1.2: Arthur Jenness (1932)

Question 1

Originally conducted as an investigation into what, Jenness’ research is now regarded as what?

Answer 1

Originally conducted as an investigation into social facilitation, Jenness’ research is now regarded as a groundbreaking study into informational social influence (ISI)

Question 2

Originally conducted as an investigation into social facilitation (the effect of what), Jenness’ research is now regarded as a groundbreaking study into informational social influence (ISI)?

Answer 2

Originally conducted as an investigation into social facilitation (the effect of the presence of others on performance), Jenness’ research is now regarded as a groundbreaking study into informational social influence (ISI)

Question 3

Originally conducted as an investigation into social facilitation (the effect of the presence of others on performance), Jenness’ research is now regarded as a groundbreaking study into informational social influence (ISI).
The original focus was on how group discussion influenced what?

Answer 3

The original focus was on how group discussion influenced the accuracy of judgement

Question 4

Originally conducted as an investigation into social facilitation (the effect of the presence of others on performance), Jenness’ research is now regarded as a groundbreaking study into informational social influence (ISI).
The original focus was on how group discussion influenced the accuracy of judgement, but the most interesting result concerned what?

Answer 4

The original focus was on how group discussion influenced the accuracy of judgement, but the most interesting result concerned how majority influence caused individual judgements to converge (move together)

Question 5

The task Jenness gave his participants, doing what, had no obvious what?

Answer 5

The task Jenness gave his participants, estimating the number of jellybeans in a jar, had no obvious answer

Question 6

The task Jenness gave his participants, estimating the number of jellybeans in a jar, had no obvious answer, because it was difficult to do what?

Answer 6

The task Jenness gave his participants, estimating the number of jellybeans in a jar, had no obvious answer, because it was difficult to assess the amount

Question 7

The task Jenness gave his participants, estimating the number of jellybeans in a jar, had no obvious answer, because it was difficult to assess the amount.
Therefore, the conformity produced was motivated by what?

Answer 7

Therefore, the conformity produced was motivated by informational social influence (ISI)

Question 8

What was the aim of Jenness’ study?

Answer 8

The aim of Jenness’ study was to investigate whether individual judgements of jellybeans in a jar was influenced by discussion in groups

Question 9

The method and procedure of Jenness’ study was that participants made what of the number of jellybeans in a jar?

Answer 9

The method and procedure of Jenness’ study was that participants made individual, private estimates of the number of jellybeans in a jar

Question 10

The method and procedure of Jenness’ study was that:

1. Participants made individual, private estimates of the number of jellybeans in a jar.
2. Participants then did what?

Answer 10

Participants then discussed their estimates either in:
1. A large group
Or,
2. Several smaller groups

Question 11

The method and procedure of Jenness’ study was that:

1. Participants made individual, private estimates of the number of jellybeans in a jar.
2. Participants then discussed their estimates either in a large group, or several smaller groups, discovering in the process that what?

Answer 11

Participants then discussed their estimates either in:
1. A large group
Or,
2. Several smaller groups
,discovering in the process that individuals differed widely in their estimates

Question 12

The method and procedure of Jenness’ study was that:

1. Participants made individual, private estimates of the number of jellybeans in a jar.
2. Participants then discussed their estimates either in a large group, or several smaller groups, discovering in the process that individuals differed widely in their estimates.
3. After discussion, what were created?

Answer 12

After discussion, group estimates were created

Question 13

The method and procedure of Jenness’ study was that:

1. Participants made individual, private estimates of the number of jellybeans in a jar.
2. Participants then discussed their estimates either in a large group, or several smaller groups, discovering in the process that individuals differed widely in their estimates.
3. After discussion, group estimates were created.
4. Participants then made a what?

Answer 13

Participants then made a 2nd individual, private estimate

Question 14

The findings of Jenness’ study are that what was increased?

Answer 14

The findings of Jenness’ study are that typicality of opinion was increased

Question 15

The findings of Jenness’ study are that:
1. Typicality of opinion was increased.
What does this mean?

Answer 15

Typicality of opinion increasing means that individuals’ 2nd private estimates tended to converge (move towards) their group estimate

Question 16

The findings of Jenness’ study are that:
1. Typicality of opinion was increased.
This means that individuals’ 2nd private estimates tended to converge (move towards) their group estimate.
2. The average change of opinion was greater among who?

Answer 16

The findings of Jenness’ study are that the average change of opinion was greater among females

Question 17

The findings of Jenness’ study are that:
1. Typicality of opinion was increased.
This means that individuals’ 2nd private estimates tended to converge (move towards) their group estimate.
2. The average change of opinion was greater among females, so women did what more?

Answer 17

The findings of Jenness’ study are that the average change of opinion was greater among females, so women conformed more

Question 18

The conclusions of Jenness’ study are that the judgements of individuals are affected by what?

Answer 18

The conclusions of Jenness’ study are that the judgements of individuals are affected by majority opinions

Question 19

The conclusions of Jenness’ study are that:

1. The judgements of individuals are affected by majority opinions, especially in what situations?

Answer 19

The conclusions of Jenness' study are that the judgements of individuals are affected by majority opinions, especially in:
1. Ambiguous
Or,
2. Unfamiliar
situations

Question 20

The conclusions of Jenness’ study are that:

1. The judgements of individuals are affected by majority opinions, especially in ambiguous or unfamiliar situations.
2. What is not effective in changing opinion?

Answer 20

The conclusions of Jenness’ study are that discussion is not effective in changing opinion

Question 21

The conclusions of Jenness’ study are that:

1. The judgements of individuals are affected by majority opinions, especially in ambiguous or unfamiliar situations.
2. Discussion is not effective in changing opinion, unless what?

Answer 21

The conclusions of Jenness’ study are that discussion is not effective in changing opinion, unless the individuals who enter into the discussion become aware that the opinions of others are different to theirs

Question 22

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the what here was less severe than in other social influences studies?

Answer 22

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies

Question 23

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies.
Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more what?

Answer 23

Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more ethically sound

Question 24

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies.
Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more ethically sound.
2. This was a what experiment using a what situation?

Answer 24

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that this was a laboratory-based experiment using an:
1. Artificial
2. Unusual
situation

Question 25

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies.
Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more ethically sound.
2. This was a laboratory-based experiment using an artificial, unusual situation.
It therefore lacks what?

Answer 25

It therefore lacks mundane realism

Question 26

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies.
Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more ethically sound.
2. This was a laboratory-based experiment using an artificial, unusual situation.
It therefore lacks mundane realism, because it’s not an everyday event to be asked what?

Answer 26

It therefore lacks mundane realism, because it’s not an everyday event to be asked how many sweets there are in a jar

Question 27

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies.
Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more ethically sound.
2. This was a laboratory-based experiment using an artificial, unusual situation.
It therefore lacks mundane realism, because it’s not an everyday event to be asked how many sweets there are in a jar and so it does not reflect what?

Answer 27

It:

2. Therefore lacks mundane realism, because it’s not an everyday event to be asked how many sweets there are in a jar
3. So it does not reflect actual behaviour in real-life situations

Question 28

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies.
Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more ethically sound.
2. This was a laboratory-based experiment using an artificial, unusual situation.
It therefore lacks mundane realism, because it’s not an everyday event to be asked how many sweets there are in a jar and so it does not reflect actual behaviour in real-life situations.
3. Jenness’ study tells us little, if anything, about what?

Answer 28

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that Jenness’ study tells us little, if anything, about majority influence in non-ambiguous situations

Question 29

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies.
Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more ethically sound.
2. This was a laboratory-based experiment using an artificial, unusual situation.
It therefore lacks mundane realism, because it’s not an everyday event to be asked how many sweets there are in a jar and so it does not reflect actual behaviour in real-life situations.
3. Jenness’ study tells us little, if anything, about majority influence in non-ambiguous situations where what?

Answer 29

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that Jenness’ study tells us little, if anything, about majority influence in non-ambiguous situations where people conform to obviously incorrect answers (Asch, 1955)

Question 30

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies.
Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more ethically sound.
2. This was a laboratory-based experiment using an artificial, unusual situation.
It therefore lacks mundane realism, because it’s not an everyday event to be asked how many sweets there are in a jar and so it does not reflect actual behaviour in real-life situations.
3. Jenness’ study tells us little, if anything, about majority influence in non-ambiguous situations where people conform to obviously incorrect answers (Asch, 1955).
4. Jenness’ study may involve what as well as ISI?

Answer 30

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that Jenness’ study may involve normative social influence (NSI) as well as ISI

Question 31

The evaluation of Jenness’ study is that:
1. Although Jenness did not tell participants what the aims of the study were, the deception here was less severe than in other social influences studies.
Therefore, Jenness’ study could be regarded as more ethically sound.
2. This was a laboratory-based experiment using an artificial, unusual situation.
It therefore lacks mundane realism, because it’s not an everyday event to be asked how many sweets there are in a jar and so it does not reflect actual behaviour in real-life situations.
3. Jenness’ study tells us little, if anything, about majority influence in non-ambiguous situations where people conform to obviously wrong answers (Asch, 1955).
4. Jenness’ study may involve normative social influence (NSI) as well as ISI.
After making initial individual estimates, participants then created group estimates, therefore their later second individual estimates may have moved towards their group estimates due to what?

Answer 31

After making initial individual estimates, participants then created group estimates, therefore their later second individual estimates may have moved towards their group estimates due to a desire:
1. For acceptance (NSI)
As well as
2. To be correct

Question 32

When did Jenness’ study on informational social influence (ISI) take place?

Answer 32

Jenness’ study on informational social influence (ISI) took place in 1932