2.3: Semantic LTM Flashcards
Semantic memory (SM)
Semantic memory (SM) is a type of LTM for:
- Meanings
- Understandings
- Other concept-based knowledge
Memories from the semantic memory store usually need to be what, like episodic memories?
Memories from the semantic memory store usually need to be recalled deliberately, like episodic memories
Semantic LTM is another type of what memory?
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory and contains all knowledge and individual has learned.
The strength of semantic memories, like episodic memories, is what?
The strength of semantic memories, like episodic memories, is positively associated with the degree of processing occurring during coding
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory and contains all knowledge and individual has learned.
The strength of semantic memories, like episodic memories, is positively associated with the degree of processing occurring during coding, though in general semantic memories seem to be what than episodic memories?
The strength of semantic memories, like episodic memories, is positively associated with the degree of processing occurring during coding, though in general semantic memories seem to be better sustained over time than episodic memories
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory and contains all knowledge and individual has learned.
The strength of semantic memories, like episodic memories, is positively associated with the degree of processing occurring during coding, though in general semantic memories seem to be better sustained over time than episodic memories.
Semantic LTMs are linked to what?
Semantic LTMs are linked to episodic LTMs
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory and contains all knowledge and individual has learned.
The strength of semantic memories, like episodic memories, is positively associated with the degree of processing occurring during coding, though in general semantic memories seem to be better sustained over time than episodic memories.
Why are semantic LTMs linked to episodic LTMs?
Semantic LTMs are linked to episodic LTMs, because new knowledge tends to be learned from experiences
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory and contains all knowledge and individual has learned.
The strength of semantic memories, like episodic memories, is positively associated with the degree of processing occurring during coding, though in general semantic memories seem to be better sustained over time than episodic memories.
Semantic LTMs are linked to episodic LTMs, because new knowledge tends to be learned from experiences, with episodic memory therefore what?
Semantic LTMs are linked to episodic LTMs, because new knowledge tends to be learned from experiences, with episodic memory therefore underpinning semantic memory
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory and contains all knowledge and individual has learned.
The strength of semantic memories, like episodic memories, is positively associated with the degree of processing occurring during coding, though in general semantic memories seem to be better sustained over time than episodic memories.
Semantic LTMs are linked to episodic LTMs, because new knowledge tends to be learned from experiences, with episodic memory therefore underpinning semantic memory.
Over time, there will be what?
Over time, there will be a gradual move from: 1. Episodic to 2. Semantic memory
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory and contains all knowledge and individual has learned.
The strength of semantic memories, like episodic memories, is positively associated with the degree of processing occurring during coding, though in general semantic memories seem to be better sustained over time than episodic memories.
Semantic LTMs are linked to episodic LTMs, because new knowledge tends to be learned from experiences, with episodic memory therefore underpinning semantic memory.
Over time, there will be a gradual move from episodic to semantic memory, with knowledge becoming what?
Over time, there will be a gradual move from:
1. Episodic
to
2. Semantic
memory, with knowledge becoming increasingly divorced from the event/experience that it was learned from
There is disagreement over what in semantic LTM?
There is disagreement over which brain areas are involved in semantic LTM
There is disagreement over which brain areas are involved in semantic LTM.
Some evidence suggests what?
Some evidence suggests involvement of:
- The hippocampus
- Related areas
There is disagreement over which brain areas are involved in semantic LTM.
Some evidence suggests involvement of the hippocampus and related areas, while others believe what?
Some evidence suggests involvement of:
1. The hippocampus
2. Related areas
,while others believe that there is usage of several brain areas
There is disagreement over which brain areas are involved in semantic LTM.
Some evidence suggests involvement of the hippocampus and related areas, while others believe that there is usage of several brain areas.
Coding is mainly associated with what?
Coding is mainly associated with the:
1. Frontal
2. Temporal
lobes
Who (what year) created how many what drawings of animals?
Kroenig (2007) created 64: 1. Imaginary ,but 2. Believable drawings of animals
Kroenig (2007) created 64 imaginary, but believable drawings of animals, one of which was what?
Kroenig (2007) created 64: 1. Imaginary ,but 2. Believable drawings of animals, one of which was the prototype for 'crutters'
Kroenig (2007) created 64 imaginary, but believable drawings of animals, one of which was the prototype for ‘crutters.’
What are crutters?
Crutters are animals that share 3 particular features
Kroenig (2007) created 64 imaginary, but believable drawings of animals, one of which was the prototype for ‘crutters’ (animals that share 3 particular features).
Who then had to decide which of the 64 drawings were of what?
- Alzheimer sufferers
- Non-sufferers
then had to decide which of the 64 drawings were of crutters
Kroenig (2007) created 64 imaginary, but believable drawings of animals, one of which was the prototype for ‘crutters’ (animals that share 3 particular features).
Alzheimer sufferers and non-sufferers then had to decide which of the 64 drawings were of crutters.
Participants had to use either what to make their assessments or they based their comparison on what?
Participants had to use either:
2. Direct comparison to make their assessments
Or,
2. They based their comparison on a stated rule that crutters matched the prototype on 3 of the 4 target features
Kroenig (2007) created 64 imaginary, but believable drawings of animals, one of which was the prototype for ‘crutters’ (animals that share 3 particular features).
Alzheimer sufferers and non-sufferers then had to decide which of the 64 drawings were of crutters.
Participants had to use either direct comparison to make their assessments (by doing what based on what) or they based their comparison on a stated rule that crutters matched the prototype on 3 of the 4 target features?
Participants had to use either:
2. Direct comparison to make their assessments (by judging which animals were crutters based on their similarity to the picture of the prototype)
Or,
2. They based their comparison on a stated rule that crutters matched the prototype on 3 of the 4 target features
Kroenig (2007) created 64 imaginary, but believable drawings of animals, one of which was the prototype for ‘crutters’ (animals that share 3 particular features).
Alzheimer sufferers and non-sufferers then had to decide which of the 64 drawings were of crutters.
Participants had to use either direct comparison to make their assessments (by judging which animals were crutters based on their similarity to the picture of the prototype) or they based their comparison on a stated rule that crutters matched the prototype on 3 of the 4 target features.
Alzheimer sufferers were as good as the non-sufferers when using what?
Alzheimer sufferers were as good as the non-sufferers when using direct comparison
Kroenig (2007) created 64 imaginary, but believable drawings of animals, one of which was the prototype for ‘crutters’ (animals that share 3 particular features).
Alzheimer sufferers and non-sufferers then had to decide which of the 64 drawings were of crutters.
Participants had to use either direct comparison to make their assessments (by judging which animals were crutters based on their similarity to the picture of the prototype) or they based their comparison on a stated rule that crutters matched the prototype on 3 of the 4 target features.
Alzheimer sufferers were as good as the non-sufferers when using direct comparison, but what when using the what?
Alzheimer sufferers were:
1. As good as the non-sufferers when using direct comparison
,but
2. Inferior when using the stated rule
Kroenig (2007) created 64 imaginary, but believable drawings of animals, one of which was the prototype for ‘crutters’ (animals that share 3 particular features).
Alzheimer sufferers and non-sufferers then had to decide which of the 64 drawings were of crutters.
Participants had to use either direct comparison to make their assessments (by judging which animals were crutters based on their similarity to the picture of the prototype) or they based their comparison on a stated rule that crutters matched the prototype on 3 of the 4 target features.
Alzheimer sufferers were as good as the non-sufferers when using direct comparison, but inferior when using the stated rule.
Using a stated rule involves what?
Using a stated rule involves higher-level processing
Kroenig (2007) created 64 imaginary, but believable drawings of animals, one of which was the prototype for ‘crutters’ (animals that share 3 particular features).
Alzheimer sufferers and non-sufferers then had to decide which of the 64 drawings were of crutters.
Participants had to use either direct comparison to make their assessments (by judging which animals were crutters based on their similarity to the picture of the prototype) or they based their comparison on a stated rule that crutters matched the prototype on 3 of the 4 target features.
Alzheimer sufferers were as good as the non-sufferers when using direct comparison, but inferior when using the stated rule.
As using a stated rule involves higher-level processing, this suggests that semantic memory what?
As using a stated rule involves higher-level processing, this suggests that semantic memory involves different:
- Processes
- Brain areas
Who (what year) reported on the case study of CL?
Vicari et al. (2007) reported on the case study of CL
Vicari et al. (2007) reported on the case study of CL, who?
Vicari et al. (2007) reported on the case study of CL, an 8 year old girl who suffered brain damage due to the removal of a tumour
Vicari et al. (2007) reported on the case study of CL, an 8 year old girl who suffered brain damage due to the removal of a tumour.
CL demonstrated what?
CL demonstrated deficiencies in her episodic LTM functions
Vicari et al. (2007) reported on the case study of CL, an 8 year old girl who suffered brain damage due to the removal of a tumour.
CL demonstrated deficiencies in her episodic LTM functions, especially in what?
CL demonstrated deficiencies in her episodic LTM functions, especially in creating new episodic memories
Vicari et al. (2007) reported on the case study of CL, an 8 year old girl who suffered brain damage due to the removal of a tumour.
CL demonstrated deficiencies in her episodic LTM functions, especially in creating new episodic memories, but was still able to do what?
CL demonstrated deficiencies in her episodic LTM functions, especially in creating new episodic memories, but was still able to:
1. Create
2. Recall
semantic memories
Vicari et al. (2007) reported on the case study of CL, an 8 year old girl who suffered brain damage due to the removal of a tumour.
CL demonstrated deficiencies in her episodic LTM functions, especially in creating new episodic memories, but was still able to create and recall semantic memories.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that:
1. Episodic
2. Semantic
memory are separate systems using different brain areas
Vicari et al. (2007) reported on the case study of CL, an 8 year old girl who suffered brain damage due to the removal of a tumour.
CL demonstrated deficiencies in her episodic LTM functions, especially in creating new episodic memories, but was still able to create and recall semantic memories.
This suggests that episodic and semantic memory are separate systems using different brain areas, with what associated with episodic memory and what associated with semantic LTM?
This suggests that episodic and semantic memory are separate systems using different brain areas, with the:
- Hippocampus associated with episodic memory
- Perirhinal cortex associated with semantic LTM
Evaluation:
Semantic memory may involve more of what?
Semantic memory may involve more of a network of associated links
Evaluation:
Semantic memory may involve more of a network of associated links performed where?
Semantic memory may involve more of a network of associated links performed in different brain areas
Evaluation:
Semantic memory may involve more of a network of associated links performed in different brain areas, rather than being what?
Semantic memory may involve more of a network of associated links performed in different brain areas, rather than being a single form of memory ability
Evaluation:
Semantic memory may involve more of a network of associated links performed in different brain areas, rather than being a single form of memory ability.
Some links may be what?
Some links may be:
1. Stronger than others
Or,
2. Quicker to access
Evaluation:
Semantic memory may involve more of a network of associated links performed in different brain areas, rather than being a single form of memory ability.
Some links may be stronger than others or quicker to access, explaining what?
Some links may be: 1. Stronger than others Or, 2. Quicker to access ,explaining why some semantic memories appear to be easier to recall than others
Evaluation:
The fact that damage to what can affect what how supports the idea that semantic memory abilities are what?
The fact that damage to different areas of the brain can affect semantic memory abilities differently supports the idea that semantic memory abilities are spread throughout brain structures
Evaluation:
The fact that damage to different areas of the brain can affect semantic memory abilities differently supports the idea that semantic memory abilities are spread throughout brain structures, whilst also supporting the idea that semantic memory may what?
The fact that damage to different areas of the brain can affect semantic memory abilities differently supports the idea that semantic memory abilities are spread throughout brain structures, whilst also supporting the idea that semantic memory may:
- Consist of several interrelated memory abilities
- Therefore not be a single type of memory
The semantic memory store contains our knowledge of the world.
Examples of semantic memories include what?
Examples of semantic memories include:
- Where the Eiffel tower is
- The taste of an orange
- What zombies eat
- The meanings of words
The semantic memory store contains our knowledge of the world.
Examples of semantic memories include where the Eiffel tower is, the taste of an orange, what zombies eat and the meanings of words.
Semantic memory contains our knowledge of an impressive number of what?
Semantic memory contains our knowledge of an impressive number of concepts
The semantic memory store contains our knowledge of the world.
Examples of semantic memories include where the Eiffel tower is, the taste of an orange, what zombies eat and the meanings of words.
Semantic memory contains our knowledge of an impressive number of concepts, such as what?
Semantic memory contains our knowledge of an impressive number of concepts, such as:
- ‘Animals’
- ‘Love’
The semantic memory store contains our knowledge of the world.
Examples of semantic memories include where the Eiffel tower is, the taste of an orange, what zombies eat and the meanings of words.
Semantic memory contains our knowledge of an impressive number of concepts, such as ‘animals’ and ‘love.’
These memories are not what?
These memories are not ‘time-stamped’
The semantic memory store contains our knowledge of the world.
Examples of semantic memories include where the Eiffel tower is, the taste of an orange, what zombies eat and the meanings of words.
Semantic memory contains our knowledge of an impressive number of concepts, such as ‘animals’ and ‘love.’
These memories are not ‘time-stamped.’
We don’t usually remember what, for example?
We don’t usually remember when we first learned about Justin Bieber, for example
The semantic memory store contains our knowledge of the world.
Examples of semantic memories include where the Eiffel tower is, the taste of an orange, what zombies eat and the meanings of words.
Semantic memory contains our knowledge of an impressive number of concepts, such as ‘animals’ and ‘love.’
These memories are not ‘time-stamped.’
We don’t usually remember when we first learned about Justin Bieber, for example.
Semantic knowledge is less what and more about what?
Semantic knowledge is:
- Less personal
- More about facts we all share
The semantic memory store contains our knowledge of the world.
Examples of semantic memories include where the Eiffel tower is, the taste of an orange, what zombies eat and the meanings of words.
Semantic memory contains our knowledge of an impressive number of concepts, such as ‘animals’ and ‘love.’
These memories are not ‘time-stamped.’
We don’t usually remember when we first learned about Justin Bieber, for example.
Semantic knowledge is less personal and more about facts we all share.
However, semantic memory is about much more than ‘facts.’
It contains an immense collection of material, which, given its nature, is what?
It contains an immense collection of material, which, given its nature, is constantly being added to
