Constant feelings of reduced worth
And/Or,
2. Inappropriate feelings of guilt
79
What is self-esteem?
Self-esteem is the emotional experience of how much we like ourselves
80
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
3. Lowered self-esteem (worthlessness):
Those suffering from depression often have constant feelings of reduced worth and/or inappropriate feelings of guilt.
What do sufferers of depression tend to report?
Sufferers of depression tend to report reduced self-esteem
81
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
3. Lowered self-esteem (worthlessness):
Those suffering from depression often have constant feelings of reduced worth and/or inappropriate feelings of guilt.
Sufferers of depression tend to report reduced self-esteem.
This can be quite extreme, with some sufferers of depression doing what?
This can be quite extreme, with some sufferers of depression describing a sense of self-loathing - hating themselves
82
The emotional characteristics of unipolar depression are lowered mood (constant depressed mood), anger, lowered self-esteem (worthlessness) and loss of enthusiasm.
4. Loss of enthusiasm:
What is depression often characterised by?
```
Depression is often characterised by:
1. A lessened concern with
And/Or,
2. Lack of pleasure
in daily activities
```
83
What are the cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression?
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are:
1. Reduced/poor concentration
2. Attaching to and dwelling on the negative
3. Absolutist thinking
4. Delusions
5. Poor memory
6. Thoughts of death
84
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
1. Reduced/poor concentration:
What can there be?
There can be:
1. Difficulty in paying/maintaining attention
And/Or,
2. Slowed-down thinking and indecisiveness
85
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
1. Reduced/poor concentration:
There can be difficulty in paying/maintaining attention and/or slowed-down thinking and indecisiveness.
What is depression associated with poor levels of?
Depression is associated with poor levels of concentration
86
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
1. Reduced/poor concentration:
There can be difficulty in paying/maintaining attention and/or slowed-down thinking and indecisiveness.
Depression is associated with poor levels of concentration.
The sufferer may find themselves unable to stick with a task as they usually would or they might find it hard to do what?
The sufferer:
1. May find themselves unable to stick with a task as they usually would
Or,
2. They might find it hard to make decisions that they would normally find straightforward
87
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
1. Reduced/poor concentration:
There can be difficulty in paying/maintaining attention and/or slowed-down thinking and indecisiveness.
Depression is associated with poor levels of concentration.
The sufferer may find themselves unable to stick with a task as they usually would or they might find it hard to make decisions that they would normally find straightforward.
What are poor concentration and poor decision-making likely to do?
Poor concentration and poor decision-making are likely to interfere with the individual's work
88
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
2. Attaching to and dwelling on the negative:
What are depressed people inclined to do?
Depressed people are inclined to:
1. Pay more attention to the negative aspects of a situation
2. Ignore the positives
- see a glass as half-empty, rather than half-full
89
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
2. Attaching to and dwelling on the negative:
Depressed people are inclined to pay more attention to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positives - see a glass as half-empty, rather than half-full.
What do sufferers also have a bias towards doing?
Sufferers also have a bias towards recalling unhappy:
1. Events
2. Memories
,rather than happy ones
90
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
3. Absolutist thinking:
Most situations are not all-good or all-bad, but when a sufferer is depressed, how do they tend to think?
```
Most situations are not:
1. All-good
Or,
2. All-bad
,but when a sufferer is depressed, they tend to think in these terms
```
91
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
3. Absolutist thinking:
Most situations are not all-good or all-bad, but when a sufferer is depressed, they tend to think in these terms.
What is this thinking sometimes called?
This thinking is sometimes called 'black and white' thinking
92
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
3. Absolutist thinking:
Most situations are not all-good or all-bad, but when a sufferer is depressed, they tend to think in these terms.
This thinking is sometimes called 'black and white' thinking.
What does this mean?
This means that when a situation is unfortunate, they tend to see it as an absolute disaster
93
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
4. Delusions:
Some depressives will experience delusions, generally concerning what?
```
Some depressives will experience delusions, generally concerning:
1. Guilt
2. Punishment
3. Personal inadequacy
Or,
4. Disease
```
94
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
4. Delusions:
Some depressives will experience delusions, generally concerning guilt, punishment, personal inadequacy or disease.
What will some depressives also experience?
Some depressives will experience hallucinations
95
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
4. Delusions:
Some depressives will experience delusions, generally concerning guilt, punishment, personal inadequacy or disease.
Some depressives will experience hallucinations, which can be what?
```
Some depressives will experience hallucinations, which can be:
1. Auditory
2. Visual
3. Olfactory (smell)
Or,
4. Haptic (touch)
```
96
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
5. Poor memory:
What will some depressives have trouble with?
Some depressives will have trouble with retrieval of memories
97
The cognitive characteristics of unipolar depression are reduced/poor concentration, attaching to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking, delusions, poor memory and thoughts of death.
6. Thoughts of death:
What can depressives have constant thoughts of?
Depressives can have constant thoughts of:
1. Death
And/Or,
2. Suicide
98
Bipolar depression (also known as manic depression) is less common than unipolar depression, with what % of people suffering from it?
Bipolar depression (also known as manic depression) is less common than unipolar depression, with about 2% of people suffering from it
99
Bipolar depression (also known as manic depression) is less common than unipolar depression, with about 2% of people suffering from it, divided how between the sexes?
Bipolar depression (also known as manic depression) is less common than unipolar depression, with about 2% of people suffering from it, equally divided between the sexes
100
```
Bipolar depression (also known as manic depression) is less common than unipolar depression, with about 2% of people suffering from it.
When does bipolar depression usually appear?
```
Bipolar depression usually appears:
1. In a person's twenties
2. Before the age of 50
101
Bipolar depression (also known as manic depression) is less common than unipolar depression, with about 2% of people suffering from it.
Bipolar depression usually appears in a person's twenties and before the age of 50.
What are more common than mania alone?
Mixed episodes of:
1. Mania
2. Depression
are more common than mania alone
102
What has the onset of depression been strongly linked with?
The onset of depression has been strongly linked with cognitive factors
103
The onset of depression has been strongly linked with cognitive factors, but what?
The onset of depression has been strongly linked with cognitive factors, but:
1. Biological
2. Other psychological
factors are also known to play a part
104
Bipolar depression (also known as manic depression) is less common than unipolar depression, with about 2% of people suffering from it.
Bipolar depression usually appears in a person's twenties and before the age of 50.
Mixed episodes of mania and depression are more common than mania alone.
What does bipolar depression involve swinging between?
Bipolar depression involves swinging between bouts of:
1. Mania
2. Depression
105
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, what do sufferers of bipolar depression also have?
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes
106
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
What are the behavioural characteristics of mania?
The behavioural characteristics of mania are:
1. High energy levels
2. Reckless behaviour
3. Talkative
107
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The behavioural characteristics of mania are high energy levels, reckless behaviour and talkative.
1. High energy levels:
What is the condition characterised by?
The condition is characterised by boundless energy
108
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The behavioural characteristics of mania are high energy levels, reckless behaviour and talkative.
1. High energy levels:
The condition is characterised by boundless energy, resulting in what?
The condition is characterised by boundless energy, resulting in:
1. Increased work output
2. Increased social interactions/sexual activity
109
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The behavioural characteristics of mania are high energy levels, reckless behaviour and talkative.
2. Reckless behaviour:
What is the condition also often characterised by?
The condition is also often characterised by:
1. Dangerous behaviour
2. Risk-taking
110
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The behavioural characteristics of mania are high energy levels, reckless behaviour and talkative.
3. Talkative:
What is the condition generally characterised by?
The condition is generally characterised by fast, endless speech without regard for what others are saying
111
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
What are the emotional characteristics of mania?
The emotional characteristics of mania are:
1. Elevated mood states
2. Irritability
3. Lack of guilt
112
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The emotional characteristics of mania are elevated mood states, irritability and lack of guilt.
1. Elevated mood states:
What are common?
Constant 'high' moods are common
113
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The emotional characteristics of mania are elevated mood states, irritability and lack of guilt.
1. Elevated mood states:
Constant 'high' moods are common, with intense feelings of what?
Constant 'high' moods are common, with intense feelings of euphoria
114
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The emotional characteristics of mania are elevated mood states, irritability and lack of guilt.
2. Irritability.
Why are sufferers often frustrated and irritable?
Sufferers are often:
1. Frustrated
2. Irritable
,if they don't get their own way immediately
115
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The emotional characteristics of mania are elevated mood states, irritability and lack of guilt.
3. Lack of guilt.
What is the condition characterised by?
The condition is characterised by:
1. Social inhibition
2. A general lack of guilt concerning behaviour
116
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
What are the cognitive characteristics of mania?
The cognitive characteristics of mania are:
1. Delusions
2. Irrational thought processes
117
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The cognitive characteristics of mania are delusions and irrational thought processes.
1. Delusions:
What will many ideas sufferers get be?
Many ideas sufferers get will be:
1. Delusional
2. Grandiose
118
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The cognitive characteristics of mania are delusions and irrational thought processes.
1. Delusions:
Many ideas sufferers get will be delusional and grandiose.
What can they also believe?
They can also believe that others are persecuting them
119
In addition to the symptoms of unipolar depression, sufferers of bipolar depression also have alternating manic episodes, characterised by the following symptoms.
The cognitive characteristics of mania are delusions and irrational thought processes.
2. Irrational thought processes.
What is the condition often characterised by?
The condition is often characterised by reckless and irrational:
1. Thinking
2. Decision-making
