3.1: The role of the father Flashcards
1
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a what role in parenting?
A
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting
2
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, who were children mainly raised by?
A
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples
3
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father doing what?
A
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family
4
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother did what?
A
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with:
1. The father going out to work to provide for his family
,while
2. The mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age
5
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, what has society done?
A
Society has changed a lot
6
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
What is the norm now?
A
It is the norm now for mothers to have a job
7
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
It is the norm now for mothers to have a job.
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, how many British mothers were employed?
A
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed
8
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
It is the norm now for mothers to have a job.
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed, while males comprising what % of those who care for children while their partner goes out to work?
A
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed, while males comprising 10% of those who care for children while their partner goes out to work
9
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
It is the norm now for mothers to have a job.
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed, while males comprising 10% of those who care for children while their partner goes out to work.
What % of British single parents (how many) are male?
A
9% of British single parents (186,000) are male
10
Q
Traditionally, fathers only played a minor role in parenting.
In the past, children were mainly raised by married couples, with the father going out to work to provide for his family, while the mother stayed at home to look after their children until they were of school age.
However, society has changed a lot.
It is the norm now for mothers to have a job.
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in 2013, 5.3 million British mothers were employed, while males comprising 10% of those who care for children while their partner goes out to work.
9% of British single parents (186,000) are male.
Evidently, what do many men have than before?
A
Evidently, many men have a much bigger role in parenting than before
11
Q
What does research mainly focus on?
A
Research mainly focuses on mother-infant interaction
12
Q
Bowlby believed that children have one what?
A
Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure
13
Q
Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure, usually who?
A
Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure, usually the mother
14
Q
Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure, usually the mother, although what did he concede?
A
Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure, usually the mother, although he conceded that this could, in some cases, be the father
15
Q
Bowlby (what year) suggested that fathers can fill a role closely resembling that filled by a father, but points out what?
A
Bowlby (1988):
1. Suggested that fathers can fill a role closely resembling that filled by a father
,but
2. Points out that in most cultures this is uncommon
16
Q
Bowlby (1988) suggested that fathers can fill a role closely resembling that filled by a father, but points out that in most cultures this is uncommon
Bowlby argues that in most families with young children, what tends to be different?
A
Bowlby argues that in most families with young children, the father’s role tends to be different
17
Q
Bowlby (1988) suggested that fathers can fill a role closely resembling that filled by a father, but points out that in most cultures this is uncommon
Bowlby argues that in most families with young children, the father’s role tends to be different.
According to Bowlby, a father is more likely to do what than the mother and tends to become the child’s what?
A
According to Bowlby, a father:
- Is more likely to engage in physically active and novel play than the mother
- Tends to become the child’s preferred play companion
18
Q
How do many researchers see the father?
A
Many researchers see the father as:
1. Less of a caregiver
,but
2. More of a playmate
19
Q
Many researchers see the father as less of a caregiver, but more of a playmate, as fathers’ play is often more what than mothers’?
A
Many researchers see the father as less of a caregiver, but more of a playmate, as fathers' play is often more: 1. Physical 2. Unpredictable 3. Exciting than mothers'
20
Q
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around when)?
A
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months)
21
Q
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months).
In what % of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of what?
A
In 75% of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of 18 months
22
Q
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months).
In 75% of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of 18 months.
How was this determined?
A
This was determined by the fact that infants protested when their father walked away
23
Q
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months).
In 75% of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of 18 months.
This was determined by the fact that infants protested when their father walked away.
What was this?
A
This was separation protest/anxiety
24
Q
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mothers first (from around 7 months).
In 75% of the infants studied, an attachment was formed with the father by the age of 18 months.
This was determined by the fact that infants protested when their father walked away.
This was separation protest/anxiety - a sign of what?
A
This was separation protest/anxiety - a sign of attachment
25
Mothers have traditionally been seen, due to their what, as more able to show sensitive responsiveness?
Mothers have traditionally been seen, due to their perceived nurturing nature, as more able to show sensitive responsiveness
26
Sensitive responsiveness
Sensitive responsiveness is:
1. Recognising
2. Responding appropriately
to infants' needs
27
Mothers have traditionally been seen, due to their perceived nurturing nature, as more able to show sensitive responsiveness, but it seems that males can do what?
1. Mothers have traditionally been seen, due to their perceived nurturing nature, as more able to show sensitive responsiveness
,but
2. It seems that males can quickly develop this ability when assuming the position of main care providers
28
Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children?
Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children:
1. Degree of sensitivity
2. Type of attachment with own parents
3. Marital intimacy
4. Supportive co-parenting
29
Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children - Degree of sensitivity, type of attachment with own parents, marital intimacy and supportive co-parenting.
1. Degree of sensitivity:
More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who do what?
More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children's needs
30
Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children - Degree of sensitivity, type of attachment with own parents, marital intimacy and supportive co-parenting.
1. Degree of sensitivity:
More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children's needs.
2. Type of attachment with own parents:
What do single-parent fathers tend to do?
Single-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents
31
Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children - Degree of sensitivity, type of attachment with own parents, marital intimacy and supportive co-parenting.
1. Degree of sensitivity:
More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children's needs.
2. Type of attachment with own parents:
Single-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents.
3. Marital intimacy:
What affects the type of attachment he will have with his children?
The degree of intimacy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
32
Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children - Degree of sensitivity, type of attachment with own parents, marital intimacy and supportive co-parenting.
1. Degree of sensitivity:
More secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children's needs.
2. Type of attachment with own parents:
Single-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents.
3. Marital intimacy:
The degree of intimacy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children.
4. Supportive co-parenting:
What affects the type of attachment he will have with his children?
The amount of support a father gives to his partner in helping to care for children affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
33
Who (what year) says that 'The most important thing a father can do for his children is to love their mother?'
Theodore Hesburg (1973) says that 'The most important thing a father can do for his children is to love their mother?'
34
Who (what year) showed that fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers'?
Geiger (1996) showed that fathers' play interactions are more:
1. Exciting
2. Pleasurable
than mothers'
35
Geiger (1996) showed that fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers' while mothers are more what?
Geiger (1996) showed that:
1. Fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers'
,while
2. Mothers are more nurturing and affectionate
36
Geiger (1996) showed that fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers' while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports what?
Geiger (1996) showed that:
1. Fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers'
,while
2. Mothers are more nurturing and affectionate
,which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers
37
Geiger (1996) showed that fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers' while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers.
However, who (what year) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when?
Lamb (1987) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state
38
Geiger (1996) showed that fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers' while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers.
However, Lamb (1987) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state and thus seek what?
Lamb (1987) found that children:
1. Often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state
2. Thus seek stimulation
39
Geiger (1996) showed that fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers' while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers.
However, Lamb (1987) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state and thus seek stimulation.
When are mothers preferred?
Mothers are preferred when children:
1. Are distressed
2. Seek comfort
40
Geiger (1996) showed that fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers' while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate, which supports the idea of fathers being playmates, rather than caregivers.
However, Lamb (1987) found that children often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state and thus seek stimulation.
Mothers are preferred when children are distressed and seek comfort.
What does this support?
This supports the idea of fathers:
1. Being preferred as playmates
,but
2. Only in certain conditions
41
Who (what year) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress?
Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress
42
Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, which suggests what?
Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, which suggests that males are less suitable as prime attachment figures
43
Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, which suggests that males are less suitable as prime attachment figures.
However, who (what year) found that fathers who become main care providers seem able to quickly do what?
Lamb (1987) found that fathers who become main care providers seem able to quickly:
1. Develop more sensitivity to children's' needs
2. Become a safe base from which to explore
44
Hrdy (1999) reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, which suggests that males are less suitable as prime attachment figures.
However, Lamb (1987) found that fathers who become main care providers seem able to quickly develop more sensitivity to children's' needs and become a safe base from which to explore.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that sensitive responsiveness isn't a biological ability limited to women
45
Who (what year) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving observations and the Strange Situation technique?
Lucassen et al. (2011) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving:
1. Observations
2. The Strange Situation technique
46
Lucassen et al. (2011) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving observations and the Strange Situation technique to find what?
Lucassen et al. (2011) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving:
1. Observations
2. The Strange Situation technique
to find that higher levels of sensitivity were associated with greater levels of infant-father attachment security
47
Lucassen et al. (2011) performed a meta-analysis of studies involving observations and the Strange Situation technique to find that higher levels of sensitivity were associated with greater levels of infant-father attachment security.
What does this support?
This supports the idea that more secure attachments are found in children whose fathers are more sensitive to their children's needs
48
Who (what year) found that single-parent fathers' attachments with children aged 4 - 6 years was similar to the attachments the fathers had with their own parents?
Bernier and Miljkovitch (2009) found that single-parent fathers' attachments with children aged 4 - 6 years was similar to the attachments the fathers had with their own parents
49
Bernier and Miljkovitch (2009) found that single-parent fathers' attachments with children aged 4 - 6 years was similar to the attachments the fathers had with their own parents.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that continuity of attachments occurs more in fathers who are the main caregivers
50
Bernier and Miljkovitch (2009) found that single-parent fathers' attachments with children aged 4 - 6 years was similar to the attachments the fathers had with their own parents.
This suggests that continuity of attachments occurs more in fathers who are the main caregivers, why?
This suggests that continuity of attachments occurs more in fathers who are the main caregivers, because no such effect was found with married fathers
51
Who (what year) found that high levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father-infant attachments and that low levels of marital intimacy was related to insecure father-child attachments?
Belsky et al. (2009) found that:
1. High levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father-infant attachments
2. Low levels of marital intimacy was related to insecure father-child attachments
52
Belsky et al. (2009) found that high levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father-infant attachments and that low levels of marital intimacy was related to insecure father-child attachments.
What does this support?
This supports the idea that the closeness of relationships between:
1. Fathers
2. Partners
affects the type of attachment a father has with his children
53
Who (what year) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months?
Brown et al. (2010) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months
54
Brown et al. (2010) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months, finding what?
Brown et al. (2010) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months, finding that high levels of supportive co-parenting were related to secure attachment types:
1. Between infants and fathers
,but
2. Not between infants and mothers
55
Brown et al. (2010) assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12 - 13 months, finding that high levels of supportive co-parenting were related to secure attachment types between infants and fathers, but not between infants and mothers.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that supportive co-parenting is important for fathers in developing positive attachments with their children
56
Who (what year) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families?
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families
57
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing what?
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing:
1. The role of fathers
2. The mothers' contribution to their children's attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old
58
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother's contribution to their children's attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
What was the aim of Grossman's study?
The aim of Grossman's study was to investigate:
1. How important fathers are in children's development
2. If they have a distinct role
59
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother's contribution to their children's attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman's study was to investigate how important fathers are in children's development and if they have a distinct role.
What are the findings and conclusion of Grossman's study?
The findings and conclusion of Grossman's study are that the quality of infant attachments with:
1. Mothers
,not
2. Fathers
,was related to attachments in adolescence
60
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother's contribution to their children's attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman's study was to investigate how important fathers are in children's development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman's study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
What does this show?
This shows that fathers attachments are less important
61
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother's contribution to their children's attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman's study was to investigate how important fathers are in children's development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman's study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
This shows that fathers attachments are less important.
However, what was related to the quality of adolescent attachments?
The quality of fathers' play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments
62
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother's contribution to their children's attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman's study was to investigate how important fathers are in children's development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman's study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
This shows that fathers attachments are less important.
However, the quality of fathers' play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment
63
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother's contribution to their children's attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman's study was to investigate how important fathers are in children's development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman's study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
This shows that fathers attachments are less important.
However, the quality of fathers' play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments.
This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment, that of what?
This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment, that of:
1. Play
2. Stimulation
64
Grossman (2002) conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and the mother's contribution to their children's attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years old.
The aim of Grossman's study was to investigate how important fathers are in children's development and if they have a distinct role.
The findings and conclusion of Grossman's study are that the quality of infant attachments with mothers, not fathers, was related to attachments in adolescence.
This shows that fathers attachments are less important.
However, the quality of fathers' play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments.
This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment, that of play and stimulation, not what?
This suggests that fathers play a different role in attachment, that of:
1. Play and stimulation
,not
2. Nurturing
65
There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of what?
There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver
66
There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Who (what year) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions?
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions
67
There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with who?
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with:
1. Primary caregiver mothers
2. Primary caregiver fathers
3. Secondary caregiver fathers
68
There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time doing what, comparing to secondary caregiver fathers?
Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time:
1. Smiling at
2. Imitating
3. Holding
infants, compared to secondary caregiver fathers
69
There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time smiling at, imitating and holding infants, compared to secondary caregiver fathers.
This behaviour appears to be more important in doing what?
This behaviour appears to be more important in building an attachment with the infant
70
There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time smiling at, imitating and holding infants, compared to secondary caregiver fathers.
This behaviour appears to be more important in building an attachment with the infant.
Fathers can be more what?
Fathers can be more nurturing
71
There is some evidence that fathers take on the role of main caregiver.
Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies with face-to-face interactions, with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers (like primary caregiver mothers) spent more time smiling at, imitating and holding infants, compared to secondary caregiver fathers.
This behaviour appears to be more important in building an attachment with the infant.
Fathers can be more nurturing.
What, not what, is key to attachment?
```
The:
1. Level of responsiveness
,not
2. Gender
is key to attachment
```
72
Why is a lot of research outdated?
A lot of research is outdated, because roles have changed
73
A lot of research is outdated, because roles have changed.
| Some research is what?
Some research is ethnocentric
74
Evaluation:
| Children with secure attachments to their fathers go on to have what and are more able to do what?
Children with secure attachments to their fathers:
1. Go on to have better relationships with their peers and less behavioural problems
2. Are more able to regulate their emotions
75
Evaluation:
Children with secure attachments to their fathers go on to have better relationships with their peers and less behavioural problems and are more able to regulate their emotions, illustrating what?
Children with secure attachments to their fathers:
1. Go on to have better relationships with their peers and less behavioural problems
2. Are more able to regulate their emotions
,illustrating the positive influence fathers can have on developmental outcomes
76
Evaluation:
| Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to do what and have higher levels of what, especially in boys?
Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to:
1. Do less well at school
2. Have higher levels of risk taking and aggression, especially in boys
77
Evaluation:
Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to do less well at school and have higher levels of risk taking and aggression, especially in boys.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that fathers can help prevent negative developmental outcomes
78
Evaluation:
Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to do less well at school and have higher levels of risk taking and aggression, especially in boys.
This suggests that fathers can help prevent negative developmental outcomes.
However, who (what year) points out that most studies have focused on female single mothers from what backgrounds?
Pedersen (1979) points out that most studies have focused on female single mothers from poor socio-economic backgrounds
79
Evaluation:
Children who grow up without fathers have often been seen to do less well at school and have higher levels of risk taking and aggression, especially in boys.
This suggests that fathers can help prevent negative developmental outcomes.
However, Pedersen (1979) points out that most studies have focused on female single mothers from poor socio-economic backgrounds, so it may be what that produce these outcomes, not the absence of fathers?
Pedersen (1979) points out that most studies have focused on female single mothers from poor socio-economic backgrounds, so it may be:
1. Social factors related to poverty that produce these outcomes
,not
2. The absence of fathers
80
Evaluation:
| Fathers are important not just for children, but for who, too?
```
Fathers are important:
1. Not just for children
,but for
2. Mothers
,too
```
81
Evaluation:
Fathers are important not just for children, but for mothers, too.
What do supportive fathers provide mothers with?
Supportive fathers provide mothers with much needed time away from childcare
82
Evaluation:
Fathers are important not just for children, but for mothers, too.
Supportive fathers provide mothers with much needed time away from childcare.
What can this help do?
This can help:
1. Reduce stress in mothers
2. Improve self-esteem
3. Ultimately improve the quality of a mother's relationship with her children
83
Evaluation:
Although evidence suggests that fathers are equally able as women to display sensitive responsiveness and form secure attachments with children, society has a long way to catch up.
Example
For example, many airline companies will not permit males to sit next to non-related children on aeroplanes
84
Evaluation:
Although evidence suggests that fathers are equally able as women to display sensitive responsiveness and form secure attachments with children, society has a long way to catch up.
For example, many airline companies will not permit males to sit next to non-related children on aeroplanes, though what?
For example, many airline companies:
1. Will not permit males to sit next to non-related children on aeroplanes
,though
2. No such restrictions apply to non-related females
85
Evaluation:
| When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more what?
When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more secure attachments
86
Evaluation:
| When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more secure attachments, which suggests what?
When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more secure attachments, which suggests that the amount of interaction is the important factor
87
Evaluation:
When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more secure attachments, which suggests that the amount of interaction is the important factor.
However, it may be that fathers with more sensitivity to their children's needs do what?
It may be that fathers with more sensitivity to their children's needs interact with them more
88
Evaluation:
| 1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is what findings on the role of fathers in attachment?
A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment
89
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
Why might this be?
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions
90
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with what?
1. Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures
,whereas
2. Others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers
91
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
How have the former tended to see fathers?
The former have tended to see fathers as:
1. Behaving differently from mothers
2. Having a distinct role
92
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
What have the latter tended to find?
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role
93
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
Why is this a problem?
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
94
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers do what?
A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently
95
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in what?
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development
96
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like whose (what year) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families?
Other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families
97
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
What would this seem to suggest?
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important
98
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous what that might impact on a child's emotional development?
A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development
99
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
Example
```
For example:
1. Their culture
2. The father's beliefs
3. The father's age
4. The amount of time the father spends away from home
5. The father's sensitivity
6. Marital intimacy
,ect
```
100
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father's beliefs, the father's age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father's sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
What is it difficult to do?
It is difficult to control all of these variables
101
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father's beliefs, the father's age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father's sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore what is it difficult to do?
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father
102
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father's beliefs, the father's age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father's sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn't explain why fathers don't generally do what?
A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn't explain why fathers don't generally become primary attachment figures
103
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father's beliefs, the father's age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father's sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn't explain why fathers don't generally become primary attachment figures.
What could this be due to?
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles
104
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father's beliefs, the father's age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father's sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn't explain why fathers don't generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more what than men?
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more:
1. Caring
2. Nurturing
than men
105
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father's beliefs, the father's age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father's sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn't explain why fathers don't generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more caring and nurturing than men.
Therefore, fathers simply don't feel they should do what?
Therefore, fathers simply don't feel they should act like that
106
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father's beliefs, the father's age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father's sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn't explain why fathers don't generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more caring and nurturing than men.
Therefore, fathers simply don't feel they should act like that.
On the other hand, it could be that what create high levels of nurturing?
On the other hand, it could be that female hormones create high levels of nurturing
107
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father's beliefs, the father's age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father's sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn't explain why fathers don't generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more caring and nurturing than men.
Therefore, fathers simply don't feel they should act like that.
On the other hand, it could be that female hormones , for example what, create high levels of nurturing?
On the other hand, it could be that female hormones, for example oestrogen, create high levels of nurturing
108
Evaluation:
1. A weakness of research into the role of fathers is inconsistent findings on the role of fathers in attachment.
This might be because different researchers are interested in different research questions.
Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role fathers have as secondary attachment figures, whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers.
The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter have tended to find that fathers can take on a 'maternal' role.
This is a problem, because it means that psychologists cannot easily answer a simple question people often ask - what is the role of the father?
2. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is does not explain why children without fathers develop no differently.
Research suggests that fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Grossman's 2002 study found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in their children's development.
However, other studies, like MacCallum and Golombok's (2004) study, have found that children growing up in single or same-sex parent families do not develop any differently from those in two parent heterosexual families.
This would seem to suggest that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important.
3. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that there numerous influences that might impact on a child's emotional development.
For example, their culture, the father's beliefs, the father's age, the amount of time the father spends away from home, the father's sensitivity, marital intimacy, ect.
It is difficult to control all of these variables and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role of the father.
4. A weakness of research into the role of the father is that is doesn't explain why fathers don't generally become primary attachment figures.
This could be due to the result of traditional gender roles, in which women are expected to be more caring and nurturing than men.
Therefore, fathers simply don't feel they should act like that.
On the other hand, it could be that female hormones, for example oestrogen, create high levels of nurturing and therefore females are what to be what?
On the other hand, it could be that:
1. Female hormones, for example oestrogen, create high levels of nurturing
2. Therefore females are biologically pre-disposed to be the primary attachment figure
