2.6: The cognitive interview (CI)

Question 1

Real-life application:

What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to what?

Answer 1

What psychologists have learned about the nature of:
1. Memory
2. Forgetting
can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall

Question 2

Real-life application:
What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either where?

Answer 2

What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either in:
1. Everyday scenarios
Or,
2. Specific situations

Question 3

Real-life application:
What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either in everyday scenarios or in specific situations, such as when doing what?

Answer 3

What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either in:
1. Everyday scenarios
Or,
2. Specific situations, such as when interviewing witnesses to serious crimes

Question 4

Real-life application:
What psychologists have learned about the nature of memory and forgetting can be applied to the development of techniques that aid memory recall, either in everyday scenarios or in specific situations, such as when interviewing witnesses to serious crimes.
The general aim is to increase what?

Answer 4

The general aim is to increase the:

1. Accuracy of memories
2. Amount of accurate detail produced

Question 5

Jargon

Answer 5

Jargon is using ‘complicated’ words that:
1. You can understand
,but
2. Others don’t

Question 6

What can putting pressure on witnesses lead to?

Answer 6

Putting pressure on witnesses can lead to deformed judgements

Question 7

A standard police interview generates more what?

Answer 7

A standard police interview generates more information

Question 8

A standard police interview generates more information, but it is what?

Answer 8

A standard police interview generates more information, but it is:

1. Distorted and made-up
2. Not accurate

Question 9

A standard police interview generates more information, but it is distorted and made-up and not accurate.
The cognitive interview is more what?

Answer 9

The cognitive interview is more accurate

Question 10

Cognitive interview (CI)

Answer 10

The cognitive interview (CI) is a procedure for police:
1. Questioning
2. Interviews
of witnesses that promotes accurate, detailed recall of events

Question 11

Why is the cognitive interview (CI) important?

Answer 11

The cognitive interview (CI) is important, because you can:

1. Improve the effectiveness of questioning witnesses in police interviews
2. Apply psychological findings to this area

Question 12

Who was the cognitive interview (CI) developed by?

Answer 12

The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman

Question 13

The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (what year)?

Answer 13

The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992)

Question 14

The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992) and it is a series of what techniques?

Answer 14

The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992) and it is a series of:
1. Memory retrieval
2. Communication
techniques

Question 15

The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992) and it is a series of memory retrieval and communication techniques designed to do what?

Answer 15

The cognitive interview (CI) was developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992) and it is a series of:
1. Memory retrieval
2. Communication
techniques designed to improve recall in police interviews

Question 16

What is the cognitive interview (CI) based on?

Answer 16

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that:

1. There are several retrieval paths to each memory
2. Information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another

Question 17

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving’s (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another.
What are 2 such pathways?

Answer 17

2 such pathways are the:
1. ‘Change of narrative order’
2. ‘Change of perspective’
components of the cognitive interview (CI)

Question 18

What are the components of the cognitive interview (CI)?

Answer 18

The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are:

1. Change of narrative order
2. Change of perspective
3. Mental reinstatement of context
4. Report everything

Question 19

The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
Describe the ‘change of narrative order’ component of the cognitive interview (CI)

Answer 19

The ‘change of narrative order’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event in different chronological orders

Question 20

The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
The ‘change of narrative order’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event in different chronological orders, for example what?

Answer 20

The ‘change of narrative order’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event in different chronological orders, for example from the:
1. End
to
2. Beginning

Question 21

The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
Describe the ‘change of perspective’ component of the cognitive interview (CI)

Answer 21

The ‘change of perspective’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event from different people’s perspectives

Question 22

The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
The ‘change of perspective’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event from different people’s perspectives, for example what?

Answer 22

The ‘change of perspective’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling the event from different people’s perspectives, for example from the offender’s point of view

Question 23

The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
Describe the ‘mental reinstatement of context’ component of the cognitive interview (CI)

Answer 23

The ‘mental reinstatement of context’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling both the:
1. Environmental
2. Emotional
context of the event

Question 24

The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything.
The ‘mental reinstatement of context’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling both the environmental and emotional context of the event, for example what?

Answer 24

The ‘mental reinstatement of context’ component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling both the environmental and emotional context of the event, for example:

1. Weather
2. Personal feelings

Question 25

The components of the cognitive interview (CI) are change of narrative order, change of perspective, mental reinstatement of context and report everything. Describe the 'report everything' component of the cognitive interview (CI)

Answer 25

The 'report everything' component of the cognitive interview (CI) is recalling all information, even that which: 1. Seemingly has little relevance Or, 2. Is remembered less confidently or seems incomplete

Question 26

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving's (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another. 2 such pathways are the 'change of narrative order' and the 'change of perspective' components of the cognitive interview (CI), which encourage interviewees to do what?

Answer 26

2 such pathways are the 'change of narrative order' and the 'change of perspective' components of the cognitive interview (CI), which encourage interviewees to recall events in: 1. A variety of orders 2. Different perspectives (viewpoints)

Question 27

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving's (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another. The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving's Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests what?

Answer 27

The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving's Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that: 1. Memory traces are made up of several features 2. To enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used

Question 28

The cognitive interview (CI) arguably links in more with what?

Answer 28

The cognitive interview (CI) arguably links in more with the state-dependent theory

Question 29

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving's (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another. The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving's Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used. What does 'context reinstatement' involve?

Answer 29

'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed

Question 30

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving's (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another. The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving's Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used. 'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as what?

Answer 30

'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how an individual was feeling

Question 31

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving's (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another. The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving's Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used. 'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via what?

Answer 31

'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects

Question 32

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving's (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another. The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving's Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used. 'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example what?

Answer 32

'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example: 1. Returning to the scene of the crime and picturing how it smelt, what could be heard, ect 2. Sequencing elements

Question 33

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving's (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another. The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving's Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used. 'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example returning to the scene of the crime and picturing how it smelt, what could be heard, ect, and sequencing elements, like what?

Answer 33

'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example: 1. Returning to the scene of the crime and picturing how it smelt, what could be heard, ect 2. Sequencing elements, like what you were doing at the time

Question 34

The cognitive interview (CI) is based on Tulving's (1974) idea that there are several retrieval paths to each memory and information not available through one pathway may be accessible through another. The cognitive interview (CI) also involves Tulving's Encoding Specifity theory, which suggests that memory traces are made up of several features and to enhance recall, as many retrieval cues as possible should be used. 'Context reinstatement' involves emotional elements of an event witnessed, such as how and individual was feeling, which work via state-dependent effects, for example returning to the scene of the crime and picturing how it smelt, what could be heard, ect, and sequencing elements, like what you were doing at the time. The final component of the cognitive interview (CI), 'reporting everything,' works on what basis?

Answer 34

The final component of the cognitive interview (CI), 'reporting everything,' works on the basis that even seemingly trivial details can trigger more important memories

Question 35

Standard police interview (SPI)

Answer 35

The standard police interview (SPI) is the established method of police questioning

Question 36

Limitations of the cognitive interview (CI): | 1. Why is the cognitive interview more difficult to conduct than the standard police interview?

Answer 36

The cognitive interview is more difficult to conduct than the standard police interview, because it: 1. Takes longer 2. Is harder for the interviewer to conduct

Question 37

Limitations of the cognitive interview (CI): 1. The cognitive interview is more difficult to conduct than the standard police interview, because it takes longer and it is harder for the interviewer to conduct. 2. The cognitive interview is only useful for who?

Answer 37

The cognitive interview is only useful for cooperative interviewees

Question 38

Who (what year) reviewed memory literature?

Answer 38

Fisher and Geiselman (1992) reviewed memory literature

Question 39

Fisher and Geiselman (1992) reviewed memory literature and found what?

Answer 39

Fisher and Geiselman (1992) reviewed memory literature and found that people remember things better if they're given retrieval cues

Question 40

AO3: | Who (what year) investigated how age affects recall?

Answer 40

Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall

Question 41

AO3: | Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall and found what?

Answer 41

Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall and found that the older the participant, the: 2. Less complete 2. Less accurate the recall

Question 42

AO3: Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall and found that the older the participant (how many years old), the less complete and less accurate the recall?

Answer 42

Wright and Holliday (2007) investigated how age affects recall and found that the older the participant (75 to 95 years old), the: 2. Less complete 2. Less accurate the recall

Question 43

Who (what year) found that the cognitive interview (CI) procedure produced more accurate, detailed memories than what?

Answer 43

Geiselman et al. (1985) found that the cognitive interview (CI) procedure produced more accurate, detailed memories than: 1. The standard police interview (SPI) technique 2. Interviews conducted under hypnosis

Question 44

Geiselman et al. (1985) found that the cognitive interview (CI) procedure produced more accurate, detailed memories than the standard police interview (SPI) technique and interviews conducted under hypnosis, suggesting what?

Answer 44

Geiselman et al. (1985) found that the cognitive interview (CI) procedure produced more accurate, detailed memories than: 1. The standard police interview (SPI) technique 2. Interviews conducted under hypnosis ,suggesting that the technique is relatively effective

Question 45

Who (what year) found that the cognitive interview (CI) works best when used within a short time following a crime rather than a long time afterwards?

Answer 45

Geiselman and Fisher (1997) found that the cognitive interview (CI) works best when used within a short time following a crime rather than a long time afterwards

Question 46

Geiselman and Fisher (1997) found that the cognitive interview (CI) works best when used within a short time following a crime rather than a long time afterwards, suggesting recall is enhanced best when?

Answer 46

Geiselman and Fisher (1997) found that the cognitive interview (CI) works best when used within a short time following a crime rather than a long time afterwards, suggesting recall is enhanced best when cognitive interviews are conducted immediately after an incident has occurred

Question 47

Who (what year) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies?

Answer 47

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies

Question 48

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing what?

Answer 48

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing: 1. Cognitive interviews 2. Standard police interviews

Question 49

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding what?

Answer 49

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced: 1. More accurate detail ,but also 2. More inaccurate detail

Question 50

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail. No what differences were found?

Answer 50

No age differences were found

Question 51

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail. No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were what?

Answer 51

No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were personally involved in the event being witnessed

Question 52

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail. No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were personally involved in the event being witnessed. The amount of correct detail produced seemed to decline the longer what?

Answer 52

The amount of correct detail produced seemed to decline the longer a cognitive interview was conducted after an event had occurred

Question 53

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail. No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were personally involved in the event being witnessed. The amount of correct detail produced seemed to decline the longer a cognitive interview was conducted after an event had occurred. What does this suggest?

Answer 53

This suggests that the cognitive interview is relatively effective

Question 54

Kohnken et al. (1999) conducted a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing cognitive interviews and standard police interviews, finding that cognitive interviews produced more accurate detail, but also more inaccurate detail. No age differences were found, but recall was enhanced when witnesses were personally involved in the event being witnessed. The amount of correct detail produced seemed to decline the longer a cognitive interview was conducted after an event had occurred. This suggests that the cognitive interview is relatively effective, but what?

Answer 54

This suggests that the cognitive interview is relatively effective, but: 1. Should be conducted immediately after an event 2. Ways of reducing the production of inaccurate information need to be explored

Question 55

Who (what year) found the what components of the cognitive interview to be the key techniques in gaining accurate, detailed recall?

Answer 55

Milne and Bull (2002) found the: 1. 'Context reinstatement' 2. 'Report everything' components of the cognitive interview to be the key techniques in gaining accurate, detailed recall

Question 56

Milne and Bull (2002) found the 'context reinstatement' and the 'report everything' components of the cognitive interview to be the key techniques in gaining accurate, detailed recall, which suggests what?

Answer 56

Milne and Bull (2002) found the: 1. 'Context reinstatement' 2. 'Report everything' components of the cognitive interview to be the key techniques in gaining accurate, detailed recall, which suggests that modified versions of the cognitive interview should concentrate on these features

Question 57

The cognitive interview (CI) is a procedure for police questioning and interviews of witnesses that promotes accurate, detailed recall of events by doing what?

Answer 57

The cognitive interview (CI) is a procedure for police: 1. Questioning 2. Interviews of witnesses that promotes accurate, detailed recall of events by encouraging them to recreate the original context in order to increase the accessibility of stored information