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A Level AQA Psychology COPY > 7.1: Observational design > Flashcards

7.1: Observational design Flashcards

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1
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

Naturalistic observations are:
1. Surveillance
2. Recording
of naturally occurring events

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2
Q

Behavioural categories

A

Behavioural categories are dividing target behaviours into subsets of behaviours through the use of coding systems

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3
Q

There are several ways in which data can be gathered in naturalistic observations, including what?

A 
There are several ways in which data can be gathered in naturalistic observations, including:
1. Visual recordings
2. Audio recordings
Or,
3. 'On-the-spot' note-taking
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4
Q

Observers agree on a grid or coding sheet on which to record the behaviour being studied.
The behavioural categories chosen should reflect what is being studied.
Rather than writing descriptions of behaviour observed, it is easier to do what?

A 
Rather than writing descriptions of behaviour observed, it is easier to:
1. Code
Or,
2. Rate
behaviour using previously agreed scales
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5
Q

Observers agree on a grid or coding sheet on which to record the behaviour being studied.
The behavioural categories chosen should reflect what is being studied.
Rather than writing descriptions of behaviour observed, it is easier to code or rate behaviour using previously agreed scales.
Coding can involve what to describe what?

A

Coding can involve:
1. Numbers or letters
to describe
2. Characteristics or observed behaviours

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6
Q

Observers agree on a grid or coding sheet on which to record the behaviour being studied.
The behavioural categories chosen should reflect what is being studied.
Rather than writing descriptions of behaviour observed, it is easier to code or rate behaviour using previously agreed scales.
Coding can involve numbers, like what, or letters to describe characteristics or observed behaviours?

A

Coding can involve:
1. Numbers, like age of driver, or letters
to describe
2. Characteristics or observed behaviours

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7
Q

Observers agree on a grid or coding sheet on which to record the behaviour being studied.
The behavioural categories chosen should reflect what is being studied.
Rather than writing descriptions of behaviour observed, it is easier to code or rate behaviour using previously agreed scales.
Coding can involve numbers, like age of driver, or letters to describe characteristics, like what, or observed behaviours?

A

Coding can involve:
1. Numbers, like age of driver, or letters
to describe
2. Characteristics, like M = Male, or observed behaviours

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8
Q

Observers agree on a grid or coding sheet on which to record the behaviour being studied.
The behavioural categories chosen should reflect what is being studied.
Rather than writing descriptions of behaviour observed, it is easier to code or rate behaviour using previously agreed scales.
Coding can involve numbers, like age of driver, or letters to describe characteristics, like M = Male, or observed behaviours, like what?

A

Coding can involve:
1. Numbers, like age of driver, or letters
to describe
2. Characteristics, like M = Male, or observed behaviours, like T = Talking

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9
Q

Observers agree on a grid or coding sheet on which to record the behaviour being studied.
The behavioural categories chosen should reflect what is being studied.
Rather than writing descriptions of behaviour observed, it is easier to code or rate behaviour using previously agreed scales.
Coding can involve numbers, like age of driver, or letters to describe characteristics, like M = Male, or observed behaviours, like T = Talking.
Observed behaviour can also be rated on structured scales, like what?

A

Observed behaviour can also be rated on structured scales, like 1 - 5 on a scale of ‘safe driving’

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10
Q

In observational studies, it is difficult to observe all behaviour, especially as it’s usually what?

A

In observational studies, it is difficult to observe all behaviour, especially as it’s usually continuous

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11
Q

In observational studies, it is difficult to observe all behaviour, especially as it’s usually continuous.
Breaking behaviour down into categories helps, but decisions must also be made about what type of sampling procedure (methods of recording data) to use.
What types of sampling procedures (methods of recording data) are there?

A

There are 2 types of sampling procedures (methods of recording data):

  1. Event sampling
  2. Time sampling
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12
Q

There are 2 types of sampling procedures (methods of recording data) - Event sampling and time sampling.
What is event sampling?

A

Event sampling is counting the number of times a behaviour occurs in a target:
1. Individual
Or,
2. Individuals

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13
Q

There are 2 types of sampling procedures (methods of recording data) - Event sampling and time sampling.
What is time sampling?

A

Time sampling is counting behaviour in a set time frame

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14
Q

There are 2 types of sampling procedures (methods of recording data) - Event sampling and time sampling.
Time sampling is counting behaviour in a set time frame, for example what?

A

Time sampling is counting behaviour in a set time frame, for example recording what behaviour is being exhibited every 30 seconds

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15
Q

Inter-rater reliability is also known as what?

A

Inter-rater reliability is also known as inter-observer reliability

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16
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

Inter-rater reliability is where independent observers consistently code behaviour in the same way

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17
Q

Inter-rater reliability is where independent observers consistently code behaviour in the same way.
Example

A

For example, 2 observers both agreeing on a score of ‘3’ for safe driving

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18
Q

Inter-rater reliability is where independent observers consistently code behaviour in the same way.
Inter-rater reliability lessons the chances of what?

A

Inter-rater reliability lessons the chances of observer bias

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19
Q

Inter-rater reliability is where independent observers consistently code behaviour in the same way.
Inter-rater reliability lessons the chances of observer bias, where an observer does what?

A

Inter-rater reliability lessons the chances of observer bias, where an observer:
1. Sees
2. Records
behaviour in a subjective way

20
Q

Inter-rater reliability is where independent observers consistently code behaviour in the same way.
Inter-rater reliability lessons the chances of observer bias, where an observer sees and records behaviour in a subjective way, which means what?

A

Inter-rater reliability lessons the chances of observer bias, where an observer:
1. Sees
2. Records
behaviour in a subjective way, which means seeing what they want to see

21
Q

What needs to be established before an observation begins?

A

Inter-rater reliability needs to be established before an observation begins

22
Q

Inter-rater reliability needs to be established before an observation begins and it is easier to achieve if what?

A

Inter-rater reliability needs to be established before an observation begins and it is easier to achieve if behavioural categories:

  1. Are clearly defined
  2. Do not overlap with each other
23
Q

Inter-rater reliability is where independent observers consistently code behaviour in the same way.
What does inter-rater reliability involve doing?

A

Inter-rater reliability involves:

  1. Comparing the ratings of 2 or more observers
  2. Checking for agreement in their measurements
24
Q

Good ways to assess reliability are doing what?

A

Good ways to assess reliability are:

  1. The use of video recording
  2. Getting observers to agree
25
Q

What are the ways of improving the reliability of an observational study?

A

The ways of improving the reliability of an observational study are that the:
1. Behavioural categories are coded in a different or clearer way
Or,
2. Observers are well trained in the use of checklists

26
Q

There are 2 main types of observations, participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also what observations?

A

There are also:
1. Structured
2. Unstructured
observations

27
Q

There are 2 main types of observations, participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
What does the observer do in structured observations?

A

In structured observations, the observer determines the behaviours to be observed

28
Q

There are 2 main types of observations, participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
What does the observer do in unstructured observations?

A

In unstructured observations, the observer records everything that happens

29
Q

Validity refers to what?

A 
Validity refers to whether a study:
1. Measures
Or,
2. Examines
what it claims to measure or examine
30
Q

Validity refers to whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine.
Observations could lack validity for a number of reasons:
1. If participants are aware that they’re being observed, they may do what?

A

If participants are aware that they’re being observed, they may behave in the way they feel they should behave

31
Q

Validity refers to whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine.
Observations could lack validity for a number of reasons:
1. If participants are aware that they’re being observed, they may behave in the way they feel they should behave.
2. Validity can also be reduced by what?

A

Validity can also be reduced by observer bias

32
Q

Validity refers to whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine.
Observations could lack validity for a number of reasons:
1. If participants are aware that they’re being observed, they may behave in the way they feel they should behave.
2. Validity can also be reduced by observer bias.
What is observer bias?

A

Observer bias is that the observer may:

  1. Be influenced by expectations
  2. Not record objectively what happened
33
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In structured observations, the observer determines the behaviours to be observed.
Structured observations are where the researcher uses what to organise the recording of observations?

A

Structured observations are where the researcher uses various systems to organise the recording of observations

34
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In structured observations, the observer determines the behaviours to be observed.
Structured observations are where the researcher uses various systems to organise the recording of observations.
What are the 2 main systems?

A

The 2 main systems are:

  1. Behavioural categories
  2. The sampling procedure
35
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In structured observations, the observer determines the behaviours to be observed.
Structured observations are where the researcher uses various systems to organise the recording of observations.
The 2 main systems are behavioural categories and sampling.
Structured observations generally provide what data?

A

Structured observations generally provide quantitative data

36
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In unstructured observations, the observer records everything that happens.
Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording what?

A 
Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording the most:
1. Eye-catching
Or,
2. Noticeable
behaviours
37
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In unstructured observations, the observer records everything that happens.
Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording the most eye-catching or noticeable behaviours, that might not be what?

A 
Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording the most eye-catching or noticeable behaviours, that might not be the most:
1. Relevant
Or,
2. Important
behaviours to record
38
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In unstructured observations, the observer records everything that happens.
Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording the most eye-catching or noticeable behaviours, that might not be the most relevant or important behaviours to record and is what?

A

Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording the most eye-catching or noticeable behaviours, that:

  1. Might not be the most relevant or important behaviours to record
  2. Is highly subjective
39
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In unstructured observations, the observer records everything that happens.
Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording the most eye-catching or noticeable behaviours, that might not be the most relevant or important behaviours to record and is highly subjective.
Unstructured observations can provide what?

A

Unstructured observations can provide rich information

40
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In unstructured observations, the observer records everything that happens.
Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording the most eye-catching or noticeable behaviours, that might not be the most relevant, or important behaviours to record and is highly subjective.
Unstructured observations can provide rich information and can be used as what?

A

Unstructured observations can:

  1. Provide rich information
  2. Be used as a pilot study
41
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In unstructured observations, the observer records everything that happens.
Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording the most eye-catching or noticeable behaviours, that might not be the most relevant, or important behaviours to record and is highly subjective.
Unstructured observations can provide rich information and can be used as a pilot study to see what?

A

Unstructured observations can:

  1. Provide rich information
  2. Be used as a pilot study to see what kind of behaviours can be recorded in the structured system
42
Q

There are 2 main types of observations - Participant and non-participant observations.
Observations can also be covert and overt.
There are also structured and unstructured observations.
In unstructured observations, the observer records everything that happens.
Unstructured observations involve the researcher recording the most eye-catching or noticeable behaviours, that might not be the most relevant, or important behaviours to record and is highly subjective.
Unstructured observations can provide rich information and can be used as a pilot study to see what kind of behaviours can be recorded in the structured system.
Unstructured observations produce what data?

A

Unstructured observations produce qualitative data

43
Q

There are several ways in which data can be gathered in naturalistic observations, including visual recordings, like what, audio recordings or ‘on-the-spot’ note-taking?

A

There are several ways in which data can be gathered in naturalistic observations, including:
1. Visual recordings, like videos and photographs
2. Audio recordings
Or,
3. ‘On-the-spot’ note-taking

44
Q

There are several ways in which data can be gathered in naturalistic observations, including visual recordings, like videos and photographs, audio recordings or ‘on-the-spot’ note-taking using what?

A

There are several ways in which data can be gathered in naturalistic observations, including:
1. Visual recordings, like videos and photographs
2. Audio recordings
Or,
3. ‘On-the-spot’ note-taking using agreed rating scales or coding categories

45
Q

Define event sampling (2 marks)

A

Event sampling is when:

  1. Observers decide on a specific event relevant to the investigation
  2. The relevant event is recorded every time it happens

A Level AQA Psychology COPY (145 decks)

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