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A Level AQA Psychology COPY > 3.5: Short-term separation > Flashcards

3.5: Short-term separation Flashcards

1
Q

Bowlby’s theory of monotropy believes that healthy psychological development is dependent upon what?

A

Bowlby’s theory of monotropy believes that healthy psychological development is dependent upon attachments forming between:

  1. Infants
  2. Their mothers
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2
Q

Bowlby’s theory of monotropy believes that healthy psychological development is dependent upon attachments forming between infants and their mothers.
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis (MDH) explains what happens if what?

A

Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis (MDH) explains what happens if these attachments are broken

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3
Q

Bowlby’s theory of monotropy believes that healthy psychological development is dependent upon attachments forming between infants and their mothers.
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis (MDH) explains what happens if these attachments are broken.
Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in what?

A

Bowlby argues that disruption of the attachment bond, even short-term disruptions, results in serious and permanent damage to a child’s:

  1. Emotional
  2. Social
  3. Intellectual
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4
Q

The best way to examine the validity of Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis (MDH) is to assess the effects of disruption to infants’ attachments and see if Bowlby’s predictions are true.
How can disruptions occur?

A

Disruptions can occur in 3 basic ways:

  1. Short-term separation
  2. Long-term deprivation
  3. Privation
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5
Q

Separation

A

Separation is short-term disruption of an attachment bond

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6
Q

Deprivation

A

Deprivation is long-term disruption of an attachment bond

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7
Q

Privation

A

Privation is never having the opportunity to form an attachment bond

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8
Q

What does short-term separation consist of?

A

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures

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9
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like what?

A 
Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like:
1. Attending day care
2. Being left with a babysitter
Or,
3. A short period of hospitalisation
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10
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Who (what year) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves?

A

Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves

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11
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
What is the PDD model?

A

The PDD model is:

  1. Protest
  2. Despair
  3. Detachment
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12
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Protest:
What does the immediate reaction to separation involve?

A

The immediate reaction to separation involves:
1. Crying
2. Screaming
3. Kicking
4. Struggling to escape
Or,
5. Clinging to the mother to prevent her leaving

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13
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Protest:
The immediate reaction to separation involves crying, screaming, kicking, struggling to escape or clinging to the mother to prevent her leaving.
What is this an outward, direct expression of?

A

This is an outward, direct expression of the child’s:

  1. Fear
  2. Bitterness
  3. Confusion
  4. Anger
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14
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Despair:
Protest is replaced by what behaviour?

A

Protest is replaced by:
1. Calmer
2. More apathetic
behaviour

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15
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Despair:
Protest is replaced by calmer, more apathetic behaviour, but what?

A

Protest is replaced by calmer, more apathetic behaviour, but
1. Anger
2. Fear
are still felt inwardly

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16
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Despair:
Protest is replaced by calmer, more apathetic behaviour, but anger and fear are still felt inwardly.
How does the child often seem?

A

The child often seems:

  1. Withdrawn
  2. Uninterested in anything
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17
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Despair:
Protest is replaced by calmer, more apathetic behaviour, but anger and fear are still felt inwardly.
The child often seems withdrawn and uninterested in anything and refuses what?

A

The child:

  1. Often seems withdrawn and uninterested in anything
  2. Refuses others’ offers of comfort
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18
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Despair:
Protest is replaced by calmer, more apathetic behaviour, but anger and fear are still felt inwardly.
The child often seems withdrawn and uninterested in anything and refuses others’ offers of comfort.
Instead, what does the child do?

A

Instead, the child comforts itself

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19
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Despair:
Protest is replaced by calmer, more apathetic behaviour, but anger and fear are still felt inwardly.
The child often seems withdrawn and uninterested in anything and refuses others’ offers of comfort.
Instead, the child comforts itself, for example by doing what?

A

Instead, the child comforts itself, for example by sucking their thumb

20
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Detachment:
If separation continues, what happens?

A

If separation continues, the child will start to engage with other people again

21
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Detachment:
If separation continues, the child will start to engage with other people again, but does what?

A

If separation continues, the child:
1. Will start to engage with other people again
,but
2. Treats everyone warily

22
Q

Short-term separation consists of brief, temporary separations from attachment figures, like attending day care, being left with a babysitter or a short period of hospitalisation.
Bowlby (1969) described the distress caused by short-term separation in terms of the PDD model, the 3 stages babies go through when a caregiver leaves.
The PDD model is protest, despair and detachment.
Detachment:
If separation continues, the child will start to engage with other people again, but treats everyone warily.
The child will reject the caregiver on their return and show what?

A

The child will:

  1. Reject the caregiver on their return
  2. Show strong signs of anger
23
Q

Who (what year) studied the effects of separation in the 1960s?

A

Robertson and Robertson (1971) studied the effects of separation in the 1960s

24
Q

Robertson and Robertson (1971) studied the effects of separation in the 1960s.
One of the most well known cases is that of John, aged 17 months, who had a close and stable relationship with his mother.
John experienced extreme distress while spending 9 days in a residential nursery while his mother was in hospital having a baby.
On his mother’s return, John was confused and struggled to get away from her.
The negative effects of this separation were evident even years later.
John had appeared to go through the 3 stages of the PDD model, suffering serious, irreversible damage, lending support to Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis.

A

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25
Q

Douglas (1975) found that separations of less than a week for children below 4 years of age were correlated with behavioural difficulties, giving further support to Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis

A

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26
Q

Quinton and Rutter (1976) found greater behavioural problems in samples of adolescents separated briefly from attachment figures before 5 years of age through hospitalisation, than among adolescents who weren’t hospitalised, supporting Bowlby’s prediction of long-term developmental damage

A

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27
Q

Separation is short-term disruption of an attachment bond.

When does this only become an issue for development?

A

This only becomes an issue for development if the child is deprived

28
Q

Separation is short-term disruption of an attachment bond.
This only becomes an issue for development if the child is deprived.
Brief separations are not significant for development, but what can extended separations lead to?

A
  1. Brief separations are not significant for development
    ,but
  2. Extended separations can lead to deprivation
29
Q

The critical period:

Bowlby saw the first how many months of life as a critical period for psychological development?

A

Bowlby saw the first 30 months of life as a critical period for psychological development

30
Q

The critical period:
Bowlby saw the first 30 months of life as a critical period for psychological development.
If a child is separated from their mother in the absence of suitable substitute care and so is deprived of her emotional care for an extended period during this critical period, then what was inevitable?

A

If a child is separated from their mother in the absence of suitable substitute care and so is deprived of her emotional care for an extended period during this critical period, then psychological damage was inevitable

31
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development.
Intellectual development:
One way in which maternal deprivation affects children’s development is their intellectual development.
Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period, they would suffer mental what?

A

Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period, they would suffer mental retardation

32
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development.
Intellectual development:
One way in which maternal deprivation affects children’s development is their intellectual development.
Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period, they would suffer mental retardation, characterised by what?

A

Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period, they would suffer mental retardation, characterised by abnormally low IQ

33
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development.
Intellectual development:
One way in which maternal deprivation affects children’s development is their intellectual development.
Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period, they would suffer mental retardation, characterised by abnormally low IQ.
Where has this been demonstrated?

A

This has been demonstrated in studies of adoption

34
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development.
Intellectual development:
One way in which maternal deprivation affects children’s development is their intellectual development.
Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period, they would suffer mental retardation, characterised by abnormally low IQ.
This has been demonstrated in studies of adoption.
Example

A

For example, Goldfarb (1947) found lower IQ in children who:

  1. Had remained in institutions as opposed to those who were fostered
  2. Thus had a higher standard of emotional care
35
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development.
Emotional development:
A second major way in which being deprived of a mother figure’s emotional care affects children is in their emotional development.
Bowlby identified affectionless psychopathy as the inability to experience what?

A 
Bowlby identified affectionless psychopathy as the inability to experience:
1. Guilt
Or,
2. Strong emotion
for others
36
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development.
Emotional development:
A second major way in which being deprived of a mother figure’s emotional care affects children is in their emotional development.
Bowlby identified affectionless psychopathy as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others.
What does this do?

A

This prevents the person developing normal relationships

37
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development.
Emotional development:
A second major way in which being deprived of a mother figure’s emotional care affects children is in their emotional development.
Bowlby identified affectionless psychopathy as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others.
This prevents the person developing normal relationships and is associated with what?

A

This:

  1. Prevents the person developing normal relationships
  2. Is associated with criminality
38
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development.
Emotional development:
A second major way in which being deprived of a mother figure’s emotional care affects children is in their emotional development.
Bowlby identified affectionless psychopathy as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others.
This prevents the person developing normal relationships and is associated with criminality.
Why do affectionless psychopaths lack remorse for their actions?

A

Affectionless psychopaths lack remorse for their actions, because they cannot appreciate the feelings of victims

39
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development.
What did Bowlby’s 44 thieves study find?

A

Bowlby’s 44 thieves study found that the long-term effects of separation included:

  1. Affectionless psychopathy
  2. Anaclitic depression
  3. Deprivation dwarfism
40
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development
Bowlby’s 44 thieves study found that the long-term effects of separation included affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression and deprivation dwarfism.
What does anaclitic depression involve?

A

Anaclitic depression involves:

  1. Appetite loss
  2. Sleeplessness
  3. Impaired social and intellectual development
41
Q

Effects on development - Intellectual development and emotional development
Bowlby’s 44 thieves study found that the long-term effects of separation included affectionless psychopathy, anaclitic depression and deprivation dwarfism.
What does deprivation dwarfism mean?

A

Deprivation dwarfism means being physically underdeveloped, due to emotional deprivation

42
Q

Goldfarb (1947) compared 2 groups of children in an orphanage.
One group of 15 children stayed in the orphanage for a few months, but then were fostered.
The second group of children remained in the orphanage until they were 2 or 3 years old.
Both groups were tested at 12 years old and the second group of children scored less well on IQ tests, were more aggressive and not as socially advanced

A

k

43
Q

Evaluation:
Robertson and Robertson (1971) took children facing short-term separations into their own home, providing them with an alternative attachment and a normal home routine and found this prevented the severe psychological damage, such as that seen with John.
This suggests that negative outcomes are not inevitable, lessening support for Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis

A

k

44
Q

Evaluation:
Much evidence linking short-term separation to negative outcomes is correlational and doesn’t show causality.
Kagan et al. (1978) found no direct causal link between separation and later emotional and behavioural difficulties

A

k

45
Q

Evaluation:
Barrett (1997) argued that individual differences in reactions to short-term separation are important.
For instance, securely attached children and more mature children cope better with separations, which suggests that only some children experience distress

A

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A Level AQA Psychology COPY (145 decks)

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