2.6: The cognitive interview (CI) Flashcards
Real-life application:
What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to what?
What psychologists have learned about the nature of:
1. Memory
2. Forgetting
can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall
Real-life application:
What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either where?
What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either in:
1. Everyday scenarios
Or,
2. Specific situations
Real-life application:
What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either in everyday scenarios or in specific situations, such as when doing what?
What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either in:
1. Everyday scenarios
Or,
2. Specific situations, such as when interviewing witnesses to serious crimes
Real-life application:
What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either in everyday scenarios or in specific situations, such as when interviewing witnesses to serious crimes.
The general aim is to increase what?
The general aim is to increase the:
- Accuracy of memories
- Amount of accurate detail produced
Jargon
Jargon is using ‘complicated’ words that:
1. You can understand
,but
2. Others don’t
What can putting pressure on witnesses lead to?
Putting pressure on witnesses can lead to deformed judgements
A standard police interview generates more what?
A standard police interview generates more information
A standard police interview generates more information, but it is what?
A standard police interview generates more information, but it is:
- Distorted and made-up
- Not accurate
A standard police interview generates more information, but it is distorted and made-up and not accurate.
The cognitive interview is more what?
The cognitive interview is more accurate
Cognitive interview (CI)
The cognitive interview (CI) is a procedure for police:
1. Questioning
2. Interviews
of witnesses that promotes accurate, detailed recall of events
Why is the cognitive interview (CI) important?
The cognitive interview (CI) is important, because you can:
- Improve the effectiveness of questioning witnesses in police interviews
- Apply psychological findings to this area
Who was the cognitive interview (CI) developed by?
The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman
The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (what year)?
The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992)
The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992) and it is a series of what techniques?
The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992) and it is a series of:
1. Memory retrieval
2. Communication
techniques
The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992) and it is a series of memory retrieval and communication techniques designed to do what?
The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992) and it is a series of:
1. Memory retrieval
2. Communication
techniques designed to improve recall in police interviews
What is the cognitive interview (CI) based on?
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that:
- There are several retrieval paths to each memory
- Information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
What are 2 such pathways?
2 such pathways are the:
1. ‘Change of narrative order’
2. ‘Change of perspective’
components of the cognitive interview (CI)
What are the components of the cognitive interview (CI)?
The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are:
- Change of narrative order
- Change of perspective
- Mental reinstatement of context
- Report everything
The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
Describe the ‘change of narrative order’ component of the cognitive interview (CI)
The ‘change of narrative order’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event in different chronological orders
The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
The ‘change of narrative order’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event in different chronological orders, for example what?
The ‘change of narrative order’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event in different chronological orders, for example from the:
1. End
to
2. Beginning
The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
Describe the ‘change of perspective’ component of the cognitive interview (CI)
The ‘change of perspective’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event from different people’s perspectives
The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
The ‘change of perspective’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event from different people’s perspectives, for example what?
The ‘change of perspective’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event from different people’s perspectives, for example from the offender’s point of view
The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
Describe the ‘mental reinstatement of context’ component of the cognitive interview (CI)
The ‘mental reinstatement of context’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling both the:
1. Environmental
2. Emotional
context of the event
The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
The ‘mental reinstatement of context’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling both the environmental and emotional context of the event, for example what?
The ‘mental reinstatement of context’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling both the environmental and emotional context of the event, for example:
- Weather
- Personal feelings
The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
Describe the ‘report everything’ component of the cognitive interview (CI)
The ‘report everything’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling all information, even that which:
1. Seemingly has little relevance
Or,
2. Is remembered less confidently or seems incomplete
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
2 such pathways are the ‘change of narrative order’ and the ‘change of perspective’ components of the cognitive interview (CI), which encourage interviewees to do what?
2 such pathways are the ‘change of narrative order’ and the ‘change of perspective’ components of the cognitive interview (CI), which encourage interviewees to recall events in:
- A variety of orders
- Different perspectives (viewpoints)
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving’s Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests what?
The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving’s Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that:
- Memory traces are made up of several features
- To enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used
The cognitive interview (CI) arguably links in more with what?
The cognitive interview (CI) arguably links in more with the state-dependent theory
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving’s Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used.
What does ‘context reinstatement’ involve?
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving’s Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used.
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as what?
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how an individual was feeling
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving’s Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used.
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via what?
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving’s Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used.
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example what?
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example:
- Returning to the scene of the crime and picturing how it smelt, what could be heard, ect
- Sequencing elements
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving’s Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used.
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example returning to the scene of the crime and picturing how it smelt, what could be heard, ect, and sequencing elements, like what?
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example:
- Returning to the scene of the crime and picturing how it smelt, what could be heard, ect
- Sequencing elements, like what you were doing at the time
The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving’s Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used.
‘Context reinstatement’ involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example returning to the scene of the crime and picturing how it smelt, what could be heard, ect, and sequencing elements, like what you were doing at the time.
The final component of the cognitive interview (CI), ‘reporting everything,’ works on what basis?
The final component of the cognitive interview (CI), ‘reporting everything,’ works on the basis that even seemingly trivial details can trigger more important memories
Standard police interview (SPI)
The standard police interview (SPI) is the established method of police questioning
Limitations of the cognitive interview (CI):
1. Why is the cognitive interview more difficult to conduct than the standard police interview?
The cognitive interview is more difficult to conduct than the standard police interview, because it:
- Takes longer
- Is harder for the interviewer to conduct
Limitations of the cognitive interview (CI):
- The cognitive interview is more difficult to conduct than the standard police interview, because it takes longer and it is harder for the interviewer to conduct.
- The cognitive interview is only useful for who?
The cognitive interview is only useful for cooperative interviewees
Who (what year) reviewed memory literature?
Fisher and Geiselman (1992) reviewed memory literature
Fisher and Geiselman (1992) reviewed memory literature and found what?
Fisher and Geiselman (1992) reviewed memory literature and found that people remember things better if they’re given retrieval cues
AO3:
Who (what year) investigated how age affects recall?
Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall
AO3:
Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall and found what?
Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall and found that the older the participant, the:
2. Less complete
2. Less accurate
the recall
AO3:
Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall and found that the older the participant (how many years old), the less complete and less accurate the recall?
Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall and found that the older the participant (75 to 95 years old), the:
2. Less complete
2. Less accurate
the recall
Who (what year) found that the cognitive interview (CI) procedure produced more accurate, detailed memories than what?
Geiselman et al. (1985) found that the cognitive interview (CI) procedure produced more accurate, detailed memories than:
- The standard police interview (SPI) technique
- Interviews conducted under hypnosis
Geiselman et al. (1985) found that the cognitive interview (CI) procedure produced more accurate, detailed memories than the standard police interview (SPI) technique and interviews conducted under hypnosis, suggesting what?
Geiselman et al. (1985) found that the cognitive interview (CI) procedure produced more accurate, detailed memories than:
1. The standard police interview (SPI) technique
2. Interviews conducted under hypnosis
,suggesting that the technique is relatively effective
Who (what year) found that the cognitive interview (CI) works best when used within a short time following a crime rather than a long time afterwards?
Geiselman and Fisher (1997) found that the cognitive interview (CI) works best when used within a short time following a crime rather than a long time afterwards
Geiselman and Fisher (1997) found that the cognitive interview (CI) works best when used within a short time following a crime rather than a long time afterwards, suggesting recall is enhanced best when?
Geiselman and Fisher (1997) found that the cognitive interview (CI) works best when used within a short time following a crime rather than a long time afterwards, suggesting recall is enhanced best when cognitive interviews are conducted immediately after an incident has occurred
Who (what year) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies?
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing what?
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing:
- Cognitive interviews
- Standard police interviews
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding what?
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced:
1. More accurate detail
,but also
2. More inaccurate detail
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail.
No what differences were found?
No age differences were found
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail.
No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were what?
No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were personally involved in the event being witnessed
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail.
No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were personally involved in the event being witnessed.
The amount of correct detail produced seemed to decline the longer what?
The amount of correct detail produced seemed to decline the longer a cognitive interview was conducted after an event had occurred
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail.
No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were personally involved in the event being witnessed.
The amount of correct detail produced seemed to decline the longer a cognitive interview was conducted after an event had occurred.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that the cognitive interview is relatively effective
Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail.
No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were personally involved in the event being witnessed.
The amount of correct detail produced seemed to decline the longer a cognitive interview was conducted after an event had occurred.
This suggests that the cognitive interview is relatively effective, but what?
This suggests that the cognitive interview is relatively effective, but:
- Should be conducted immediately after an event
- Ways of reducing the production of inaccurate information need to be explored
Who (what year) found the what components of the cognitive interview to be the key techniques in gaining accurate, detailed recall?
Milne and Bull (2002) found the:
1. ‘Context reinstatement’
2. ‘Report everything’
components of the cognitive interview to be the key techniques in gaining accurate, detailed recall
Milne and Bull (2002) found the ‘context reinstatement’ and the ‘report everything’ components of the cognitive interview to be the key techniques in gaining accurate, detailed recall, which suggests what?
Milne and Bull (2002) found the:
1. ‘Context reinstatement’
2. ‘Report everything’
components of the cognitive interview to be the key techniques in gaining accurate, detailed recall, which suggests that modified versions of the cognitive interview should concentrate on these features
The cognitive interview (CI) is a procedure for police questioning and interviews of witnesses that promotes accurate, detailed recall of events by doing what?
The cognitive interview (CI) is a procedure for police:
1. Questioning
2. Interviews
of witnesses that promotes accurate, detailed recall of events by encouraging them to recreate the original context in order to increase the accessibility of stored information
