3.1: Stages of attachment development

Question 1

Who (what year) showed how the common pattern in what could be divided into several distinct stages?

Answer 1

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages:

1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage)
2. Indiscriminate attachment phase
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage)
4. Multiple attachments stage

Question 2

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage):
When is the pre-attachment phase (asocial stage)?

Answer 2

The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage) is from:
1. Birth
up to
2. 3 months

Question 3

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage):
The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage) is from birth
up to 3 months.
During this stage, what does the baby do?

Answer 3

During this stage, the baby:
1. Recognises
2. Starts to form a bond
with its carers

Question 4

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage):
The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage) is from birth
up to 3 months.
During this stage, the baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, what is the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects?

Answer 4

The baby’s behaviour towards:
1. Humans
2. Non-human objects
is quite similar

Question 5

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage):
The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage) is from birth
up to 3 months.
During this stage, the baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.
Babies show some preference for familiar adults, in that those individuals find it easier to do what?

Answer 5

Babies show some preference for familiar adults, in that those individuals find it easier to calm them

Question 6

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage):
The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage) is from birth
up to 3 months.
During this stage, the baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.
Babies show some preference for familiar adults, in that those individuals find it easier to calm them.
Babies are also happier when?

Answer 6

Babies are also happier when in the presence of other humans

Question 7

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage):
The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage) is from birth
up to 3 months.
During this stage, the baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.
Babies show some preference for familiar adults, in that those individuals find it easier to calm them.
Babies are also happier when in the presence of other humans.
From how old, infants become attracted to other humans?

Answer 7

From 6 weeks old, infants become attracted to other humans

Question 8

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage):
The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage) is from birth
up to 3 months.
During this stage, the baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.
Babies show some preference for familiar adults, in that those individuals find it easier to calm them.
Babies are also happier when in the presence of other humans.
From 6 weeks old, infants become attracted to other humans, preferring them to what?

Answer 8

From 6 weeks old, infants become attracted to other humans, preferring them to:

1. Objects
2. Events

Question 9

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage):
The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage) is from birth
up to 3 months.
During this stage, the baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.
Babies show some preference for familiar adults, in that those individuals find it easier to calm them.
Babies are also happier when in the presence of other humans.
From 6 weeks old, infants become attracted to other humans, preferring them to objects and events.
What is this preference demonstrated by?

Answer 9

This preference is demonstrated by their smiling at people’s faces

Question 10

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
2. Indiscriminate attachment phase:
From how old, what do babies display?

Answer 10

From 3 to 7/8 months old, babies display more observable social behaviour

Question 11

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
2. Indiscriminate attachment phase:
From 3 to 7/8 months old, babies display more observable social behaviour.
What do infants begin to do?

Answer 11

Infants begin to discriminate between:
1. Familiar
2. Unfamiliar
people

Question 12

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
2. Indiscriminate attachment phase:
From 3 to 7/8 months old, babies display more observable social behaviour.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, doing what at known people?

Answer 12

Infants begin to discriminate between:
1. Familiar
2. Unfamiliar
people, smiling more at known people

Question 13

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
2. Indiscriminate attachment phase:
From 3 to 7/8 months old, babies display more observable social behaviour.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, though they will still allow what?

Answer 13

Infants begin to:
1. Discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people
,though they
2. Will still allow strangers to handle and look after them

Question 14

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
2. Indiscriminate attachment phase:
From 3 to 7/8 months old, babies display more observable social behaviour.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, though they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
What do infants not usually show?

Answer 14

Infants do not usually show:
1. Separation
Or,
2. Stranger
anxiety

Question 15

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
2. Indiscriminate attachment phase:
From 3 to 7/8 months old, babies display more observable social behaviour.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, though they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Infants do not usually show separation or stranger anxiety.
What is therefore said to be indiscriminate?

Answer 15

Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate

Question 16

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
2. Indiscriminate attachment phase:
From 3 to 7/8 months old, babies display more observable social behaviour.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, though they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Infants do not usually show separation or stranger anxiety.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, why?

Answer 16

Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person

Question 17

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage):
The discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) is from 7/8 months onwards.
What do infants begin to develop?

Answer 17

Infants begin to develop specific attachments

Question 18

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage):
The discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, doing what?

Answer 18

Infants begin to develop specific attachments:

1. Staying close to a particular person
2. Becoming distressed when separated from them

Question 19

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage):
The discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and becoming distressed when separated from them.
Who is this in what % of cases?

Answer 19

This is the biological mother in 65% of cases

Question 20

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage):
The discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and becoming distressed when separated from them.
This is the biological mother in 65% of cases.
Who do infants avoid and what do they do if strangers try to handle them?

Answer 20

Infants:

1. Avoid unfamiliar people
2. Protest if strangers try to handle them

Question 21

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage):
The discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and becoming distressed when separated from them.
This is the biological mother in 65% of cases.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
At this point, what is the baby said to have formed?

Answer 21

At this point, the baby is said to have formed a specific attachment

Question 22

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage):
The discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and becoming distressed when separated from them.
This is the biological mother in 65% of cases.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
At this point, the baby is said to have formed a specific attachment.
The adult will be the what figure?

Answer 22

The adult will be the primary attachment figure

Question 23

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage):
The discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and becoming distressed when separated from them.
This is the biological mother in 65% of cases.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
At this point, the baby is said to have formed a specific attachment.
The adult will be the primary attachment figure.
Who is this person not necessarily?

Answer 23

This person is not necessarily the person the infant spends the most time with

Question 24

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage):
The discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and becoming distressed when separated from them.
This is the biological mother in 65% of cases.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
At this point, the baby is said to have formed a specific attachment.
The adult will be the primary attachment figure.
This person is not necessarily the person the infant spends the most time with, but who?

Answer 24

This person is not necessarily the person the infant spends the most time with, but the one who:

1. Offers the most interaction
2. Responds to the baby’s signals with the most skill

Question 25

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage):
When is the discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage)?

Answer 25

The discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) is from 7/8 months onwards

Question 26

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
When is the multiple attachments stage?

Answer 26

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards

Question 27

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Shortly after babies start to show attachment behaviour towards one adult, what do they usually do?

Answer 27

Shortly after babies start to show attachment behaviour towards one adult, they usually extend this attachment behaviour to multiple attachments with other adults with whom they regularly spend time with

Question 28

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Shortly after babies start to show attachment behaviour towards one adult, they usually extend this attachment behaviour to multiple attachments with other adults with whom they regularly spend time with.
What are these relationships called?

Answer 28

These relationships are called secondary attachments

Question 29

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Shortly after babies start to show attachment behaviour towards one adult, they usually extend this attachment behaviour to multiple attachments with other adults with whom they regularly spend time with.
These relationships are called secondary attachments.
Who do infants form strong emotional ties with?

Answer 29

Infants form strong emotional ties with:

1. Other major caregivers
2. Non-caregivers

Question 30

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Shortly after babies start to show attachment behaviour towards one adult, they usually extend this attachment behaviour to multiple attachments with other adults with whom they regularly spend time with.
These relationships are called secondary attachments.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like who, and non-caregivers?

Answer 30

Infants form strong emotional ties with:

1. Other major caregivers, like grandparents
2. Non-caregivers

Question 31

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Shortly after babies start to show attachment behaviour towards one adult, they usually extend this attachment behaviour to multiple attachments with other adults with whom they regularly spend time with.
These relationships are called secondary attachments.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like who?

Answer 31

Infants form strong emotional ties with:

1. Other major caregivers, like grandparents
2. Non-caregivers, like other children

Question 32

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Shortly after babies start to show attachment behaviour towards one adult, they usually extend this attachment behaviour to multiple attachments with other adults with whom they regularly spend time with.
These relationships are called secondary attachments.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
What weakens?

Answer 32

The fear of strangers weakens

Question 33

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Shortly after babies start to show attachment behaviour towards one adult, they usually extend this attachment behaviour to multiple attachments with other adults with whom they regularly spend time with.
These relationships are called secondary attachments.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but what remains strongest?

Answer 33

The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the mother figure remains strongest

Question 34

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
In who’s study, what % of the children had secondary attachments within a month of doing what?

Answer 34

In Schaffer and Emerson’s study, 29% of the children had secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary (specific) attachment

Question 35

Schaffer (1996) showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and multiple attachments stage.
4. Multiple attachments stage:
In Schaffer and Emerson’s study, 29% of the children had secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary (specific) attachment.
By the age of 1 year old, what?

Answer 35

By the age of 1 year old, the majority of infants had developed multiple attachments

Question 36

Multiple attachments:
It is not disputed that most children form multiple attachments, emotional bonds with several people, but what is disputed?

Answer 36

It is not disputed that most children form multiple attachments, emotional bonds with several people, but what is disputed is the relative importance of these different attachment figures

Question 37

Multiple attachments:
It is not disputed that most children form multiple attachments, emotional bonds with several people, but what is disputed is the relative importance of these different attachment figures.
Who believed that children had one prime attachment and that although children had attachments to other people, these were of minor importance compared to their main attachment bond?

Answer 37

John Bowlby believed that:

1. Children had one prime attachment
2. Although children had attachments to other people, these were of minor importance compared to their main attachment bond

Question 38

Multiple attachments:
It is not disputed that most children form multiple attachments, emotional bonds with several people, but what is disputed is the relative importance of these different attachment figures.
John Bowlby believed that children had one prime attachment and that although children had attachments to other people, these were of minor importance compared to their main attachment bond.
However, who (what year) proposed a model of multiple attachments that saw all attachments as of equal importance?

Answer 38

Rutter (1995) proposed a model of multiple attachments that saw all attachments as of equal importance

Question 39

Multiple attachments:
It is not disputed that most children form multiple attachments, emotional bonds with several people, but what is disputed is the relative importance of these different attachment figures.
John Bowlby believed that children had one prime attachment and that although children had attachments to other people, these were of minor importance compared to their main attachment bond.
However, Rutter (1995) proposed a model of multiple attachments that saw all attachments as of equal importance, with these attachments doing what?

Answer 39

Rutter (1995) proposed a model of multiple attachments that saw all attachments as of equal importance, with these attachments combining together to help form a child’s internal working model

Question 40

Multiple attachments:

Why are multiple attachments often formed to different people?

Answer 40

Multiple attachments are often formed to different people for different purposes

Question 41

Multiple attachments:
Multiple attachments are often formed to different people for different purposes.
Example

Answer 41

For example:
1. To mother for loving care
,but
2. Additionally to father for exciting, unpredictable play

Question 42

Multiple attachments:
Multiple attachments are often formed to different people for different purposes.
For example, to mother for loving care, but additionally to father for exciting, unpredictable play.
Who are other attachments often formed to?

Answer 42

Other attachments are often formed to:

1. Grandparents
2. Siblings
3. Childminders

Question 43

Multiple attachments

Answer 43

Multiple attachments is the formation of emotional bonds with many carers

Question 44

Stranger anxiety

Answer 44

Stranger anxiety is the degree of distress shown by infants when in the presence of unfamiliar persons

Question 45

Who (what year) presents infants with familiar and unfamiliar voices and faces?

Answer 45

Carpenter (1975) presented infants with familiar and unfamiliar:

1. Voices
2. Faces

Question 46

Carpenter (1975) presented infants with familiar and unfamiliar voices and faces.
Sometimes the faces and voices would be of the same person and sometimes what?

Answer 46

Sometimes the:
1. Faces
2. Voices
would be of the same person and sometimes not

Question 47

Multiple attachments:
It is not disputed that most children form multiple attachments, emotional bonds with several people, but what is disputed is the relative importance of these different attachment figures.
John Bowlby believed that children had one prime attachment and that although children had attachments to other people, these were of minor importance compared to their main attachment bond.
However, Rutter (1995) proposed a model of multiple attachments that saw all attachments as of equal importance, with these attachments combining together to help form a child’s internal working model.
What are all attachment figures?

Answer 47

All attachment figures are equivalent

Question 48

Multiple attachments:
It is not disputed that most children form multiple attachments, emotional bonds with several people, but what is disputed is the relative importance of these different attachment figures.
John Bowlby believed that children had one prime attachment and that although children had attachments to other people, these were of minor importance compared to their main attachment bond.
However, Rutter (1995) proposed a model of multiple attachments that saw all attachments as of equal importance, with these attachments combining together to help form a child’s internal working model.
All attachment figures are equivalent.
Rutter believes that all attachments are what?

Answer 48

Rutter believes that all attachments are integrated to produce an infant’s attachment type

Question 49

Carpenter (1975) presented infants with familiar and unfamiliar voices and faces.
Sometimes the faces and voices would be of the same person and sometimes not.
What did he find?

Answer 49

He found that 2 week old babies:

1. Looked at a face longest when it was the mother’s accompanied by her voice
2. Were distressed by the sight of her face accompanied by a different voice

Question 50

Carpenter (1975) presented infants with familiar and unfamiliar voices and faces.
Sometimes the faces and voices would be of the same person and sometimes not.
He found that 2 week old babies looked at a face longest when it was the mother’s accompanied by her voice and were distressed by the sight of her face accompanied by a different voice.
What does this suggest?

Answer 50

This suggests that babies:
1. Can recognise
2. Are attracted to
their mothers from an early age

Question 51

Carpenter (1975) presented infants with familiar and unfamiliar voices and faces.
Sometimes the faces and voices would be of the same person and sometimes not.
He found that 2 week old babies looked at a face longest when it was the mother’s accompanied by her voice and were distressed by the sight of her face accompanied by a different voice.
This suggests that babies can recognise and are attracted to their mothers from an early age, doing what?

Answer 51

This suggests that babies:
1. Can recognise
2. Are attracted to
their mothers from an early age, contradicting Schaffer and Emerson’s belief that initially babies were attracted to any person interacting with them

Question 52

Evaluation of multiple attachments:

What can be argued?

Answer 52

It can be argued that children with multiple attachments are at an advantage

Question 53

Evaluation of multiple attachments:

It can be argued that children with multiple attachments are at an advantage, why?

Answer 53

It can be argued that children with multiple attachments are at an advantage, because they are more able to:
1. Form
2. Conduct
social relationships

Question 54

Evaluation of multiple attachments:
It can be argued that children with multiple attachments are at an advantage, because they are more able to form and conduct social relationships, why?

Answer 54

It can be argued that children with multiple attachments are at an advantage, because they are more able to:
1. Form
2. Conduct
social relationships, since they have the experience to do so

Question 55

Evaluation of multiple attachments:
It can be argued that children with multiple attachments are at an advantage, because they are more able to form and conduct social relationships, since they have the experience to do so and if a child loses an attachment figure, what?

Answer 55

It can be argued that children with multiple attachments are at an advantage, because:

1. They are more able to form and conduct social relationships, since they have the experience to do so
2. If a child loses an attachment figure, it has several others that it can turn to

Question 56

Who (what year) compared attachments in infants raised in communal environments with infants raised in family-based sleeping arrangements?

Answer 56

Sagi et al. (1994) compared attachments in:
1. Infants raised in communal environments
with
2. Infants raised in family-based sleeping arrangements

Question 57

Sagi et al. (1994) compared attachments in infants raised in communal environments with infants raised in family-based sleeping arrangements.
In the family-based sleeping arrangements, what % of the infants were securely attached to their mothers vs what % of the infants in the communal environment?

Answer 57

1. In the family-based arrangements, 80% of the infants were securely attached to their mothers
   vs
2. 48% of the infants in the communal environment

Question 58

Problems with a stage model:

This theory offers 4 stages to describe what?

Answer 58

This theory offers 4 stages to describe the development children go through in their attachments

Question 59

Problems with a stage model:
This theory offers 4 stages to describe the development children go through in their attachments.
However, what if, in some cultures, what happens?

Answer 59

What if, in some cultures, multiple attachment occurs before single attachments?

Question 60

Problems with a stage model:
This theory offers 4 stages to describe the development children go through in their attachments.
However, what if, in some cultures, multiple attachment occurs before single attachments?
Are they what?

Answer 60

Are they bad parents?

Question 61

Problems with a stage model:
This theory offers 4 stages to describe the development children go through in their attachments.
However, what if, in some cultures, multiple attachment occurs before single attachments?
Are they bad parents?
What is the problem?

Answer 61

The problem is that families are judged based on these inflexible stages

Question 62

Problems with a stage model:
This theory offers 4 stages to describe the development children go through in their attachments.
However, what if, in some cultures, multiple attachment occurs before single attachments?
Are they bad parents?
The problem is that families are judged based on these inflexible stages, how?

Answer 62

The problem is that families are judged based on these inflexible stages, because if their child’s attachment does not follow the stages, it could reflect badly on them

Question 63

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:

1. Problems studying what?

Answer 63

Problems studying the asocial stage

Question 64

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
Why is it difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age?

Answer 64

It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they:

1. Are immobile
2. Have little coordination

Question 65

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on what?

Answer 65

It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour

Question 66

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are what at this stage?

Answer 66

Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage

Question 67

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
Example

Answer 67

For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old

Question 68

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
What has evidence also shown?

Answer 68

Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger

Question 69

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about what?

Answer 69

The lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about:

1. Infant’s feelings and cognitions
2. Whether they are social or not

Question 70

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, what?

Answer 70

Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable

Question 71

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is what evidence on multiple attachments?

Answer 71

There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments

Question 72

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, what is still not entirely clear?

Answer 72

Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when

Question 73

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies do what before they become capable of developing multiple attachments?

Answer 73

Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments

Question 74

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (who, what year)?

Answer 74

Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969)

Question 75

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969).
3. Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from when?

Answer 75

Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning

Question 76

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969).
3. Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta analysis, who (what year) found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm?

Answer 76

In their meta analysis, Van Ijzendoorn et al. (1993) found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm

Question 77

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969).
3. Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta analysis, Van Ijzendoorn et al. (1993) found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and that what?

Answer 77

In their meta analysis, Van Ijzendoorn et al. (1993) found that:

1. In some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm
2. Multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested

Question 78

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969).
3. Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta analysis, Van Ijzendoorn et al. (1993) found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
Example

Answer 78

For example, in Uganda, most infants:

1. Are cared for by several adults
2. Form multiple attachments very young

Question 79

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969).
3. Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta analysis, Van Ijzendoorn et al. (1993) found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young.
What does this suggest?

Answer 79

This suggests that Schaffer’s stages of attachment are not accurate

Question 80

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969).
3. Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta analysis, Van Ijzendoorn et al. (1993) found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young.
This suggests that Schaffer’s stages of attachment are not accurate.
4. What is there no clear measure for?

Answer 80

There is no clear measure for multiple attachment

Question 81

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969).
3. Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta analysis, Van Ijzendoorn et al. (1993) found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young.
This suggests that Schaffer’s stages of attachment are not accurate.
4. There is no clear measure for multiple attachment.
There may be a problem with how multiple attachment is what?

Answer 81

There may be a problem with how multiple attachment is assessed

Question 82

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969).
3. Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta analysis, Van Ijzendoorn et al. (1993) found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young.
This suggests that Schaffer’s stages of attachment are not accurate.
4. There is no clear measure for multiple attachment.
There may be a problem with how multiple attachment is assessed.
Who (what year) suggested that children have playmates as well as attachment figures and may get distressed when a playmate leaves the room, but this does not signify attachment?

Answer 82

Bowlby (1969) suggested that:
1. Children have playmates as well as attachment figures and may get distressed when a playmate leaves the room
,but
2. This does not signify attachment

Question 83

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment:
1. Problems studying the asocial stage:
It is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at this age, because they are immobile and have little coordination.
It is therefore very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Evidence has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Evidence has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger.
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infant’s feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.
2. There is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments.
Although there is no doubt that children become capable of multiple attachments at some point, it is still not entirely clear when.
Some research seems to indicate that most, if not all, babies form attachments to a single main carer before they become capable of developing multiple attachments (Bowlby, 1969).
3. Other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta analysis, Van Ijzendoorn et al. (1993) found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young.
This suggests that Schaffer’s stages of attachment are not accurate.
4. There is no clear measure for multiple attachment.
There may be a problem with how multiple attachment is assessed.
Bowlby (1969) suggested that children have playmates as well as attachment figures and may get distressed when a playmate leaves the room, but this does not signify attachment
Schaffer and Emerson’s observations do not leave us with a way of how to do what?

Answer 83

Schaffer and Emerson’s observations do not leave us with a way of how to distinguish between:

1. Behaviour shown towards secondary attachment figures
2. Behaviour shown towards playmates

Question 84

What were the stages of attachment identified from?

Answer 84

The stages of attachment were identified from Schaffer and Emerson’s research