3.1: The role of the father

Question 1

Traditionally, fathers only played a what role in parenting?

Answer 1

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting

Question 2

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, who were children mainly raised by?

Answer 2

In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples

Question 3

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father doing what?

Answer 3

In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family

Question 4

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother did what?

Answer 4

In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with:
1. The father going out to work to provide for his family
,while
2. The mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age

Question 5

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, what has society done?

Answer 5

Society has changed a lot

Question 6

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
What is the norm now?

Answer 6

It is the norm now for mothers to have a job

Question 7

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
It is the norm now for mothers to have a job.
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, how many British mothers were employed?

Answer 7

According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed

Question 8

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
It is the norm now for mothers to have a job.
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed, while males comprising what % of those who care for children while their partner goes out to work?

Answer 8

According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed, while males comprising 10% of those who care for children while their partner goes out to work

Question 9

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
It is the norm now for mothers to have a job.
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed, while males comprising 10% of those who care for children while their partner goes out to work.
What % of British single parents (how many) are male?

Answer 9

9% of British single parents (186,000) are male

Question 10

Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
It is the norm now for mothers to have a job.
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed, while males comprising 10% of those who care for children while their partner goes out to work.
9% of British single parents (186,000) are male.
Evidently, what do many men have than before?

Answer 10

Evidently, many men have a much bigger role in parenting than before

Question 11

What does research mainly focus on?

Answer 11

Research mainly focuses on mother-infant interaction

Question 12

Bowlby believed that children have one what?

Answer 12

Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure

Question 13

Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure, usually who?

Answer 13

Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure, usually the mother

Question 14

Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure, usually the mother, although what did he concede?

Answer 14

Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure, usually the mother, although he conceded that this could, in some cases, be the father

Question 15

Bowlby (what year) suggested that fathers can fill a role closely resembling that filled by a father, but points out what?

Answer 15

Bowlby (1988):
1. Suggested that fathers can fill a role closely resembling that filled by a father
,but
2. Points out that in most cultures this is uncommon

Question 16

Bowlby (1988) suggested that fathers can fill a role closely resembling that filled by a father, but points out that in most cultures this is uncommon
Bowlby argues that in most families with young children, what tends to be different?

Answer 16

Bowlby argues that in most families with young children, the father’s role tends to be different

Question 17

Bowlby (1988) suggested that fathers can fill a role closely resembling that filled by a father, but points out that in most cultures this is uncommon
Bowlby argues that in most families with young children, the father’s role tends to be different.
According to Bowlby, a father is more likely to do what than the mother and tends to become the child’s what?

Answer 17

According to Bowlby, a father:

1. Is more likely to engage in physically active and novel play than the mother
2. Tends to become the child’s preferred play companion

Question 18

How do many researchers see the father?

Answer 18

Many researchers see the father as:
1. Less of a caregiver
,but
2. More of a playmate

Question 19

Many researchers see the father as less of a caregiver, but more of a playmate, as fathers’ play is often more what than mothers’?

Answer 19

Many researchers see the father as less of a caregiver, but more of a playmate, as fathers' play is often more:
1. Physical
2. Unpredictable
3. Exciting
than mothers'

Question 20

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around when)?

Answer 20

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months)

Question 21

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months).
In what % of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of what?

Answer 21

In 75% of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of 18 months

Question 22

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months).
In 75% of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of 18 months.
How was this determined?

Answer 22

This was determined by the fact that infants protested when their father walked away

Question 23

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months).
In 75% of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of 18 months.
This was determined by the fact that infants protested when their father walked away.
What was this?

Answer 23

This was separation protest/anxiety

Question 24

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months).
In 75% of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of 18 months.
This was determined by the fact that infants protested when their father walked away.
This was separation protest/anxiety - a sign of what?

Answer 24

This was separation protest/anxiety - a sign of attachment

Question 25

Mothers have traditionally been seen, due to their what, as more able to show sensitive responsiveness?

Answer 25

Mothers have traditionally been seen, due to their perceived nurturing nature, as more able to show sensitive responsiveness

Question 26

Sensitive responsiveness

Answer 26

Sensitive responsiveness is:
1. Recognising
2. Responding appropriately
to infants’ needs

Question 27

Mothers have traditionally been seen, due to their perceived nurturing nature, as more able to show sensitive responsiveness, but it seems that males can do what?

Answer 27

1. Mothers have traditionally been seen, due to their perceived nurturing nature, as more able to show sensitive responsiveness
   ,but
2. It seems that males can quickly develop this ability when assuming the position of main care providers

Question 28

Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children?

Answer 28

Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children:

1. Degree of sensitivity
2. Type of attachment with own parents
3. Marital intimacy
4. Supportive co-parenting

Question 29

Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children - Degree of sensitivity, type of attachment with own parents, marital intimacy and supportive co-parenting.
1. Degree of sensitivity:
More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who do what?

Answer 29

More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children’s needs

Question 30

Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children - Degree of sensitivity, type of attachment with own parents, marital intimacy and supportive co-parenting.
1. Degree of sensitivity:
More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children’s needs.
2. Type of attachment with own parents:
What do single-parent fathers tend to do?

Answer 30

Single-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents

Question 31

Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children - Degree of sensitivity, type of attachment with own parents, marital intimacy and supportive co-parenting.
1. Degree of sensitivity:
More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children’s needs.
2. Type of attachment with own parents:
Single-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents.
3. Marital intimacy:
What affects the type of attachment he will have with his children?

Answer 31

The degree of intimacy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children

Question 32

Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children - Degree of sensitivity, type of attachment with own parents, marital intimacy and supportive co-parenting.
1. Degree of sensitivity:
More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children’s needs.
2. Type of attachment with own parents:
Single-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents.
3. Marital intimacy:
The degree of intimacy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children.
4. Supportive co-parenting:
What affects the type of attachment he will have with his children?

Answer 32

The amount of support a father gives to his partner in helping to care for children affects the type of attachment he will have with his children

Question 33

Who (what year) says that ‘The most important thing a father can do for his children is to love their mother?’

Answer 33

Theodore Hesburg (1973) says that ‘The most important thing a father can do for his children is to love their mother?’

Question 34

Who (what year) showed that fathers’ play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers’?

Answer 34

Geiger (1996) showed that fathers’ play interactions are more:
1. Exciting
2. Pleasurable
than mothers’

Question 35

Geiger (1996) showed that fathers’ play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers’ while mothers are more what?

Answer 35

Geiger (1996) showed that:
1. Fathers’ play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers’
,while
2. Mothers are more nurturing and affectionate

Question 36

Geiger (1996) showed that fathers’ play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers’ while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports what?

Answer 36

Geiger (1996) showed that:
1. Fathers’ play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers’
,while
2. Mothers are more nurturing and affectionate
,which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers

Question 37

Geiger (1996) showed that fathers’ play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers’ while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers.
However, who (what year) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when?

Answer 37

Lamb (1987) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state

Question 38

Geiger (1996) showed that fathers’ play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers’ while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers.
However, Lamb (1987) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state and thus seek what?

Answer 38

Lamb (1987) found that children:

1. Often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state
2. Thus seek stimulation

Question 39

Geiger (1996) showed that fathers’ play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers’ while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers.
However, Lamb (1987) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state and thus seek stimulation.
When are mothers preferred?

Answer 39

Mothers are preferred when children:

1. Are distressed
2. Seek comfort

Question 40

Geiger (1996) showed that fathers’ play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers’ while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers.
However, Lamb (1987) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state and thus seek stimulation.
Mothers are preferred when children are distressed and seek comfort.
What does this support?

Answer 40

This supports the idea of fathers:
1. Being preferred as playmates
,but
2. Only in certain conditions

Question 41

Who (what year) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress?

Answer 41

Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress

Question 42

Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, which suggests what?

Answer 42

Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, which suggests that males are less suitable as prime attachment figures

Question 43

Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, which suggests that males are less suitable as prime attachment figures.
However, who (what year) found that fathers who become main care providers seem able to quickly do what?

Answer 43

Lamb (1987) found that fathers who become main care providers seem able to quickly:

1. Develop more sensitivity to children’s’ needs
2. Become a safe base from which to explore

Question 44

Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, which suggests that males are less suitable as prime attachment figures.
However, Lamb (1987) found that fathers who become main care providers seem able to quickly develop more sensitivity to children’s’ needs and become a safe base from which to explore.
What does this suggest?

Answer 44

This suggests that sensitive responsiveness isn’t a biological ability limited to women

Question 45

Who (what year) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving observations and the Strange Situation technique?

Answer 45

Lucassen et al. (2011) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving:

1. Observations
2. The Strange Situation technique

Question 46

Lucassen et al. (2011) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving observations and the Strange Situation technique to find what?

Answer 46

Lucassen et al. (2011) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving:
1. Observations
2. The Strange Situation technique
to find that higher levels of sensitivity were associated with greater levels of infant-father attachment security

Question 47

Lucassen et al. (2011) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving observations and the Strange Situation technique to find that higher levels of sensitivity were associated with greater levels of infant-father attachment security.
What does this support?

Answer 47

This supports the idea that more secure attachments are found in children whose fathers are more sensitive to their children’s needs

Question 48

Who (what year) found that single-parent fathers’ attachments with children aged 4 - 6 years was similar to the attachments the fathers had with their own parents?

Answer 48

Bernier and Miljkovitch (2009) found that single-parent fathers’ attachments with children aged 4 - 6 years was similar to the attachments the fathers had with their own parents

Question 49

Bernier and Miljkovitch (2009) found that single-parent fathers’ attachments with children aged 4 - 6 years was similar to the attachments the fathers had with their own parents.
What does this suggest?

Answer 49

This suggests that continuity of attachments occurs more in fathers who are the main caregivers

Question 50

Bernier and Miljkovitch (2009) found that single-parent fathers’ attachments with children aged 4 - 6 years was similar to the attachments the fathers had with their own parents.
This suggests that continuity of attachments occurs more in fathers who are the main caregivers, why?

Answer 50

This suggests that continuity of attachments occurs more in fathers who are the main caregivers, because no such effect was found with married fathers

Question 51

Who (what year) found that high levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father-infant attachments and that low levels of marital intimacy was related to insecure father-child attachments?

Answer 51

Belsky et al. (2009) found that:

1. High levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father-infant attachments
2. Low levels of marital intimacy was related to insecure father-child attachments

Question 52

Belsky et al. (2009) found that high levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father-infant attachments and that low levels of marital intimacy was related to insecure father-child attachments.
What does this support?

Answer 52

This supports the idea that the closeness of relationships between:
1. Fathers
2. Partners
affects the type of attachment a father has with his children

Question 53

Who (what year) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months?

Answer 53

Brown et al. (2010) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months

Question 54

Brown et al. (2010) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months, finding what?

Answer 54

Brown et al. (2010) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months, finding that high levels of supportive co-parenting were related to secure attachment types:
1. Between infants and fathers
,but
2. Not between infants and mothers

Question 55

Brown et al. (2010) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months, finding that high levels of supportive co-parenting were related to secure attachment types between infants and fathers, but not between infants and mothers.
What does this suggest?

Answer 55

This suggests that supportive co-parenting is important for fathers in developing positive attachments with their children

Question 56

Who (what year) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families?

Answer 56

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families

Question 57

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing what?

Answer 57

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing:

1. The role of fathers
2. The mothers’ contribution to their children’s attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old

Question 58

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother’s contribution to their children’s attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
What was the aim of Grossman’s study?

Answer 58

The aim of Grossman’s study was to investigate:

1. How important fathers are in children’s development
2. If they have a distinct role

Question 59

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother’s contribution to their children’s attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman’s study was to investigate how important fathers are in children’s development and if they have a distinct role.
What are the findings and conclusion of Grossman’s study?

Answer 59

The findings and conclusion of Grossman’s study are that the quality of infant attachments with:
1. Mothers
,not
2. Fathers
,was related to attachments in adolescence

Question 60

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother’s contribution to their children’s attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman’s study was to investigate how important fathers are in children’s development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman’s study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
What does this show?

Answer 60

This shows that fathers attachments are less important

Question 61

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother’s contribution to their children’s attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman’s study was to investigate how important fathers are in children’s development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman’s study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
This shows that fathers attachments are less important.
However, what was related to the quality of adolescent attachments?

Answer 61

The quality of fathers’ play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments

Question 62

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother’s contribution to their children’s attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman’s study was to investigate how important fathers are in children’s development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman’s study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
This shows that fathers attachments are less important.
However, the quality of fathers’ play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments.
What does this suggest?

Answer 62

This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment

Question 63

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother’s contribution to their children’s attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman’s study was to investigate how important fathers are in children’s development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman’s study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
This shows that fathers attachments are less important.
However, the quality of fathers’ play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments.
This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment, that of what?

Answer 63

This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment, that of:

1. Play
2. Stimulation

Question 64

Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother’s contribution to their children’s attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman’s study was to investigate how important fathers are in children’s development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman’s study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
This shows that fathers attachments are less important.
However, the quality of fathers’ play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments.
This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment, that of play and stimulation, not what?

Answer 64

This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment, that of:
1. Play and stimulation
,not
2. Nurturing

Question 65

There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of what?

Answer 65

There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver

Question 66

There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Who (what year) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions?

Answer 66

Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions

Question 67

There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with who?

Answer 67

Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with:

1. Primary caregiver mothers
2. Primary caregiver fathers
3. Secondary caregiver fathers

Question 68

There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time doing what, comparing to secondary caregiver fathers?

Answer 68

Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time:
1. Smiling at
2. Imitating
3. Holding
infants, compared to secondary caregiver fathers

Question 69

There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time smiling at, imitating and holding infants, compared to secondary caregiver fathers.
This behaviour appears to be more important in doing what?

Answer 69

This behaviour appears to be more important in building an attachment with the infant

Question 70

There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time smiling at, imitating and holding infants, compared to secondary caregiver fathers.
This behaviour appears to be more important in building an attachment with the infant.
Fathers can be more what?

Answer 70

Fathers can be more nurturing

Question 71

There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time smiling at, imitating and holding infants, compared to secondary caregiver fathers.
This behaviour appears to be more important in building an attachment with the infant.
Fathers can be more nurturing.
What, not what, is key to attachment?

Answer 71

The:
1. Level of responsiveness
,not
2. Gender
is key to attachment

Question 72

Why is a lot of research outdated?

Answer 72

A lot of research is outdated, because roles have changed

Question 73

A lot of research is outdated, because roles have changed.

Some research is what?

Answer 73

Some research is ethnocentric

Question 74

Evaluation:

Children with secure attachments to their fathers go on to have what and are more able to do what?

Answer 74

Children with secure attachments to their fathers:

1. Go on to have better relationships with their peers and less behavioural problems
2. Are more able to regulate their emotions

Question 75

Evaluation:
Children with secure attachments to their fathers go on to have better relationships with their peers and less behavioural problems and are more able to regulate their emotions, illustrating what?

Answer 75

Children with secure attachments to their fathers:
1. Go on to have better relationships with their peers and less behavioural problems
2. Are more able to regulate their emotions
,illustrating the positive influence fathers can have on developmental outcomes

Question 76

Evaluation:

Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to do what and have higher levels of what, especially in boys?

Answer 76

Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to:

1. Do less well at school
2. Have higher levels of risk taking and aggression, especially in boys

Question 77

Evaluation:
Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to do less well at school and have higher levels of risk taking and aggression, especially in boys.
What does this suggest?

Answer 77

This suggests that fathers can help prevent negative developmental outcomes

Question 78

Evaluation:
Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to do less well at school and have higher levels of risk taking and aggression, especially in boys.
This suggests that fathers can help prevent negative developmental outcomes.
However, who (what year) points out that most studies have focused on female single mothers from what backgrounds?

Answer 78

Pedersen (1979) points out that most studies have focused on female single mothers from poor socio-economic backgrounds

Question 79

Evaluation:
Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to do less well at school and have higher levels of risk taking and aggression, especially in boys.
This suggests that fathers can help prevent negative developmental outcomes.
However, Pedersen (1979) points out that most studies have focused on female single mothers from poor socio-economic backgrounds, so it may be what that produce these outcomes, not the absence of fathers?

Answer 79

Pedersen (1979) points out that most studies have focused on female single mothers from poor socio-economic backgrounds, so it may be:
1. Social factors related to poverty that produce these outcomes
,not
2. The absence of fathers

Question 80

Evaluation:

Fathers are important not just for children, but for who, too?

Answer 80

Fathers are important:
1. Not just for children
,but for
2. Mothers
,too

Question 81

Evaluation:
Fathers are important not just for children, but for mothers, too.
What do supportive fathers provide mothers with?

Answer 81

Supportive fathers provide mothers with much needed time away from childcare

Question 82

Evaluation:
Fathers are important not just for children, but for mothers, too.
Supportive fathers provide mothers with much needed time away from childcare.
What can this help do?

Answer 82

This can help:

1. Reduce stress in mothers
2. Improve self-esteem
3. Ultimately improve the quality of a mother’s relationship with her children

Question 83

Evaluation:
Although evidence suggests that fathers are equally able as women to display sensitive responsiveness and form secure attachments with children, society has a long way to catch up.
Example

Answer 83

For example, many airline companies will not permit males to sit next to non-related children on aeroplanes

Question 84

Evaluation:
Although evidence suggests that fathers are equally able as women to display sensitive responsiveness and form secure attachments with children, society has a long way to catch up.
For example, many airline companies will not permit males to sit next to non-related children on aeroplanes, though what?

Answer 84

For example, many airline companies:
1. Will not permit males to sit next to non-related children on aeroplanes
,though
2. No such restrictions apply to non-related females

Question 85

Evaluation:

When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more what?

Answer 85

When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more secure attachments

Question 86

Evaluation:

When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more secure attachments, which suggests what?

Answer 86

When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more secure attachments, which suggests that the amount of interaction is the important factor

Question 87

Evaluation:
When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more secure attachments, which suggests that the amount of interaction is the important factor.
However, it may be that fathers with more sensitivity to their children’s needs do what?

Answer 87

It may be that fathers with more sensitivity to their children’s needs interact with them more

Question 88

Evaluation:

1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is what findings on the role of fathers in attachment?

Answer 88

A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment

Question 89

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
Why might this be?

Answer 89

This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions

Question 90

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with what?

Answer 90

1. Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures
   ,whereas
2. Others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers

Question 91

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
How have the former tended to see fathers?

Answer 91

The former have tended to see fathers as:

1. Behaving differently from mothers
2. Having a distinct role

Question 92

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
What have the latter tended to find?

Answer 92

The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role

Question 93

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
Why is this a problem?

Answer 93

This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?

Question 94

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers do what?

Answer 94

A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently

Question 95

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in what?

Answer 95

Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development

Question 96

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like whose (what year) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families?

Answer 96

Other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families

Question 97

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
What would this seem to suggest?

Answer 97

This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important

Question 98

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous what that might impact on a child’s emotional development?

Answer 98

A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development

Question 99

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
Example

Answer 99

For example:
1. Their culture
2. The father's beliefs
3. The father's age
4. The amount of time the father spends away from home
5. The father's sensitivity
6. Marital intimacy
,ect

Question 100

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father’s beliefs, the father’s age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father’s sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
What is it difficult to do?

Answer 100

It is difficult to control all of these variables

Question 101

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father’s beliefs, the father’s age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father’s sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore what is it difficult to do?

Answer 101

It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father

Question 102

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father’s beliefs, the father’s age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father’s sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn’t explain why fathers don’t generally do what?

Answer 102

A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn’t explain why fathers don’t generally become primary attachment figures

Question 103

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father’s beliefs, the father’s age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father’s sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn’t explain why fathers don’t generally become primary attachment figures.
What could this be due to?

Answer 103

This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles

Question 104

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father’s beliefs, the father’s age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father’s sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn’t explain why fathers don’t generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more what than men?

Answer 104

This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more:
1. Caring
2. Nurturing
than men

Question 105

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father’s beliefs, the father’s age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father’s sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn’t explain why fathers don’t generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more caring and nurturing than men.
Therefore, fathers simply don’t feel they should do what?

Answer 105

Therefore, fathers simply don’t feel they should act like that

Question 106

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father’s beliefs, the father’s age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father’s sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn’t explain why fathers don’t generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more caring and nurturing than men.
Therefore, fathers simply don’t feel they should act like that.
On the other hand, it could be that what create high levels of nurturing?

Answer 106

On the other hand, it could be that female hormones create high levels of nurturing

Question 107

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father’s beliefs, the father’s age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father’s sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn’t explain why fathers don’t generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more caring and nurturing than men.
Therefore, fathers simply don’t feel they should act like that.
On the other hand, it could be that female hormones , for example what, create high levels of nurturing?

Answer 107

On the other hand, it could be that female hormones, for example oestrogen, create high levels of nurturing

Question 108

Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a ‘maternal’ role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman’s 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children’s development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok’s (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father’s role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child’s emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father’s beliefs, the father’s age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father’s sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn’t explain why fathers don’t generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more caring and nurturing than men.
Therefore, fathers simply don’t feel they should act like that.
On the other hand, it could be that female hormones, for example oestrogen, create high levels of nurturing and therefore females are what to be what?

Answer 108

On the other hand, it could be that:

1. Female hormones, for example oestrogen, create high levels of nurturing
2. Therefore females are biologically pre-disposed to be the primary attachment figure