2.1: The MSM and the sensory register (SR)

Question 1

The multi-store model (MSM)

Answer 1

The multi-store model (MSM) is an explanation of memory that sees information as flowing through a series of storage systems

Question 2

The multi-store model (MSM) is an explanation of memory that sees information as flowing through a series of storage systems.
The multi-store model also describes how information is what?

Answer 2

The multi-store model also describes how information is:

1. Remembered
2. Forgottend

Question 3

The multi-store model (MSM) is an explanation of memory that sees information as flowing through a series of storage systems.
The multi-store model also describes how information is remembered and how it is forgotten.
The multi-store model suggests that memory is made up of what, linked by processing?

Answer 3

The multi-store model suggests that memory is made up of 3 stores, linked by processing

Question 4

The multi-store model (MSM) was devised by who?

Answer 4

The multi-store model (MSM) was devised by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Question 5

The multi-store model (MSM) was devised by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin, when?

Answer 5

The multi-store model (MSM) was devised by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968

Question 6

What was the first cognitive explanation of memory?

Answer 6

The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory

Question 7

The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory.
Previous to the multi-store model, psychologists had mainly tried to study and explain memory through what means?

Answer 7

Previous to the multi-store model, psychologists had mainly tried to study and explain memory through biological means

Question 8

The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory.
Previous to the multi-store model, psychologists had mainly tried to study and explain memory through biological means.
The multi-store model explains how information flows through a series of storage systems, with 3 what structures in memory?

Answer 8

The multi-store model explains how information flows through a series of storage systems, with 3 permanent structures in memory, the:

1. Sensory register (SR)
2. Short-term memory (STM)
3. Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 9

The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory.
Previous to the multi-store model, psychologists had mainly tried to study and explain memory through biological means.
The multi-store model explains how information flows through a series of storage systems, with 3 permanent structures in memory - the sensory register (SR), the short-term memory (STM) and the long-term memory (LTM).
Each stage differs in terms of what?

Answer 9

Each stage differs in terms of:

1. Coding
2. Capacity
3. Duration

Question 10

Coding

Answer 10

Coding is the format in which information is stored in the various memory stores

Question 11

Capacity

Answer 11

Capacity is the amount of information that can be held in a memory store

Question 12

Duration

Answer 12

Duration is the length of time information can be held in memory

Question 13

Sensory register (SR)

Answer 13

The sensory register (SR) is a short-duration store holding impressions of information received by each of our 5 senses

Question 14

The sensory register (SR) is a short-duration store holding impressions of information received by each of our 5 senses, such as what?

Answer 14

The sensory register (SR) is a short-duration store holding impressions of information received by each of our 5 senses, such as:

1. Vision (iconic store)
2. Hearing (echoic store)

Question 15

The sensory register (SR) is a short-duration store holding impressions of information received by each of our 5 senses, such as vision (iconic store) and hearing (echoic store).
What is coding in the iconic sensory register?

Answer 15

Coding in the iconic sensory register is visual

Question 16

The sensory register (SR) is a short-duration store holding impressions of information received by each of our 5 senses, such as vision (iconic store) and hearing (echoic store).
What is coding in the echoic sensory register?

Answer 16

Coding in the echoic sensory register is acoustic

Question 17

Who has the worst case of amnesia ever known?

Answer 17

Clive Wearing has the worst case of amnesia ever known

Question 18

Information gathered by the sense organs does what?

Answer 18

Information gathered by the sense organs enters the sensory register

Question 19

Information gathered by the sense organs enters the sensory register.
Only the small amount of information what passes to where?

Answer 19

Only the small amount of information paid attention to passes to the short-term memory

Question 20

Information gathered by the sense organs enters the sensory register.
Only the small amount of information paid attention to passes to the short-term memory for what?

Answer 20

Only the small amount of information paid attention to passes to the short-term memory for further processing

Question 21

Information gathered by the sense organs enters the sensory register.
Only the small amount of information paid attention to passes to the short-term memory for further processing.
What happens to the rest of the information?

Answer 21

The rest of the information is lost very quickly

Question 22

Information gathered by the sense organs enters the sensory register.
Only the small amount of information paid attention to passes to the short-term memory for further processing.
The rest of the information is lost very quickly.
Information in short-term memory that is what (thought about), mainly through what, transfers to where?

Answer 22

Information in short-term memory that is actively processed enough (thought about), mainly through rehearsal, transfers to long-term memory

Question 23

Information gathered by the sense organs enters the sensory register.
Only the small amount of information paid attention to passes to the short-term memory for further processing.
The rest of the information is lost very quickly.
Information in short-term memory that is actively processed enough (thought about), mainly through rehearsal, transfers to long-term memory for what?

Answer 23

Information in short-term memory that is actively processed enough (thought about), mainly through rehearsal, transfers to long-term memory for more permanent storage

Question 24

Who can remember all events after her 5th birthday?

Answer 24

Jill Price can remember all events after her 5th birthday

Question 25

The sensory register holds information in a relatively what form for fractions of a second after what is no longer available?

Answer 25

The sensory register holds information in a relatively unprocessed form for fractions of a second after the physical stimulus is no longer available

Question 26

The sensory register suggests that we gather information from the outside world via our senses and if we don’t use this information how, it will be lost through what?

Answer 26

The sensory register suggests that we gather information from the outside world via our senses and if we don’t use this information:
1. Consciously
2. Immediately
,it will be lost through decay

Question 27

Encoding

Answer 27

Encoding is that information goes in which is then changed to a:
1. Language
Or,
2. Code
that the brain understands

Question 28

Storage

Answer 28

Storage is holding the information in a place until it is required

Question 29

Retrieval

Answer 29

Retrieval is getting the information out from storage in order to use it

Question 30

Encoding is that information goes in which is then changed to a language or code that the brain understands.
Storage is holding the information in a place until it is required.
Retrieval is getting the information out from storage in order to use it.
If any one of these processes fail, what will fail?

Answer 30

If any one of these processes fail, memory will fail

Question 31

The sensory register is limited in capacity, because you can only hold the information you have gathered through a what?

Answer 31

The sensory register is limited in capacity, because you can only hold the information you have gathered through a sense

Question 32

All of our senses have a what within the sensory register?

Answer 32

All of our senses have a separate store within the sensory register

Question 33

The sensory memory is not under what control?

Answer 33

The sensory memory is not under cognitive control

Question 34

The sensory memory is not under cognitive control, but is an automatic response to what?

Answer 34

The sensory memory is not under cognitive control, but is an automatic response to the reception of sensory information by the sense organs

Question 35

The sensory memory is not under cognitive control, but is an automatic response to the reception of sensory information by the sense organs and is the first what system within what?

Answer 35

The sensory memory is:

1. Not under cognitive control, but is an automatic response to the reception of sensory information by the sense organs
2. The first storage system within the multi-store model (MSM)

Question 36

The sensory memory is not under cognitive control, but is an automatic response to the reception of sensory information by the sense organs and is the first storage system within the multi-store model (MSM).
All information contained within the long-term memory (LTM) will have originally done what?

Answer 36

All information contained within the long-term memory (LTM) will have originally passed through the sensory memory

Question 37

The sensory memory is not under cognitive control, but is an automatic response to the reception of sensory information by the sense organs and is the first storage system within the multi-store model (MSM).
All information contained within the long-term memory (LTM) will have originally passed through the sensory memory, though in a what form?

Answer 37

All information contained within the long-term memory (LTM) will have originally passed through the sensory memory, though in an unprocessed form

Question 38

A stimulus from the what, for example the sound of someone’s name, will pass into the sensory memory along with lots of other sights, sounds, smells, ect?

Answer 38

A stimulus from the environment, for example the sound of someone's name, will pass into the sensory memory along with lots of other:
1. Sights
2. Sounds
3. Smells
,ect

Question 39

A stimulus from the environment, for example the sound of someone’s name, will pass into the sensory memory along with lots of other sights, sounds, smells, ect.
So the sensory memory is not one store, but several, one for each of our what?

Answer 39

So the sensory memory is not one store, but several, one for each of our 5 senses:

1. Sight
2. Hearing
3. Smell
4. Taste
5. Touch

Question 40

A stimulus from the environment, for example the sound of someone’s name, will pass into the sensory memory along with lots of other sights, sounds, smells, ect.
So the sensory memory is not one store, but several, one for each of our 5 senses - Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
The 2 main stores in sensory memory are what?

Answer 40

The 2 main stores in sensory memory are:

1. Ionic memory
2. Echoic memory

Question 41

A stimulus from the environment, for example the sound of someone’s name, will pass into the sensory memory along with lots of other sights, sounds, smells, ect.
So the sensory memory is not one store, but several, one for each of our 5 senses - Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
The 2 main stores in sensory memory are iconic memory and echoic memory.
Information is stored in a raw, unprocessed form, with separate sensory stores for different sensory inputs.
The echoic store is for auditory information.
The ionic store is for visual information.
What store is for tactile information (touch)?

Answer 41

The haptic store is for tactile information (touch)

Question 42

A stimulus from the environment, for example the sound of someone’s name, will pass into the sensory memory along with lots of other sights, sounds, smells, ect.
So the sensory memory is not one store, but several, one for each of our 5 senses - Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
The 2 main stores in sensory memory are iconic memory and echoic memory.
Information is stored in a raw, unprocessed form, with separate sensory stores for different sensory inputs.
The echoic store is for auditory information.
The ionic store is for visual information.
The haptic store is for tactile information (touch).
What store is for taste information?

Answer 42

The gustatory store is for taste information

Question 43

A stimulus from the environment, for example the sound of someone’s name, will pass into the sensory memory along with lots of other sights, sounds, smells, ect.
So the sensory memory is not one store, but several, one for each of our 5 senses - Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
The 2 main stores in sensory memory are iconic memory and echoic memory.
Information is stored in a raw, unprocessed form, with separate sensory stores for different sensory inputs.
The echoic store is for auditory information.
The ionic store is for visual information.
The haptic store is for tactile information (touch).
The gustatory store is for taste information.
What store is for smell?

Answer 43

The olfactory store is for smell

Question 44

A stimulus from the environment, for example the sound of someone’s name, will pass into the sensory memory along with lots of other sights, sounds, smells, ect.
So the sensory memory is not one store, but several, one for each of our 5 senses - Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
The 2 main stores in sensory memory are iconic memory and echoic memory.
Information is stored in a raw, unprocessed form, with separate sensory stores for different sensory inputs.
The echoic store is for auditory information.
The ionic store is for visual information.
The haptic store is for tactile information (touch).
The gustatory store is for taste information.
The olfactory store is for smell.
Information that is paid attention to passes onto the short-term memory (STM), while the remainder fades quickly through trace decay, leaving what?

Answer 44

Information that is paid attention to passes onto the short-term memory (STM), while the remainder fades quickly through trace decay, leaving no lasting impression

Question 45

What is the capacity of each sensory memory store?

Answer 45

The capacity of each sensory memory store is:

1. Very large (millions of receptors)
2. Almost unlimited

Question 46

The capacity of each sensory memory store is very large (millions of receptors) and almost unlimited, with the information contained being in a what format?

Answer 46

The capacity of each sensory memory store is very large (millions of receptors) and almost unlimited, with the information contained being in an:
1. Unprocessed
2. Highly detailed
3. Ever-changing
format

Question 47

The capacity of each sensory memory store is very large (millions of receptors) and almost unlimited, with the information contained being in an unprocessed, highly detailed and ever-changing format.
The sensory registers have a high capacity, for example what?

Answer 47

The sensory registers have a high capacity, for example over 100 million cells in one eye

Question 48

The capacity of each sensory memory store is very large (millions of receptors) and almost unlimited, with the information contained being in an unprocessed, highly detailed and ever-changing format.
The sensory registers have a high capacity, for example over 100 million cells in one eye, each doing what?

Answer 48

The sensory registers have a high capacity, for example over 100 million cells in one eye, each storing data

Question 49

The duration of sensory memory is very short, less than what?

Answer 49

The duration of sensory memory is very short, less than half a second

Question 50

The duration of sensory memory is very short, less than half a second.
It seems that all sensory memory stores have limited duration, though the actual duration of each store is not what?

Answer 50

It seems that all sensory memory stores have limited duration, though the actual duration of each store is not constant

Question 51

The duration of sensory memory is very short, less than half a second.
It seems that all sensory memory stores have limited duration, though the actual duration of each store is not constant, with what?

Answer 51

It seems that all sensory memory stores have limited duration, though the actual duration of each store is not constant, with different types of information within each store decaying at different rates

Question 52

The duration of sensory memory is very short, less than half a second.
It seems that all sensory memory stores have limited duration, though the actual duration of each store is not constant, with different types of information within each store decaying at different rates.
Different sensory stores appear to have different capacities and there is some evidence that duration does what with age?

Answer 52

Different sensory stores appear to have different capacities and there is some evidence that duration decreases with age

Question 53

Research for coding in the sensory memory:
Who (what year) found that the sensory memory only retains information in the iconic store for how long, but for how long within the echoic store?

Answer 53

Crowder (1993) found that the sensory memory only retains information:
1. In the iconic store for a few milliseconds
,but for
2. 2 to 3 seconds within the echoic store

Question 54

Research for coding in the sensory memory:
Crowder (1993) found that the sensory memory only retains information in the iconic store for a few milliseconds, but for 2 to 3 seconds within the echoic store, which supports the idea of sensory information being coded into what?

Answer 54

Crowder (1993) found that the sensory memory only retains information:
1. In the iconic store for a few milliseconds
,but for
2. 2 to 3 seconds within the echoic store
,which supports the idea of sensory information being coded into different sensory stores

Question 55

Research for coding in the sensory memory:
Crowder (1993) found that the sensory memory only retains information in the iconic store for a few milliseconds, but for 2 to 3 seconds within the echoic store, which supports the idea of sensory information being coded into different sensory stores.
It also suggests that they have different what?

Answer 55

It also suggests that they have different durations

Question 56

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:

Who (what year) flashed a what grid of letters onto a screen for how long?

Answer 56

Sperling (1960) flashed a 3 x 4 grid of letters onto a screen for 1/20th of a second

Question 57

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:

Sperling (1960) flashed a 3 x 4 grid of letters onto a screen for 1/20th of a second and asked participants to do what?

Answer 57

Sperling (1960):

1. Flashed a 3 x 4 grid of letters onto a screen for 1/20th of a second
2. Asked participants to recall the letters of one row

Question 58

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:
Sperling (1960) flashed a 3 x 4 grid of letters onto a screen for 1/20th of a second and asked participants to recall the letters of one row.
As the information would fade very quickly, Sperling sounded what to indicate which row had to be recalled (1st, 2nd or 3rd)?

Answer 58

As the information would fade very quickly, Sperling sounded different tones (high, medium or low) to indicate which row had to be recalled (1st, 2nd or 3rd)

Question 59

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:
Sperling (1960) flashed a 3 x 4 grid of letters onto a screen for 1/20th of a second and asked participants to recall the letters of one row.
As the information would fade very quickly, Sperling sounded different tones (high, medium or low) to indicate which row had to be recalled (1st, 2nd or 3rd).
Recall of what was high?

Answer 59

Recall of letters in the indicated row was high

Question 60

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:
Sperling (1960) flashed a 3 x 4 grid of letters onto a screen for 1/20th of a second and asked participants to recall the letters of one row.
As the information would fade very quickly, Sperling sounded different tones (high, medium or low) to indicate which row had to be recalled (1st, 2nd or 3rd).
Recall of letters in the indicated row was high, which suggests what?

Answer 60

Recall of letters in the indicated row was high, which suggests that all the information was originally there

Question 61

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:
Sperling (1960) flashed a 3 x 4 grid of letters onto a screen for 1/20th of a second and asked participants to recall the letters of one row.
As the information would fade very quickly, Sperling sounded different tones (high, medium or low) to indicate which row had to be recalled (1st, 2nd or 3rd).
Recall of letters in the indicated row was high, which suggests that all the information was originally there, indicating that the capacity of the sensory memory (especially for what) is what?

Answer 61

Recall of letters in the indicated row was high, which suggests that all the information was originally there, indicating that the capacity of the sensory memory (especially for the iconic store) is quite large

Question 62

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:

Who (what year) reported a what basis to sensory memory capacity?

Answer 62

Javitt et al. (1996) reported a biological basis to sensory memory capacity

Question 63

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:
Javitt et al. (1996) reported a biological basis to sensory memory capacity, because the capacity of the iconic and echoic stores was found to be related to what?

Answer 63

Javitt et al. (1996) reported a biological basis to sensory memory capacity, because the capacity of the:
1. Iconic
2. Echoic
stores was found to be related to the efficiency of the nervous system

Question 64

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:
Javitt et al. (1996) reported a biological basis to sensory memory capacity, because the capacity of the iconic and echoic stores was found to be related to the efficiency of the nervous system, which suggests that there are what differences in sensory memory capacity?

Answer 64

Javitt et al. (1996) reported a biological basis to sensory memory capacity, because the capacity of the:
1. Iconic
2. Echoic
stores was found to be related to the efficiency of the nervous system, which suggests that there are individual differences in sensory memory capacity

Question 65

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:

Calculating the capacity of sensory memory stores often involves experiments where participants have to do what?

Answer 65

Calculating the capacity of sensory memory stores often involves experiments where participants have to evaluate cues that suggest a change in random wave patterns

Question 66

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:
Calculating the capacity of sensory memory stores often involves experiments where participants have to evaluate cues that suggest a change in random wave patterns.
However, these only provide what?

Answer 66

These only provide estimates of capacity

Question 67

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:
Calculating the capacity of sensory memory stores often involves experiments where participants have to evaluate cues that suggest a change in random wave patterns.
However, these only provide estimates of capacity and are highly what in nature?

Answer 67

These only provide estimates of capacity and are highly artificial in nature

Question 68

Research for capacity of the sensory memory:
Calculating the capacity of sensory memory stores often involves experiments where participants have to evaluate cues that suggest a change in random wave patterns.
However, these only provide estimates of capacity and are highly artificial in nature and therefore lack in what?

Answer 68

These:

1. Only provide estimates of capacity
2. Are highly artificial in nature
3. Therefore lack in mundane realism

Question 69

Research for duration of the sensory memory:

Who (what year) found that the iconic sensory store has an average duration of what?

Answer 69

Walsh and Thompson (1978) found that the iconic sensory store has an average duration of 500 milliseconds

Question 70

Research for duration of the sensory memory:
Walsh and Thompson (1978) found that the iconic sensory store has an average duration of 500 milliseconds, which does what as individuals get older?

Answer 70

Walsh and Thompson (1978) found that the iconic sensory store has an average duration of 500 milliseconds, which decreases as individuals get older

Question 71

Research for duration of the sensory memory:
Walsh and Thompson (1978) found that the iconic sensory store has an average duration of 500 milliseconds, which decreases as individuals get older.
This suggests that duration of sensory memories is what?

Answer 71

This suggests that duration of sensory memories is:

1. Limited
2. Dependent on age

Question 72

Research for duration of the sensory memory:

Who (what year) presented identical auditory messages to both ears of participants?

Answer 72

Treisman (1964) presented identical auditory messages to both ears of participants

Question 73

Research for duration of the sensory memory:

Treisman (1964) presented identical auditory messages to both ears of participants, with what between presentations?

Answer 73

Treisman (1964) presented identical auditory messages to both ears of participants, with a slight delay between presentations

Question 74

Research for duration of the sensory memory:
Treisman (1964) presented identical auditory messages to both ears of participants, with a slight delay between presentations.
Participants noticed the messages were identical if the delay was what?

Answer 74

Participants noticed the messages were identical if the delay was:
1. 2 seconds
Or,
2. Less

Question 75

Research for duration of the sensory memory:
Treisman (1964) presented identical auditory messages to both ears of participants, with a slight delay between presentations.
Participants noticed the messages were identical if the delay was 2 seconds or less, which suggests that the echoic store has a limited duration of what?

Answer 75

Participants noticed the messages were identical if the delay was:
1. 2 seconds
Or,
2. Less
,which suggests that the echoic store has a limited duration of 2 seconds

Question 76

Research for duration of the sensory memory:
Treisman (1964) presented identical auditory messages to both ears of participants, with a slight delay between presentations.
Participants noticed the messages were identical if the delay was 2 seconds or less, which suggests that the echoic store has a limited duration of 2 seconds, while also illustrating the difference in duration from what?

Answer 76

Participants noticed the messages were identical if the delay was 2 seconds or less, which:
1. Suggests that the echoic store has a limited duration of 2 seconds
,while
2. Also illustrating the difference in duration from the iconic store

Question 77

Research for duration of the sensory memory:

The brief duration of sensory memories is seen as due to their what?

Answer 77

The brief duration of sensory memories is seen as due to their physical traces (engrams) fading quickly

Question 78

Research for duration of the sensory memory:
The brief duration of sensory memories is seen as due to their physical traces (engrams) fading quickly.
This suggests a what explanation for the duration of information within the sensory memory?

Answer 78

This suggests a biological explanation for the duration of information within the sensory memory

Question 79

Research for duration of the sensory memory:

The brief duration of the sensory memory can be understood from a what perspective?

Answer 79

The brief duration of the sensory memory can be understood from an evolutionary perspective

Question 80

Research for duration of the sensory memory:
The brief duration of the sensory memory can be understood from an evolutionary perspective, because people only need to focus on what information with an immediate what?

Answer 80

The brief duration of the sensory memory can be understood from an evolutionary perspective, because people only need to focus on perceptual information with an immediate survival value

Question 81

Research for duration of the sensory memory:
The brief duration of the sensory memory can be understood from an evolutionary perspective, because people only need to focus on perceptual information with an immediate survival value.
Retaining non-useful information does what?

Answer 81

Retaining non-useful information diminishes the ability to do this

Question 82

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
A major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by what?

Answer 82

A major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies

Question 83

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
A major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show what?

Answer 83

A major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that:
1. STM
2. LTM
are indeed qualitatively different

Question 84

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
A major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
Example

Answer 84

For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs

Question 85

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
A major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we do what when we use our LTMs?

Answer 85

For example, Baddeley found that we:
1. Tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs
,but
2. Mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs

Question 86

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
A major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
The strength of this study is that it clearly shows what?

Answer 86

The strength of this study is that it clearly shows that coding in:

1. STM is acoustic
2. LTM is semantic

Question 87

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
A major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
The strength of this study is that it clearly shows that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, so they are what?

Answer 87

The strength of this study is that it clearly shows that coding in:
1. STM is acoustic
2. LTM is semantic
,so they are different

Question 88

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
A major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
The strength of this study is that it clearly shows that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, so they are different and this supports what?

Answer 88

The strength of this study is that it clearly shows that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, so they are different and this supports the MSM’s view that these 2 memory stores are:

1. Separate
2. Independent

Question 89

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a what store?

Answer 89

The MSM states that STM is a unitary store

Question 90

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is what?

Answer 90

The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is only type of short-term memory

Question 91

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is only one type of short-term memory.
However, evidence from who shows that this cannot be true?

Answer 91

Evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true

Question 92

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is only one type of short-term memory.
However, evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
Example

Answer 92

For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF

Question 93

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is only one type of short-term memory.
However, evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF.
They found that KF’s what was very poor when they did what?

Answer 93

They found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him

Question 94

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is only one type of short-term memory.
However, evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF.
They found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to do what?

Answer 94

They found that:
1. KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him
,but
2. His recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself

Question 95

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is only one type of short-term memory.
However, evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF.
They found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be what?

Answer 95

Further studies of:
1. KF
2. Other people with amnesia
showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds

Question 96

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is only one type of short-term memory.
However, evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF.
They found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as what)?

Answer 96

Further studies of:
1. KF
2. Other people with amnesia
showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises)

Question 97

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is only one type of short-term memory.
However, evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF.
They found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least there must be what?

Answer 97

The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least there must be:

1. One short-term store to process visual information
2. Another one to process auditory information

Question 98

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, which means that there is only one type of short-term memory.
However, evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF.
They found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
What includes these separate stores?

Answer 98

The working memory model includes these separate stores

Question 99

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is what?

Answer 99

According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do

Question 100

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a what, for example), the more likely you are to do what?

Answer 100

According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to:

1. Transfer it to LTM
2. Remember it for a long time

Question 101

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, who (what year) found that this prediction is what?

Answer 101

Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong

Question 102

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong.
What really matters about rehearsal is what?

Answer 102

What really matters about rehearsal is the type

Question 103

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong.
What really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are how many types of rehearsal?

Answer 103

Craik and Watkins discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal:

1. Maintenance rehearsal
2. Elaborative rehearsal

Question 104

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong.
What really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is the type described where?

Answer 104

Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM

Question 105

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong.
What really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM, but this does not do what?

Answer 105

Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM, but this does not transfer information into LTM

Question 106

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong.
What really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM, but this does not transfer information into LTM - It just does what, hence the name?

Answer 106

Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM, but this does not transfer information into LTM - It just maintains it in STM, hence the name

Question 107

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong.
What really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM, but this does not transfer information into LTM - It just maintains it in STM, hence the name.
Elaborative rehearsal is needed for what?

Answer 107

Elaborative rehearsal is needed for long-term storage

Question 108

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong.
What really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM, but this does not transfer information into LTM - It just maintains it in STM, hence the name.
Elaborative rehearsal is needed for long-term storage.
This occurs when you do what?

Answer 108

Elaborative rehearsal occurs when you:
1. Link the information to your existing knowledge
Or,
2. Think about what it means

Question 109

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong.
What really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM, but this does not transfer information into LTM - It just maintains it in STM, hence the name.
Elaborative rehearsal is needed for long-term storage.
This occurs when you link the information to your existing knowledge or you think about what it means.
This is a very what limitation of the MSM?

Answer 109

This is a very serious limitation of the MSM

Question 110

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do, so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is wrong.
What really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM, but this does not transfer information into LTM - It just maintains it in STM, hence the name.
Elaborative rehearsal is needed for long-term storage.
This occurs when you link the information to your existing knowledge or you think about what it means.
This is a very serious limitation of the MSM, because it is another what?

Answer 110

This is a very serious limitation of the MSM, because it is another research finding that cannot be explained by the MSM

Question 111

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
In everyday life, we form memories related to all sorts of useful things, like what?

Answer 111

In everyday life, we form memories related to all sorts of useful things, like:
1. People's faces
2. Their names
3. Places
4. Facts
ect

Question 112

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
In everyday life, we form memories related to all sorts of useful things, like people’s faces, their names, places, facts, ect.
However, a lot of the research studies that provide support for the MSM used what?

Answer 112

A lot of the research studies that provide support for the MSM used none of these materials

Question 113

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
In everyday life, we form memories related to all sorts of useful things, like people’s faces, their names, places, facts, ect.
However, a lot of the research studies that provide support for the MSM used none of these materials.
Instead, they used what?

Answer 113

Instead, they used:

1. Digits
2. Letters
3. Sometimes words
4. Even what are known as consonant syllables that have no meaning

Question 114

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
In everyday life, we form memories related to all sorts of useful things, like people’s faces, their names, places, facts, ect.
However, a lot of the research studies that provide support for the MSM used none of these materials.
Instead, they used digits, letters, sometimes words and even what are known as consonant syllables that have no meaning (such as what)?

Answer 114

Instead, they used:

1. Digits
2. Letters
3. Sometimes words
4. Even what are known as consonant syllables that have no meaning (such as ZLG)

Question 115

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
In everyday life, we form memories related to all sorts of useful things, like people’s faces, their names, places, facts, ect.
However, a lot of the research studies that provide support for the MSM used none of these materials.
Instead, they used digits, letters, sometimes words and even what are known as consonant syllables that have no meaning (such as ZLG).
This undermines what?

Answer 115

This undermines:

1. The results of the research studies
2. So the research studies themselves

Question 116

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
In everyday life, we form memories related to all sorts of useful things, like people’s faces, their names, places, facts, ect.
However, a lot of the research studies that provide support for the MSM used none of these materials.
Instead, they used digits, letters, sometimes words and even what are known as consonant syllables that have no meaning (such as ZLG).
This undermines the results of the research studies and so the research studies themselves as it suggests that they have low what?

Answer 116

This undermines the results of the research studies and so the research studies themselves as it suggests that they have low:

1. Ecological validity
2. Mundane realism

Question 117

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
There is a lot of research evidence that LTM, like STM, is not a what?

Answer 117

There is a lot of research evidence that LTM, like STM, is not a unitary memory store

Question 118

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
There is a lot of research evidence that LTM, like STM, is not a unitary memory store.
Example

Answer 118

For example, we have one long-term store for our memories of facts about the world

Question 119

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
There is a lot of research evidence that LTM, like STM, is not a unitary memory store.
For example, we have one long-term store for our memories of facts about the world and we have a different one for our what?

Answer 119

For example, we have:

1. One long-term store for our memories of facts about the world
2. A different one for our memories of how to ride a bicycle

Question 120

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for MSM is the case study of who?

Answer 120

A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM

Question 121

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent what to relieve his what?

Answer 121

HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy

Question 122

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was what?

Answer 122

Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was:

1. In its infancy
2. Not fully understood

Question 123

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, what was removed from both sides of his brain?

Answer 123

Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain

Question 124

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to what?

Answer 124

We now know this to be central to memory function

Question 125

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed when, he thought the year was what?

Answer 125

When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953

Question 126

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was how many years old (he was actually what)?

Answer 126

When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought:

1. The year was 1953
2. That he was 27 years old (he was actually 31)

Question 127

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of what?

Answer 127

HM had very little recall of the operation

Question 128

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember doing what just an hour earlier?

Answer 128

HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier

Question 129

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never did what?

Answer 129

His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice

Question 130

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same what repeatedly without doing what?

Answer 130

HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it

Question 131

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had what earlier the same day?

Answer 131

He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day

Question 132

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of what events that had occurred over the last how many years?

Answer 132

He remembered little of:
1. Personal
2. Public
events that had occurred over the last 45 years

Question 133

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example what) and public events that had occurred over the last 45 years?

Answer 133

He remembered little of:
1. Personal (for example the death of his mother and father)
2. Public
events that had occurred over the last 45 years

Question 134

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example what) that had occurred over the last 45 years?

Answer 134

He remembered little of:
1. Personal (for example the death of his mother and father)
2. Public (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War)
events that had occurred over the last 45 years

Question 135

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his what remains how?

Answer 135

Despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact

Question 136

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on what?

Answer 136

Despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span

Question 137

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
There is a lot of research evidence that LTM, like STM, is not a unitary memory store.
For example, we have one long-term store for our memories of facts about the world and we have a different one for our memories of how to ride a bicycle.
Indeed, what have been identified?

Answer 137

Indeed, different types of LTM have been identified

Question 138

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of what?

Answer 138

Despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of STM

Question 139

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of STM.
The MSM model isn’t what?

Answer 139

The MSM model isn’t:

1. Accurate
2. As effective

Question 140

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of STM.
The MSM model isn’t accurate and as effective, because it fails to do what?

Answer 140

The MSM model isn’t accurate and as effective, because it fails to explain why some people can remember:
1. Certain things
,but
2. Not others

Question 141

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of STM.
The MSM model isn’t accurate and as effective, because it fails to explain why some people can remember certain things, but not others.
HM had what memory, but not what memory?

Answer 141

HM had procedural memory, but not:
1. Semantic
Or,
2. Episodic
memory

Question 142

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of STM.
The MSM model isn’t accurate and as effective, because it fails to explain why some people can remember certain things, but not others.
HM had procedural memory, but not semantic or episodic memory.
However, the case of HM provides supporting evidence for the MSM, because it provides evidence for the STM and LTM being what?

Answer 142

The case of HM provides supporting evidence for the MSM, because it provides evidence for the STM and LTM being:
1. Distinct
2. Different
3. Separate
stores

Question 143

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of STM.
The MSM model isn’t accurate and as effective, because it fails to explain why some people can remember certain things, but not others.
HM had procedural memory, but not semantic or episodic memory.
However, the case of HM provides supporting evidence for the MSM, because it provides evidence for the STM and LTM being distinct, different and separate stores, but you can criticise the what used?

Answer 143

The case of HM provides supporting evidence for the MSM, because it provides evidence for the STM and LTM being:
1. Distinct
2. Different
3. Separate
stores, but you can criticise the methodology used

Question 144

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of STM.
The MSM model isn’t accurate and as effective, because it fails to explain why some people can remember certain things, but not others.
HM had procedural memory, but not semantic or episodic memory.
However, the case of HM provides supporting evidence for the MSM, because it provides evidence for the STM and LTM being distinct, different and separate stores, but you can criticise the methodology used.
This is because it was a what case study of a what individual?

Answer 144

This is because it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual

Question 145

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of STM.
The MSM model isn’t accurate and as effective, because it fails to explain why some people can remember certain things, but not others.
HM had procedural memory, but not semantic or episodic memory.

For:
However, the case of HM provides supporting evidence for the MSM, because it provides evidence for the STM and LTM being distinct, different and separate stores, but you can criticise the methodology used.
This is because it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, therefore this case does not offer what?

Answer 145

This is because it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, therefore this case does not offer good support for the MSM

Question 146

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
A critique for the MSM is the case study of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy.
Unfortunately for him, the procedure used was in its infancy and not fully understood.
Crucially, a part of his brain known as the hippocampus was removed from both sides of his brain.
We now know this to be central to memory function.
When his memory was assessed in 1955, he thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).
HM had very little recall of the operation and he could not remember speaking with someone just an hour earlier.
His LTM was tested over and over again, but never improved with practice.
HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering it.
He couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day.
He remembered little of personal (for example the death of his mother and father) and public events (for example Watergate and the Vietnam War) that had occurred over the last 45 years.
However, despite all of this, his short-term memory remains intact, as he performed well on tests on immediate memory span, a measure of STM.
The MSM model isn’t accurate and as effective, because it fails to explain why some people can remember certain things, but not others.
HM had procedural memory, but not semantic or episodic memory.

For:
However, the case of HM provides supporting evidence for the MSM, because it provides evidence for the STM and LTM being distinct, different and separate stores, but you can criticise the methodology used.
This is because it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, therefore this case does not offer good support for the MSM.
What case study offers better support for the MSM?

Answer 146

The case study of Clive Wearing offers better support for the MSM

Question 147

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The case study of Clive Wearing offers better support for the MSM.
With amnesia, it is apparent that some types of memory remain intact, while other types are what?

Answer 147

With amnesia, it is apparent that some types of memory remain intact, while other types are seriously damaged

Question 148

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The case study of Clive Wearing offers better support for the MSM.
With amnesia, it is apparent that some types of memory remain intact, while other types are seriously damaged.
In some cases, amnesiacs retain what?

Answer 148

In some cases, amnesiacs retain:

1. LTM for events prior to their brain injury
2. STM for events currently taking place

Question 149

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The case study of Clive Wearing offers better support for the MSM.
With amnesia, it is apparent that some types of memory remain intact, while other types are seriously damaged.
In some cases, amnesiacs retain LTM for events prior to their brain injury and STM for events currently taking place, but have no ability to do what?

Answer 149

In some cases, amnesiacs retain:
1. LTM for events prior to their brain injury
2. STM for events currently taking place
,but have no ability to transfer new information from STM to LTM

Question 150

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The case study of Clive Wearing offers better support for the MSM.
With amnesia, it is apparent that some types of memory remain intact, while other types are seriously damaged.
In some cases, amnesiacs retain LTM for events prior to their brain injury and STM for events currently taking place, but have no ability to transfer new information from STM to LTM.
Who had this problem?

Answer 150

Clive Wearing had this problem

Question 151

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The case study of Clive Wearing offers better support for the MSM.
With amnesia, it is apparent that some types of memory remain intact, while other types are seriously damaged.
In some cases, amnesiacs retain LTM for events prior to their brain injury and STM for events currently taking place, but have no ability to transfer new information from STM to LTM.
Clive Wearing had this problem, suggesting that there are what?

Answer 151

Clive Wearing had this problem, suggesting that there are 2 separate memory stores

Question 152

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The case study of Clive Wearing offers better support for the MSM.
With amnesia, it is apparent that some types of memory remain intact, while other types are seriously damaged.
In some cases, amnesiacs retain LTM for events prior to their brain injury and STM for events currently taking place, but have no ability to transfer new information from STM to LTM.
Clive Wearing had this problem, suggesting that there are 2 separate memory stores, making the model what?

Answer 152

Clive Wearing had this problem, suggesting that there are 2 separate memory stores, making the multi-store model more reliable

Question 153

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Who performed the primary and recency effect study when?

Answer 153

Murdock performed the:
1. Primary
2. Recency
effect study in 1962

Question 154

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
What was the aim of Murdock’s study?

Answer 154

The aim of Murdock’s study was to provide evidence to support the multi-store explanation of memory

Question 155

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn what?

Answer 155

The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words

Question 156

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented how?

Answer 156

The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time

Question 157

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for how long?

Answer 157

The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word

Question 158

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word and then do what?

Answer 158

The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to:

1. Learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word
2. Then recall all the words in any order

Question 159

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word and then recall all the words in any order.
The results of Murdock’s study are that what words were recalled first?

Answer 159

The results of Murdock’s study are that the words at the end of the list were recalled first

Question 160

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word and then recall all the words in any order.
The results of Murdock’s study are that the words at the end of the list were recalled first.
This is the what effect?

Answer 160

This is the recency effect

Question 161

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word and then recall all the words in any order.
The results of Murdock’s study are that the words at the end of the list were recalled first.
This is the recency effect.
Which words were also recalled quite well?

Answer 161

Words from the beginning of the list were also recalled quite well

Question 162

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word and then recall all the words in any order.
The results of Murdock’s study are that the words at the end of the list were recalled first.
This is the recency effect.
Words from the beginning of the list were also recalled quite well (the what effect)?

Answer 162

Words from the beginning of the list were also recalled quite well (the primary effect)

Question 163

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word and then recall all the words in any order.
The results of Murdock’s study are that the words at the end of the list were recalled first.
This is the recency effect.
Words from the beginning of the list were also recalled quite well (the primary effect), but the middle words were what?

Answer 163

1. Words from the beginning of the list were also recalled quite well (the primary effect)
   ,but
2. The middle words were not recalled well at all

Question 164

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word and then recall all the words in any order.
The results of Murdock’s study are that the words at the end of the list were recalled first.
This is the recency effect.
Words from the beginning of the list were also recalled quite well (the primary effect), but the middle words were not recalled well at all.
The conclusion of Murdock’s study is that Murdock concluded that this provided evidence for what?

Answer 164

The conclusion of Murdock’s study is that Murdock concluded that this provided evidence for separate:
1. STM
2. LTM
stores

Question 165

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word and then recall all the words in any order.
The results of Murdock’s study are that the words at the end of the list were recalled first.
This is the recency effect.
Words from the beginning of the list were also recalled quite well (the primary effect), but the middle words were not recalled well at all.
The conclusion of Murdock’s study is that Murdock concluded that this provided evidence for separate STM and LTM stores.
Murdock claimed that the recency effect is evidence from what?

Answer 165

Murdock claimed that the recency effect is evidence from the last few words still being in STM

Question 166

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
Murdock performed the primary and recency effect study in 1962.
The method and procedure of Murdock’s study was that participants had to learn a list of words presented one at a time, for 2 seconds per word and then recall all the words in any order.
The results of Murdock’s study are that the words at the end of the list were recalled first.
This is the recency effect.
Words from the beginning of the list were also recalled quite well (the primary effect), but the middle words were not recalled well at all.
The conclusion of Murdock’s study is that Murdock concluded that this provided evidence for separate STM and LTM stores.
Murdock claimed that the recency effect is evidence from the last few words still being in STM and that the primary effect is due to what?

Answer 166

Murdock claimed that the:

1. Recency effect is evidence from the last few words still being in STM
2. Primary effect is due to the first few words flowing into LTM

Question 167

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory and therefore was what?

Answer 167

The multi-store model (MSM):

1. Was the first cognitive explanation of memory
2. Therefore was influential

Question 168

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory and therefore was influential, inspiring what?

Answer 168

The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory and therefore was influential, inspiring:

1. Interest
2. Research

Question 169

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory and therefore was influential, inspiring interest and research and formed the basis for what?

Answer 169

The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory and therefore was influential:

1. Inspiring interest and research
2. Formed the basis for the working memory model

Question 170

The multi-store model evaluation:
For:
The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory and therefore was influential, inspiring interest and research and formed the basis for the working memory model, leading to what?

Answer 170

The multi-store model (MSM) was the first cognitive explanation of memory and therefore was influential:
1. Inspiring interest and research
2. Formed the basis for the working memory model
,leading to a greater understanding of how memory works

Question 171

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The main criticism of the MSM is that it is what?

Answer 171

The main criticism of the MSM is that it is over-simplified

Question 172

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The main criticism of the MSM is that it is over-simplified, because it assumes what?

Answer 172

The main criticism of the MSM is that it is over-simplified, because it assumes that there are single:
1. STM
2. LTM
stores

Question 173

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The main criticism of the MSM is that it is over-simplified, because it assumes that there are single STM and LTM stores.
Research indicates several types of STM, like one for what and one for what?

Answer 173

Research indicates several types of STM, like:
1. One for verbal
2. One for non-verbal
sounds

Question 174

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The main criticism of the MSM is that it is over-simplified, because it assumes that there are single STM and LTM stores.
Research indicates several types of STM, like one for verbal and one for non-verbal sounds and different types of LTM, like what memories?

Answer 174

Research indicates several types of STM, like one for verbal and one for non-verbal sounds and different types of LTM, like:
1. Procedural
2. Episodic
3. Semantic
memories

Question 175

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
Who (what year) believes that memory capacity cannot be measured how?

Answer 175

Cohen (1990) believes that memory capacity cannot be measured purely in terms of the amount of information

Question 176

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
Cohen (1990) believes that memory capacity cannot be measured purely in terms of the amount of information, but rather by what?

Answer 176

Cohen (1990) believes that memory capacity cannot be measured purely in terms of the amount of information, but rather by the nature of the information to be recalled

Question 177

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
Cohen (1990) believes that memory capacity cannot be measured purely in terms of the amount of information, but rather by the nature of the information to be recalled.
Some things are what to recall?

Answer 177

Some things are easier to recall

Question 178

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
Cohen (1990) believes memory capacity cannot be measured purely in terms of the amount of information, but rather by the nature of the information to be recalled.
Some things are easier to recall, regardless of what?

Answer 178

Some things are easier to recall, regardless of the amount to be learned

Question 179

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
Cohen (1990) believes that memory capacity cannot be measured purely in terms of the amount of information, but rather by the nature of the information to be recalled.
Some things are easier to recall, regardless of the amount to be learned and the MSM doesn’t do what?

Answer 179

Some things are easier to recall, regardless of the amount to be learned and the MSM doesn’t consider this

Question 180

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM describes memory in terms of what?

Answer 180

The MSM describes memory in terms of structure

Question 181

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM describes memory in terms of structure, namely what?

Answer 181

The MSM describes memory in terms of structure, namely the:

1. 3 memory stores
2. Processes of attention and verbal rehearsal

Question 182

The multi-store model evaluation:
Against:
The MSM describes memory in terms of structure, namely the 3 memory stores and the processes of attention and verbal rehearsal.
However, the MSM focuses too much on what and not enough on what?

Answer 182

The MSM focuses:

1. Too much on structure
2. Not enough on processes

Question 183

Evaluation of the SR:

What provide good evidence of sensory memories?

Answer 183

After-images of visual events provide good evidence of sensory memories

Question 184

Evaluation of the SR:
After-images of visual events provide good evidence of sensory memories.
The what produced by a moving lighted stick was noted as early as when?

Answer 184

The light trail produced by a moving lighted stick was noted as early as 1740

Question 185

Evaluation of the SR:
After-images of visual events provide good evidence of sensory memories.
The light trail produced by a moving lighted stick was noted as early as 1740.
Such phenomena led to what?

Answer 185

Such phenomena led to early experiments into the sensory register in the 1960s